Cambridge University Press 0521843472 - Mobile Wireless Communications Mischa Schwartz Frontmatter More information
Mobile Wireless Communications
Wirel Wireless ess commun communica icatio tion n has become become a ubiqui ubiquitou touss part part of moder modern n life, life, from from global global cellul cellular ar teleph telephone one system systemss to local local and even even person personalal-are areaa networ networks. ks. This This book book provid provides es a tutori tutorial al introduction to digital mobile wireless networks, illustrating theoretical underpinnings with a wide range of real-world examples. The book begins with a review of propagation phenomena, and goes on to examine channel allocation, modulation techniques, multiple access schemes, and coding techniques. GSM and IS-95 systems are reviewed and 2.5G and 3G packet-switched systems are discussed in detail. Performance analysis and accessing and scheduling techniques are covered, and the book closes with a chapter on wireless LANs and personal-area networks. Many worked examples and homework exerexercises are provided and a solutions manual is available for instructors. The book is an ideal text for electrical engineering and computer science students taking courses in wireless communications. It will also be an invaluable reference for practicing engineers. Mischa Schwartz joined the faculty of Electrical Engineering at Columbia University in
1974 and is now Charles Batchelor Professor Emeritus. He is the author and co-author of ten books, including best-selling books on communication systems and computer networks. His current research focuses on wireless networks. He is a Fellow and former Direct Director or of the IEEE, IEEE, past past Presid President ent of the IEEE IEEE Commun Communica icatio tions ns Societ Society y, and past past Chair Chair-man of the IEEE Group on Information Theory. He was the 1983 recipient of the IEEE Education Medal and was listed among the top ten all-time EE educators, IEEE survey, 1984. He also received the 2003 Japanese Okawa Prize for contributions to Telecommunications and Engineering Education and the New York City Mayor’s Award in 1994 for contributions to computer communications.
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Cambridge University Press 0521843472 - Mobile Wireless Communications Mischa Schwartz Frontmatter More information
Mobile Wireless Communications Mischa Schwartz
Department of Electrical Engineering Columbia University
© Cambridge University Press
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Cambridge University Press 0521843472 - Mobile Wireless Communications Mischa Schwartz Frontmatter More information
published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011–4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarc´on 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C Cambridge University Press 2005
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2005 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typefaces Times 10/13 pt. and Formata
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Cambridge University Press 0521843472 - Mobile Wireless Communications Mischa Schwartz Frontmatter More information
To my wife Charlotte
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Cambridge University Press 0521843472 - Mobile Wireless Communications Mischa Schwartz Frontmatter More information
Contents
Preface
page ix
1
Introduction and overview 1.1 Historical introduction 1.2 Overview of book
1 2 8
2
Characteristics of the mobile radio environment–propagation phenomena 2.1 Review of free-space propagation 2.2 Wireless case 2.3 Random channel characterization 2.4 Terminal mobility and rate of fading 2.5 Multipath and frequency-selective fading 2.6 Fading mitigation techniques
16 17 18 33 36 39 47
3
Cellular concept and channel allocation 3.1 Channel reuse: introduction of cells 3.2 SIR calculations, one-dimensional case 3.3 Two-dimensional cell clusters and SIR 3.4 Traffic handling capacity: Erlang performance and cell sizing 3.5 Probabilistic signal calculations
62 62 64 65 71 74
4
Dynamic channel allocation and power control 4.1 Dynamic channel allocation 4.2 Power control
81 82 94
5
Modulation techniques 5.1 Introduction to digital modulation techniques 5.2 Signal shaping
107 108 112
vii
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Cambridge University Press 0521843472 - Mobile Wireless Communications Mischa Schwartz Frontmatter More information viii
Contents
5.3 Modulation in cellular wireless systems 5.4 Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
118 129
6 Multiple access techniques: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA; system capacity comparisons 6.1 Time-division multiple access (TDMA) 6.2 Code-division multiple access (CDMA) 6.3 CDMA capacity: single-cell case 6.4 An aside: probability of bit error considerations 6.5 CDMA capacity calculations: CDMA compared with TDMA
137 138 142 145 146 150
7 Coding for error detection and correction 7.1 Block coding for error correction and detection 7.2 Convolutional coding 7.3 Turbo coding
161 162 179 189
8 Second-generation, digital, wireless systems 8.1 GSM 8.2 IS-136 (D-AMPS) 8.3 IS-95 8.4 Mobile management: handoff, location, and paging 8.5 Voice signal processing and coding
199 200 208 216 235 245
9 Performance analysis: admission control and handoffs 9.1 Overview of performance concepts 9.2 One-dimensional cells 9.3 Two-dimensional cells
258 259 275 288
10 2.5G/3G Mobile wireless systems: packet-switched data 10.1 Introduction 10.2 3G CDMA cellular standards 10.3 2.5/3G TDMA: GPRS and EDGE
307 307 311 334
11 Access and scheduling techniques in cellular systems 11.1 Slotted-Aloha access 11.2 Integrated access: voice and data 11.3 Scheduling in packet-based cellular systems
361 363 371 383
12 Wireless LANs and personal-area networks 12.1 IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs 12.2 Wireless personal-area networks: Bluetooth/IEEE 802.15.1 References Index
395 396 415 434 442
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Cambridge University Press 0521843472 - Mobile Wireless Communications Mischa Schwartz Frontmatter More information
Preface
It is apparent, even to the most casual observer, that a veritable revolution in telecommunications has taken place within recent years. The use of wireless communications has expanded dramatically worldwide. Cell phones are ubiquitous. Although most such mobile terminals still carry voice principally, more and more users are sending and receivingdata andimage applications. Wi-Fi, an example of a wireless local area network (LAN), has caught on spectacularly, joining the major cellular networks deployed throughout the world. This book, designed as an introductory textbook in wireless communication for courses at the Senior and first-year graduate level, as well as a self-study text for engineers, computer scientists, and other technical personnel, provides a basic introduction to this booming field. A student or reader of the book should come away with a thorough grounding in the fundamental aspects of mobile wireless communication, as well as an understanding of the principles of operation of second- and third-generation cellular systems and wireless LANs. To enhance an understanding of the various concepts introduced, numerical and quantitative examples are provided throughout the book. Problems associated with each chapter provide a further means of enhancing knowledge of the field. There are many references to the current technical literature appearing throughout the book as well. The author considers these references an integral part of the discussion, providing the reader with an opportunity to delve more deeply into technical aspects of the field where desired. After the introductory Chapter 1, which provides a history of mobile communications, followed by a detailed description of the book, chapter by chapter, the book breaks down roughly into two parts, the first part containing Chapters 2 to 8, the second part Chapters 9 to 12. Chapters 2 to 7 provide an introduction to the fundamental elements of wireless mobile communications, with Chapter 8 then providing a detailed discussion of the second-generation systems, GSM, IS-95, and IS-136 or D-AMPS, in which these basic concepts are applied. Specifically, Chapter 2 treats the propagation phenomena encountered in communicating over the wireless medium, while Chapter 3 introduces the cellular concept. Power control, channel assignment, modulation, coding, and access techniques are then discussed in the six chapters following. This material in the first part of the book is covered in the first semester of a full-year course on wireless communication at Columbia ix
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University. The second-semester course following this first course then covers material from the second part of the book, as well as additional material based on current reading and research. The second part of the book provides more advanced material. It begins in Chapter 9 with a thorough discussion of the performance analysis of wireless systems, building on some of the items touched on only briefly in earlier chapters. Chapter 10 then describes the third-generation systems W-CDMA, cdma2000, and GPRS in depth, again building on the earlier discussion of second-generation systems in Chapter 8. The focus of this chapter is on data and multimedia wireless communication using packet-switched technology. A brief review of the concept of layered architectures is included, showing, in particular, how GPRS interfaces with Internet-based packet networks. Chapter 11 then discusses the access and scheduling techniques used or proposed for use in cellular systems. The book concludes with a discussion of wireless LANs (WLANs) and Personal-Area Networks (PANs). The WLAN discussion focuses on Wi-Fi and extensions thereof to much higher bit-rate wireless LANs; the PAN discussion deals with the Bluetooth system. The book can, therefore, be used for either a single-semester course on wireless systems or for a full-year course. A single-semester course might cover the first eight chapters, as has been the case at Columbia, or might use as examples of current wireless systems material drawn from sections of Chapters 8, 10, and 12. A full-year course would cover the entire book. The material in the book could also be used in conjunction with a course on communication systems, providing the application of communication technology to the wireless area. The only prerequisites for the book, aside from a certain technical maturity commonly available at the Senior or first-year graduate level, are a knowledge of basic probability and linear algebra. There is no prior knowledge of communication theory and communication systems assumed on the part of the reader, and the material in the first part of the book dealing with modulation and coding, for example, is meant to be self-contained. Those readers with some prior knowledge of communication systems should find the tutorial discussion in the coding and modulation chapters a useful review, with the specific application of the material to wireless systems further solidifying their knowledge of the area. The author would like to acknowledge the help of a number of individuals with whom he worked during the writing of this book. In particular, the author is indebted to the students who took the wireless course at Columbia, using the preliminary notes covering the material, and to the instructors with whom he shared the teaching of the course. He would like to particularly acknowledge the help and co-teaching support of Professor Andrew Campbell of the Electrical Engineering department at Columbia; Professor Tom LaPorta, formerly of Bell Labs and currently with the Computer Science department of Pennsylvania State University; and Dr. Mahmoud Naghshineh of IBM. The author has, at various times, carried out research in the wireless area with each of these colleagues as well. The questions raised and answered while teaching the course, as well as conducting research in the area, were invaluable in writing this book. Further thanks are due to Sanghyo Kim for help with preparing the book figures, to Edward Tiedemann of Qualcomm for help with the material on cdma2000, Dr. Chatschik Bisdikian of IBM for help with the section on Bluetooth, and Dr. Krishan Sabnani for
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xi
providing such hospitable support during a sabbatical with his wireless group at Bell Laboratories. Thanks are also dueto Dr. Li-Hsiang Sun, one of the author’s formerdoctoral students, and now with Florida State University, who carried out some of the performance calculations in Chapter 9. The author is thankful as well to the anonymous reviewers of the book manuscript who pointed out a number of errors and made suggestions for improving the book. The author can only hope the reader will enjoy reading and studying this book, and learn from it as much as the author has enjoyed and gained from the task of writing it.
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