SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN INTERNASIONAL MENGENAI TERBENTUKNYA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDG) GOAL 15 (LIFE ON LAND) DALAM MENGATUR PEMANFAATAN SUMBER DAYA ALAM TERKAIT PERLINDUNGAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP.
UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER HUKUM SUMBER SUMB ER DAYA DAYA ALAM PROF. DR. ETTY R AGOES, S.H., LL.M., ET AL. KRISHNA F.K 11011013022
FAKULTAS HUKUM UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN 201!
1. LA LAT TAR BE BELA LAK KANG ANG Manusia tidak dapat hidup dengan sendirinya. Selain membutuhkan manus manusia ia lain lain untuk untuk hidup hidup manus manusia ia !uga !uga memb membutu utuhk hkan an Sumber Sumber "aya "aya Alam Alam untu untuk k menu menun! n!an ang g kehid ehidup upan an nya. nya. Tapi api apa apa yang yang sebenarnya dimaksud dengan Sumber "aya Alam# Suryanegara mengatakan bah$a se%ara de&nisi sumber daya alam adalah unsur ' unsur lingkungan alam baik &sik maupun hayati yang diperlukan diperlukan manusia manusia dalam memenuhi memenuhi
kebutu kebutuhanny hannya a guna
meningkat meningkatkan kan kese!ah kese!ahtera teraan an hidup. hidup.1 sedang sedangka kan n Katil Katilii memi memiliki liki pendapat lain. (a mengemukakan bah$a sumber daya alam adalah semua semua unsur unsur tata tata lingk lingkung ungan an bi)&si bi)&sik k yang yang nyata nyata atau atau p)ten p)tensia siall dapat memenuhi kebutuhan manusia.* Kemudian (reland pada tahun 1+,- yang disebutkan dalam buku S)er S)eria iane nega gara ra/ / meng mengat atak akan an bah$ bah$a a Sumb Sumber er "aya "aya Alam Alam adala adalah h keadaan lingkungan alam yang mempunyai nilai untuk memenuhi kebutuhan manusia.0 "an dari Buku Buku yang sama (sard (sard pada tahun 1+,*
mende&nisikan
Sumber
"aya
Alam
sebagai
keadaan
lingku lingkunga ngan n dan bahan bahanbah bahan an menta mentah h yang yang diguna digunaka kan n manus manusia ia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dan memperbaiki kese!ahteraannya. kese!ahteraannya.Beberapa tahun mele$ati pengertian pengertian para Ahli diatas 2emerin 2emerintah tah (nd)nesia (nd)nesia melalui 3ndang 3ndang 3ndang 3ndang N)m)r N)m)r 4 Tahun 1++5
tentang
K)nser6asi
Sumber
"aya
Alam
7ayati
dan
Ek)sistemnya Sumber daya alam hayati adalah unsurunsur hayati 1
Suryanegara 1+,, Sumber Daya Menurut Para Ahli. Ahli. 89nline:. Tersedia ; http;<
s%ript?%md>Bahan@*5Bela!ar04+?uni>*+ 81, 9kt)ber *51C:. * D)hn A Katilin Sumberdaya Alam untuk 2embangunan Nasi)nal Dakarta Timur Ghalia (nd)nesia 1+0. 0 Suryanegara 9p.%it. L)%.it.
di alam yang terdiri dari dari sumber daya alam nabati nabati tumbuhan/ tumbuhan/ dan sumber sumber daya daya alam alam he$ani he$ani sat$a sat$a// yang yang bersam bersama a dengan dengan unsur unsur n)nhayati di sekitarnya se%ara keseluruhan membentuk ek)sistem.
Apabila Apabila dilihat dilihat lebih dalam terdapat terdapat perbedaan perbedaan penyebuta penyebutan n dari yang sebelumnya hanya Sumber "aya Alam sa!a men!adi Sumber "aya "aya Alam Alam 7ayati 7ayati dan dan !uga !uga N)n 7ayati 7ayati/. /. Mengap Mengapa a demiki demikian# an# Karena pada dasarnya manusia semakin menyadari bah$a Sumber "aya Alam S"A/ semakin perlu dikel)mp)kkan men!adi S"A 7ayati dan S"A n)n 7ayati mengingat keduanya memiliki k)mp)nen k)mp)nen yang berbeda serta pemberdayaan nya memiliki langkah langkah langkah yang berbeda dimana S"A 7ayati 7ayati dapat diperbaharu diperbaharui i sedangkan
S"A
n)n
7ayati
sebagian
besar
tidak
dapat
diperbaharui.
Lebih lan!ut mengingat bah$a setiap S"A memiliki kapasitas nya masing
masing
pemb pembat atas asan an
maka
menge engena naii
dari
itu
diperlukan
2eman emanFa Faat atan an
Sumb Sumber er
pembatasan "aya aya
Alam Alam..
"i
(nd) (nd)ne nesi sia a peng pengat atur uran an meng mengen enai ai hal hal ini ini diat diatur ur dala dalam m 2asal asal 00 3ndang 3ndang "asar 1+-4 dimana disebutkan bah$a ; Ayat A yat 1/ 2erek 2erek)n)m )n)mian ian disusun disusun sebagai sebagai usaha bersama bersama berdasar berdasar atas atas asas asas kekelu ekeluar argaa gaan. n. A Ayat yat */ abang abang%a %aban bang g pr)du pr)duksi ksi yang yang penting bagi negara dan yang menguasai ha!at hidup )rang banyak dikuasai )leh negara. Ayat 0/ Bumi dan air dan kekayaan alam yang terka terkandu ndung ng di dalam dalamnya nya dikuas dikuasai ai )leh )leh negara negara dan diper dipergun gunak akan an untuk sebesar sebesarbesa besarr kemakm kemakmuran uran rakyat. rakyat. A Ayat yat -/ 2erek 2erek)n)m )n)mian ian nasi)nal diselenggarakan berdasar atas dem)krasi ek)n)mi dengan prin prinsi sip p
keber ebersa sam maan aan
ber$ ber$a$ a$as asan an
ling lingk kunga ungan n
e&si e&sien ensi si
berk berkea eadi dila lan n
keman emandi diri rian an
sert serta a
berk berkel elan an!u !uta tan n
deng dengan an
men! men!ag aga a
keseimbangan kema!uan dan kesatuan ek)n)mi nasi)nal. Ayat 4/ Ketentuan lebih lan!ut mengenai pelaksanaan pasal ini diatur dalam undangundang.
2ada kesempatan ini 2asal 00 ini akan di%ermati karena * hal ;
Pasal 33 UUD 1945 menyebutkan bahwa sumber daya alam dikuasai negara dan diperguna dipergunakan kan sebesar-besarny sebesar-besarnyaa bagi kemakmuran kemakmuran rakyat. rakyat. Sehingga Sehingga monopoli monopoli pengaturan penyelengaraan penggunaan persediaan dan pemeliharaan sumber daya alam serta pengaturan hubungan hukumnya berada pada negara. Dalam Pasal 33 ini men!elaskan bahwa perekonomian indonesia akan ditopang oleh 3 pelaku utama yaitu "operasi #U$%&D '#adan Usaha $ilik %egara&Daerah( dan dan Swas Swasta ta yang yang akan akan mewu mewu!u !udk dkan an demo demokr krasi asi ekon ekonom omii yang yang ber) ber)iri irika kan n mekani mekanisme sme pasar pasar serta serta inter*e inter*ensi nsi pemerin pemerintah tah serta serta pengak pengakuan uan terhad terhadap ap hak milik perseorangan5
2enaFsiran dari kalimat dikuasai )leh negaraH dalam ayat */ dan 0/ tidak selalu dalam bentuk kepemilikan tetapi utamanya dala dalam m
bent bentuk uk
kemam emampu puan an
untu untuk k
melak elakuk ukan an
k)ntr )ntr)l )l
dan dan
pengaturan serta memberikan pengaruh agar perusahaan tetap berpegang pada aIas kepentingan may)ritas masyarakat dan sebesarbesarnya kemakmuran rakyatC Setela Setelah h memaha memahami mi se%ara se%ara menye menyelur luruh uh mengen mengenai ai Sumber Sumber "aya "aya Alam dan pemanFaatannya maka selan!utnya perlu dipahami bah$a Sum Sumber ber "aya "aya Alam Alam merup erupak akan an bagi bagian an dari dari apa apa yang yang dise disebu butt dengan lingkungan hidup. Menurut 2asal 1 Ayat 1 3ndang 3ndang N)m)r 0* Tahun *55+ Tentang Tentang
2erlindungan 2erlindungan
dan
2engel)laan
Lingkungan
7idup
Lingk Lingkung ungan an hidup hidup adalah adalah kesat kesatuan uan ruang ruang dengan dengan semua semua benda benda 4
(ndra$ati1++4. (ndra$ati1++4. L)%.it.
C
daya daya
keada eadaan an
dan dan
makhl akhluk uk hidu hidup p ter termasuk asuk manus anusia ia dan dan
perilaku perilakunya nya yang mempenga mempengaruhi ruhi alam itu sendiri sendiri kelang kelangsunga sungan n perik perikehi ehidup dupan an dan kese!ah ese!ahter teraan aan manus manusia ia serta serta makhl makhluk uk hidup hidup lain. Berdasarkan 3ndang 3ndang yang sama dengan paragraF diatas 2erlin erlindu dung ngan an dan dan peng pengel) el)la laan an lingk lingkun unga gan n hidu hidup p adal adalah ah upay upaya a sistematis dan terpadu yang dilakukan untuk melestarikan Fungsi lingkungan hidup dan men%egah ter!adinya pen%emaran dan
lin lingku gkungan ngan
pema pemanF nFaa aata tan n
hid hidup
peng pengen enda dali lian an
yang ang
melip elipu uti
peme pemeli liha hara raan an
per peren%a en%ana naan an
peng penga$ a$as asan an
dan dan
penegakan hukum. Lebi Lebih h Lan! Lan!ut ut 2erli erlind ndun unga gan n dan dan peng pengel el)l )laa aan n ling lingk kunga ungan n hidu hidup p bertu!uan antara lain ;, a. meli melind ndun ungi gi $ila $ilaya yah h Nega Negara ra Kesat esatua uan n Repub epubli lik k (nd) (nd)ne nesi sia a dari dari pen%emaran dan
kelangsungan
kehidupan
makhluk
hidup
dan
kelestarian ek)sistemJ d. men!aga men!aga kelestar kelestarian ian Fungsi Fungsi lingk lingkungan ungan hidupJ hidupJ e. men% en%apai
keserasian
keselarasan
dan
keseimbangan
lingkungan hidupJ F.
men! en!amin
terpenuhinya
keadilan
generasi
masa
kini
dan
generasi masa depanJ
,
3ndang 3ndang Republik (nd)nesia N)m)r 0* Tahun *55+ Tentang 2erlindungan dan 2engel)laan Lingkungan 7idup 2asal 0.
g. men! men!am amin in peme pemenu nuha han n dan dan perl perlin indu dung ngan an hak hak atas atas ling lingk kunga ungan n hidup sebagai bagian dari hak asasi manusiaJ h. meng engendalik likan
pemanFaatan
sumber
daya
alam
se%ara
bi!aksanaJ i. !.
me$u!u me$u!udk dkan an pemban pembangun gunan an berk berkelan!u elan!utan tanJJ dan mengantisipasi isu lingkungan gl)bal. gl)bal.
Kemudian Kemudian Lebih lan!ut dalam pen!elasannya disebutkan bah$a ; 2en 2 engg ggun unaa aan n su sumb mber er daya daya alam alam haru harus s sela selara ras s sera serasi si dan dan seimbang
dengan
k)nsekuensinya
Fungsi
kebi!akan
(ingkungan ren%ana
hidup.
Sebagai
dan
pr)gram
pembangunan harus di!i$ai )leh ke$a!iban melakukan pelestarian ling ingkungan
hidup
dan
me$u!udkan
tu!uan
pembangunan
berkelan!utan.H 2ada dasarnya * 2aragraF diatas men!elaskan bah$a Sumber "aya Alam Alam
Ling Lingk kunga ungan n
7idu 7idup p
dan dan
2emba embang ngun unan an
Berk Berkel elan an!u !uta tan n
merupakan 0 hal yang berbeda namun satu sama lainnya memiliki hubungan satu dan lainnya. "isebutkan bah$a 2enggunaan Sumber "aya "aya Alam Alam mema memang ng perl perlu u diba dibata tasi si sel selar aras as sera serasi si seim seimba bang ng// dengan Fungsi lingkungan hidup mengingat memang perlu di!amin nya pemenu pemenuhan han keadi keadilan lan untuk untuk genera generasi si masa masa kini kini dan genera generasi si masa masa depan. depan. 2embat embatasa asan n penggu penggunaa naan n Sumber Sumber "aya "aya Alam Alam !uga !uga akan me$u!udkan 2embangunan Berkelan!utan. 2arag aragra raFF mengenai
diat diatas as
lant lantas as
meni menim mbulk bulkan an
2embangunan
2erta ertany nyaa aan n
Berkelan!utan.
baru baru
yait yaitu u
2embangunan
berkelan!utan adalah upaya sadar dan teren%ana yang memadukan
2ENDELASAN ATAS 3N"ANG 3N"ANG RE23BL(K (N"9NES(A N9M9R 0* TA73N *55+ TENTANG TENTANG 2ERL(N"3NGAN 2ERL(N"3NGAN "AN 2ENGEL 2ENGEL9LAAN 9LAAN L(NGK3NGAN L(NGK3NGAN 7("32 7("32 3M3M 29(N 29(N 0.
aspek aspek lingk lingkung ungan an hidup hidup s)sial s)sial dan ek)n) ek)n)mi mi ke dalam dalam strate strategi gi pembangun pembangunan an untuk untuk men!amin men!amin keutuhan keutuhan lingkunga lingkungan n hidup serta serta keselamatan kemampuan kese!ahteraan dan mutu hidup generasi masa kini dan generasi masa depan.+ "unia (nternasi)nal melalui 3N Sustainable "e6el)pment Summit pada September *4 *, *514 di Mark Markas as Besa Besarr 2B 2BB B di Ne$ Ne$ )rk )rk dala dalam m Rapat apat Ma!e Ma!elis lis 3mum 3mum men%anangkan
Sustainable
"e6el)p l)pment
G)als
Tu!uan
2embangunan Berkelan!utan/ yang menghasilkan 1, tu!uan dengan 1C+ %apaia %apaian n yang yang teruk terukur ur guna guna men%ap men%apai ai tu!uan tu!uan gl)bal gl)bal Gl)ba Gl)ball G)als/. Mak Makalah alah ini ini akan akan se%a se%ara ra khus khusus us memb membah ahas as meng mengen enai ai G)al G)al 14 Sus Sustain tainab able le
"e6el e6el)p )pm ment ent
G)als )als
S" S"Gs/
yait aitu
LiFe LiFe
)n
Land and
keh kehid idup upan an di dara darat/ t/ yang yang se%a se%ara ra umum umum memil emilik ikii isi isi yait yaitu u melaksanakan Kemitraan Kemitraan untuk pengembangan yang lestari dengan Memper Memperku kuat at %ara% %ara%ara ara pener penerapa apan n dan mengh menghidu idupk pkan an kemb kembali ali kemitraan kemitraan gl)bal untuk pengembangan yang berkesinambungan. berkesinambungan. *. ("EN ("ENT( T(( (KA KAS( S( MASAL MASALA7 A7
Bagaiman Bagaimanakah akah Se!arah Se!arah 2erk 2erkemba embangan ngan "unia dalam upaya upaya terbentuknya G)al 14 Sustainable "e6el)pment G)als#
Bagaim Bagaimana anaka kah h 7ubung 7ubungan an 3paya 3paya Men%ap Men%apai ai G)al G)al 14 S"Gs S"Gs dengan 2engaturan dan 2emanFaatan Sumber "aya Alam#
0. 2EMBA7ASA SAN N 2ada dasarnya G)al 14 S"Gs tentang kehidupan di darat terbagi men!adi - p)in yaitu ;15 1. Biodiversi Biodiversity ty and Ecosystem Ecosystems s Keanek Keanekarag aragaman aman hayati hayati dan Ek)sistem/ *. Desertifc Desertifcation ation,, land Degradatio Degradation n and drought drought "eserti&kasi
+
3ndang 3ndang 9p.it 2asal 1 2)in 0. https;<
15
"egradasi lahan dan Kekeringan/ 0. Forests 2erhutanan/ Forests 2erhutanan/ -. Mountains 2egunungan/ 4. Nati Nation onal al
Sust Sustai aina nabl ble e
Deve Develo lopm pmen entt
Stra Strate tegi gies es Strategi
2embangunan Berkelan!utan Nasi)nal/.
2)in 2)in )in diat diata as akan akan dib dibaha ahas masin asing g masin sing meng engenai enai baga bagaim iman ana a se!a se!ara rah h dari dari masi masing ng masi masing ng p)in p)in sehi sehing ngga ga dapa dapatt men!adi bagian dari G)al 14 S"Gs. 1/ Keanekaraga eanekaragaman man 7ayati 7ayati dan Ek)sist Ek)sistem em ;11 a/ Tahu ahun 1++ 1++* * i.
3N )n6e )n6enti nti)n )n )n )n Bi)l)g Bi)l)gi%a i%all "i6ers "i6ersity ity < B" B" K K)n6ens )n6ensii 2BB dalam Keanekaragaman 7ayati/ he !onvention on Biological Diversity "as inspired by the rising commitment o# the $nternational !ommunity to"a to"ard rds s su sust stai aina nabl ble e deve develo lopm pmen ent% t% $t repr repres esen ents ts a historical step #or"ard in the conservation o# biological diversity, the sustainable use o# its components, as "ell "ell as the the #air #air and and e&ui e&uita tabl ble e sh shar arin ing g o# bene beneft fts s arising #rom the use o# genetic resources%
ii. Agenda *1 hapter 14 Agenda *1 Bab 14 dari K)nFerensi Ri) "e Daneri)/ !hapte !hapterr '( is devote devoted d to conser conservat vation ion o# biolog biologica icall diversity and is intended )to improve the conservation o# biol biolog ogic ical al dive divers rsit ity y and and the the su sust stai aina nabl ble e us use e o# biolo iolog gical ical resou esourrces, ces, as "ell "ell as to suppo upporrt
the the
!onvention on Biological Diversity)% b/ Tahun *551 *551 Millennium Millennium E%)syst E%)system em Assessm Assessment/ ent/ he he 11
Mille illenn nniu ium m
Eco Ecosy sys stem tem
Ass sses essm smen entt
https;<
*MA+ MA+
"as "as
launched in --- "ith the aim o# appraising the impact that ecosystem change have on human "ell.being and o# iden identi ti#y #yin ing g the the sc scie ient ntif ifc c basi basis s #or #or acti action on to ensu ensure re a bette etterr
con conser servat vation ion
and and
sustai staina nabl ble e
use us e
o#
thes these e
systems% %/ Tahun ahun *5 *55* 5* D29 D29(( hap hapte terr - Ren Ren%a %ana na (mpl (mplem emen enta tasi si D)hannesburg D)hannesburg Bab -/ $n --, the /orld Summit on Sustainable Development, in 0ohannesburg, addresses biological diversity in !hapter 1,
paragraph
11,
o#
the
0ohannesburg
Plan
o#
$mplementation% he 0ohann 0ohannesb esbur urg g Summit Summit also also endors endorses es the target target to achieve, by -'-, a signifcant reduction o# the rate o# biodiversity loss at global, regional and national levels as a contribution to poverty alleviation and to the beneft o# all li#e on earth, "hich had some months earlier been adopted by the si2th meeting o# the !BD !on#erence o# Parties *!3P+% d/ Tahun ahun *5 *515 15 (nt (nter erna nati ti)n )nal al ear ear )F Bi)d Bi)di6 i6er ersi sity ty < Tahun ahun (nternasi)nal Keanekaragaman 7ayati/ he 4nited Nations declared -'- as $nternational 5ear 5ear o# Biodiversity to highlight the crucial role that biodiversity has in the lives o# each individual, raise a"areness o# the acti action ons s ta6e ta6en n by peop people le "orl "orld" d"id ide e to fght fght agai agains nst t biodiversity loss and increase understanding o# the vital role that biodiversity plays in sustaining li#e on Earth% e/ Tahu ahun *51 *511 1 i.
S" 1+ h hapter * Biod Biodiv iver ersi sity ty "as "as disc discus usse sed d by the the !omm !ommis issi sion on on
Sustai Sustainab nable le Develo Developm pment ent on severa severall occasi occasions ons and "as "as one o# the themes themes o# the -'7-' -'7-'8 8 t"o.ye t"o.year ar cycle% !SD.' !SD.'9 9 "as "as held held in May May -'' '' to nego negoti tiat ate e polic policy y options related to the thematic cluster #or the !SD ':. '9 cycle; transport, transport, chemicals, chemicals, "aste manageme management, nt, mining mining and the en.5 en.5ear Frame"or6 Frame"or6 o# Programm Programmes es *'-5FP+ on Sustainable !onsumption and Production *S!P+ Patterns% ii. 3nited 3nited Nati Nati)ns )ns "e%ade "e%ade )n )n Bi)di Bi)di6er 6ersit sity y /ith /ith the the adop adopti tion on o# eneral Assembly declared the period -''.-- to be ?the 4nited Nations Decade on Biodiversity, "ith a vie" vie" to cont contri ribu buti ting ng to the the impl implem emen enta tati tion on o# the the Strate Strategic gic Plan #or Biodiv Biodivers ersity ity #or the period period -''. -''. --@% he Decade has been established in order to support the
implementation ion
o#
the
Strate ategic
Plan
#or
Biodiversity and promote its overall vision o# living in harmony "ith nature% $t has aimed at mainstreaming biodiversity at dierent levels% hroughout
the
4nited
Nations
Decade
on
Biodiversity, governments have been encouraged to develop, implement and communicate the results o# national strategies #or implementation o# the Strategic Plan #or Biodiversity% F/ Tahun *51* *51* utur uture e $e ant ant 2arag 2aragraphs raphs 1+, *5-/ *5-/ Biod Biodiv iver ersi sity ty is the the su sub bec ectt o# Para Paragr grap aphs hs '9 '9C. C. -1 1 o# Future /e /ant%
$n that that conte2 conte2t, t, Member Member State States s rear rearm m the ?intri ?intrinsi nsic c value value o# biolog biologica icall divers diversity ity,, as "ell "ell as the ecolog ecologica ical, l, genetic, social, economic, scientifc, educational, cultural, recreatio recreational nal and aesthetic aesthetic values values o# biological biological diversity diversity and and its its crit critic ical al role role in main mainta tain inin ing g ecos ecosys yste tems ms that that provide essential services, "hich are critical #oundations #or sustainable development and human "ell.being@% Futur uture e /e /ant ant also also reit reiter erat ates es the the comm commit itme ment nt o# Member States in the achievement o# the three obectives enunciated in the !onvention on Biological Diversity and rea rearm rms, s, thro throug ugh h para paragr grap aph h '9 '9:, :, the the impo import rtan ance ce o# imple implemen mentin ting g the Strate Strategic gic Plan Plan #or Biodiv Biodivers ersity ity -''. -''. --,,
and and
achi achiev evin ing g
the the
Aich Aichii
Biod Biodiv iver ersi sity ty arge argets ts
adopted at the enth !on#erence o# the Parties to the !onvention% g/ Tahun *514 *514 *505 Agenda; Agenda; Sustainabl Sustainable e "e6el)pmen "e6el)pmentt G)al 14
Bi)d i)di6ersity
<
Agenda
*505
;
2embangunan
Berkelan!utan G)al 14 Keanekaragaman 7ayati/ Among
the
multiple
challenges
to
sustainable
development enumerated in paragraph '1 o# the -8 Agenda
#or
Sustainable
Development,
a
particular
attention is devoted to natural resources depletion and the the
adve advers rse e
impa impact cts s
o#
envi enviro ronm nmen enta tall
degr degrad adat atio ion, n,
including loss o# biodiversity% hrough paragraph 88, the -8- Agenda #or Sustainable Development #ocuses on the lin6age bet"een sustainable management o# the planets natural resources and social and
economic
development
a nd
rearms
the
determination o# Member States to protect biodiversity,
ecosystems and "ildli#e% $n the #rame"or6 o# the Sustainable Development >oals, SD> '( aims to ?protect, restore and promote sustainable use us e
o#
terr terres estr tria iall
ecos ecosys yste tem ms,
sust su stai aina nabl bly y
mana manage ge
#orests, combat desertifcation, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss@% $n partic particula ularr, SD> target target '(%( '(%( reads reads ?ta6e ?ta6e urgent urgent and signif sig nifcan cantt action action to reduce reduce the degrad degradati ation on o# natura naturall habi habita tats ts,, halt halt the the loss loss o# biod biodiv iver ersi sity ty and, and, by --,, protect and prevent the e2tinction o# threatened threatened species@%
*/ "eserti&k "eserti&kasi asi "egrad "egradasi asi lahan lahan dan Kekering ekeringan an ;1* a/ Tahun 1++* 1++* Agenda Agenda *1 hap hapters ters 15 15 and 1*/ < Agenda Agenda *1 *1 K)nFerensi Ri) "e Daneri) Bab 15 dan 1*/ $ntegrated planning and management o# land resources is the subect o# chapter '- o# Agenda ', "hich deals "ith the cross. cross.sec sector toral al aspect aspects s o# decisi decision. on.ma ma6in 6ing g #or the sustainab sustainable le use and developmen developmentt o# natural natural resources resources,, incl inclu udin ding
the the
soil soils, s,
miner ineral als s
and and
"ater ater
that hat
lan land
comprises% $ncluded in the sections devoted to the management o# #ragile ecosystems, chapter ' has #ocused on combating desertifcation and droughts% he
priority
to
6eep
in
mind
"hile
combating
desertifcation is identifed by !hap '%8 in the need to implement )preventive measures #or lands that are not yet degraded, or "hich "hich are only slightly degraded%)% b/ Tahun ahun 1+ 1++C +C 3nite nited d Nati) ati)ns ns )n6en n6enti ti) )n t) )m )mbat "eserti&%ati)n 3N"// 1*
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he he
only nly
lega legall lly y
bind bindin ing g
inte interrnatio ationa nall
agr agreem eement ent
connecting environment and development to sustainable land management, 4N!!D addresses the arid, semi.arid and dry sub.humid areas, 6no"n as the drylands, "here some o# the most vulnerable ecosystems and peoples can be #ound% he !onvention "as adopted in Paris on 'C 0une '991 and entered into #orce on = December '99=, 9- days a#ter the (-th ratifcation "as received% '91 countries and the European 4nion are Parties as at April -'(% %/ Tahun ahun *555 *555 S" S" hap hapter ter -// -// As decided at 4N>ASS, the economic, sectoral and cross. sect sector oral al them themes es unde underr cons consid ider erat atio ion n #or #or !SD.: !SD.: "ere "ere sustainable
agriculture
a nd
land
management,
integrating planning and management o# land resources and and
fnan fnanci cial al reso resour urce ces, s, trad trade e
and and
inve invest stm ment ent
and and
econom economic ic gro"th gro"th%!SD %!SD.= .= to !SD.9 !SD.9 annual annually ly gather gathered ed at the 4N ead&uarters #or spring meetings% Discussions
at
each
session
opened
"ith ith
multi.
sta6eholder dialogues, in "hich maor groups "ere invited to ma6e opening statements on selected themes #ollo"ed by a dialogue "ith government representatives% d/ Tahun
*55C
(nternati)nal
ear
)F
"eserts
and
"eserti&%ati)n/ he $nternational 5ear o# Deserts and Desertifcation "as laun launch ched ed to high highli ligh ghtt the the thre threat at repr repres esen ente ted d by the the advan dvanci cing ng o# dese deserrts and the the los loss it may cause ause to biodiversity% hrough this $nternational 5ear, the 4N aimed at raising
public a"areness on this issue and at reversing the trend o# desertifcation, setting the "orld on a sa#er and more sustainable path o# development% e/ Tahun *55 *55 S" S" 1C hapter hapter * "E// "E// !SD.'= #ocused on the thematic cluster o# agriculture, rural rural develo developm pment ent,, land, land, drough drought, t, desert desertifc ifcati ation on and A#rica% F/ Tahun *515 3nited 3nited Nati)ns Nati)ns "e%ade "e%ade )n "eserti&%a "eserti&%ati)n/ ti)n/ Gaunched by the >eneral Assembly "ith the adoption o#
desertifc ifcation
and
its
negative
impact
on
the
achievement o# the Millennium Development >oals% he he Deca Decade de star starte ted d in 0anu 0anuar ary y -''- and and "ill "ill end end in Decem ecemb ber -- "ith ith the the aim aim o#
promot omotin ing g act action ion
ensuring the protection o# dry.lands% dry.lands% g/ Tahun *51* uture uture e e ant ant 2aragraphs 2aragraphs *54 *5+// he he econ econom omic ic and and soci social al sign signif ifca canc nce e o# a good good land land manag anagem emen ent, t, incl includ udin ing g
soil soil and and
its its
cont contri ribu buti tion on to
economic gro"th and social progress is also recogniIed in paragraph -( o# the Future Future /e /ant% /ant% $n this conte2t, Member States e2press their concern on the the chal challe leng nges es pose posed d to su sust stai aina nabl ble e deve develo lopm pmen entt by desertifcation, land degradation and drought, especially #or A#rica, GD!s and GGD!s% he relevance o# eorts under"ay to promote scientifc research and strengthen the scientifc base o# activities to address desertifcation and drought under the 4N!!D is
also ta6en into account by paragraph -:% h/ Tahun ahun *5 *514 14 *50 *505 5 Ag Agen enda da ; Sust Sustai aina nabl ble e "e6e "e6el) l)pm pmen entt G)al 14 "eserti&%ati)n/ "eserti&%ati)n/ SD> SD> '( aims aims at prot protec ecti ting ng,, rest restor orin ing g and and prom promot otin ing g sustai sus tainab nable le use o# terres terrestri trial al ecosy ecosyste stems ms,, sus sustai tainab nable le manag manage e #orest #orests, s, combat combat desert desertifc ifcati ation, on, and halt halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss% arge argett '( '(%8 %8 in part partic icul ular ar read reads s to achi achiev eve e )by )by -88-,, combat combat desertifcat desertifcation, ion, restore restore degraded degraded land and soil, includ including ing land land aecte aected d by desert desertifc ifcati ation, on, drough droughtt and Joods, and strive to achieve a land degradation.neutral "orld)% 0/ 2erhu erhuta tan nan ;10 a/ Tahun 1++* Agenda Agenda *1 hapter hapter 11// $n !hapter '' o# Agenda ', the Agenda highlights the maor
"ea6nesses
in
the
policies,
methods
and
mechanisms adopted to support trees, #orests and #orest lands and the multiple ecological, economic, social and cultural roles% he Ag Agend enda a also also menti mentions ons the impor importan tance ce to improv improve e hum human, an, tech techni nica call and and pro# pro#es essi sion onal al s6il s6ills ls,, as "ell "ell as e2pert e2pertise ise and capabi capabilit lities ies to eecti eectivel vely y #ormul #ormulate ate and imple implemen mentt polici policies, es, plans plans,, progra programm mmes, es, resear research ch and proects on management, conservation and sustainable devel evelo opmen pmentt
o#
all all
type types s
o#
#or #orests ests,,
#or #orest est.bas .based ed
reso resour urce ces s and and #ore #orest st land lands s incl inclus usiv ive, e, as "ell "ell as othe other r areas #rom "hich #orest benefts can be derived% b/ Tahun 1++4 1++4 S" S" 0 hapter hapter 1 ". ". 1// $n para paragr grap aph h D' o# !hap !hapte terr ', the the !omm !ommis issi sion on #or #or 10
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Sustainable Development, at its third session , devoted its atte attent ntio ion n to the the revi revie" e" o# sect sector oral al clus cluste ters rs su such ch as #orests% At this particular session, !SD also established the $ntergovernmental $ntergovernmental Panel on Forests *$PF+% %/ Tahun *555 3N )rum )rum )n )re )rest/ st/ By enera >enerall As Assem sembly bly as $nte $ntern rnat atio iona nall 5ear ear o# Fore Forest st to rais raise e a"ar a"aren enes ess s on strengthening the sustainable management, conservation and sustainable development o# all types o# #orests #or the beneft o# current and #uture generations% $n that conte2t, the >A also re&uested the 4N Forum on Forests Secretariat *4NFF+ to serve as the #ocal point #or Fores Forests ts -'', -'', in collab collabora oratio tion n "ith "ith >overn >overnmen ments, ts, the !ollaborative Partnership on Forests *!PF+, maor groups and other relevant organiIations% e/ Tahun *51* uture uture e e ant ant 2aragraphs 2aragraphs 1+0 1+0 1+C/ he Future /e /ant, in its paragraphs '98. '9=, stresses the importance o# improving the livelihoods o# people and comm commun unit itie ies s by crea creati ting ng the the cond condit itio ions ns re&u re&uir ired ed to sustainably manage #orests% Paragraph '9= calls #or the mainstreaming o# sustainable #orest #orest managem management ent and practises practises into economic policy and decision.ma6ing% F/ Tahun *510 irst irst (nternati) (nternati)nal nal )re )rest st "ay/ "ay/
Adopted
on
'st
December
-',
A7
and invi invitted all Membe emberr
States ates to com commit
them themse selv lves es in the the desi design gn and and plan planni ning ng o# acti activi viti ties es related to all types o# #orests, including tree.planting and other community.level events% g/ Tahun ahun *5 *514 14 *50 *505 5 Ag Agen enda da ; Sust Sustai aina nabl ble e "e6e "e6el) l)pm pmen entt G)al 14 )rests/ As #ar as #orests are concerned, target '(%' includes #or #orest ests
amon among g
the the
ter terrestr estria iall
ecos ecosy ystem stems s
"hose hose
conservation, restoration and sustainable use have to be ensured by --% arget '(% is committed to promote the implementation o# sustainable management o# all types o# #orests, halt de#orestation, restore degraded #orests and substantially increase aorestation and re#orestation globally by --% arget '(%b calls to mobiliIe )signifcant resources #rom all sources and at all levels to fnance sustainable #orest manag anagem emen entt
and and
pro provid vide
ade& ade&u uate ate
ince incent ntiv ives es
to
deve develo lopi ping ng coun countr trie ies s to adva advanc nce e su such ch mana manage geme ment nt,, including #or conservation and re#orestation)% -/ 2egun egunun unga gan n ;1a/ Tahun 1++* Agenda Agenda *1 hapter hapter 10// Sust Sustai aina nabl ble e Moun Mounta tain in Deve Develo lopm pmen entt is the the su sub bec ectt o# !hapter '8 o# Agenda ', "hich notes that mountains are an important source o# "ater, energy, biological diversity, 6ey 6ey reso resour urce ces, s, su such ch as mine minera rals ls,, #ore #orest st prod produc ucts ts and and agricultural products, and o# recreation% Many 1-
global
mountain
sustainablede6el)pment.un.)rg
areas
are
e2periencing
environmental degradation% At the same time, about ten percent o# the "orldHs population depends directly on mountain resources, and a much larger percentage dra"s on mountain resources, including "ater% "ater% b/ Tahun 1++4 S" 0 hap hapter ter 1 ".-// ".-// he !ommissio !ommission n recogniIe recogniIes s that mountain mountain ecosystem ecosystems s and environments are o# crucial importance as rich and uni&ue centres o# biological and cultural diversity, "ater stor stores es and and sour source ces s o# mine minera rals ls and and at the the same same time time stresses on the #ragility o# mountain ecosystems and the adverse impact o# the degradation o# those systems on highland and lo"land populations% he he
!omm ommissi issio on
call calls s
upo upon
>ove >overrnmen nmentts
and
the
international community to ta6e action at all levels "ith the obective o# combating poverty in mountain areas and urge urges s
inte intere rest sted ed
>ove >overn rnm ments ents
and and
orga organi niIa Iati tion ons, s,
including the private sector, to promote initiatives aimed at raising a"areness, including the convening o# regional intergovernmental intergovernmental consultations% %/ Tahu ahun *5 *55 5* i.
(nter (nterna nati ti)n )nal al ea earr )F M)un M)unta tain ins s he he 4N >ene >enera rall Ass ssem embl bly y decl declar ared ed -- - the the 4N $nternational 5ear o# Mountains% he aim o# $nternational 5ear o# Mountains is to ensure the "ell.being o# mountain and lo"land communities by
prom promot otin ing g
the the
cons conser erva vati tion on
and and
sust su stai aina nabl ble e
development o# mountain regions% ii. ii. (nter (nterna nati ti)n )nal al M)un M)unta tain in "ay "ay he 4N >eneral Assembly designated '' December,
#rom --8 on"ards, as ?$nternational Mountain Day@% FA3 is the coordi coordinat nating ing agency agency #or the prepa preparat ration ion and animat imatio ion n
o#
this this cele celeb brat ration ion *$M *$MD+ and and is
mandated to lead observance o# it at the global level, "hereas the /atershed Management and Mountains programme programme o# the Forestry Department is responsible #or coordinating this international process% d/ Tahun *51* uture uture e e ant ant 2aragraphs 2aragraphs *15 *1*/ he outcome document o# the
degradation
a nd
natural
disasters,
the
marginaliIation o# its communities% e/ Tahun ahun *5 *514 14 *50 *505 5 Ag Agen enda da ; Sust Sustai aina nabl ble e "e6e "e6el) l)pm pmen entt G)al 14 M)untains/ arget n%' o# Sustainable Development >oal '( e2plicitly menti entio ons mountai ntain ns
amo among the eco ecosy syst stem ems s
to be
conser conserved ved,, restor restored ed and sus sustai tainab nably ly used used in line line "ith "ith international agreements% 4/ Strategi Strategi 2emba 2embangun ngunan an Berke Berkelan!u lan!utan tan Nasi)n Nasi)nal al ;14 a/ Tahun 1++* Agenda Agenda *1 hapter hapter .,/ Paragraph C o# !hapter : o# Agenda ' calls on countries to adopt national strategies #or sustainable development 14
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*NSDS+ that should build upon and harmoniIe the various sectoral economic, social and environmental policies and plans that are operating operating in the country% country% b/ Tahun ahun 1++ 1++, , GA GA 1+th Spe%ial Sessi)n (mplementati)n )F Agenda *1/ he '99C Special Session o# the >eneral Assembly noted the importance o# NSDS and set a target o# -- #or their #ormulation and elaboration% %/ Tahun *555 *555 Millennium Millennium "e%lara "e%larati)n ti)n Targ Target et , A/ he integration o# principles o# sustainable development into into countr country y polici policies es and progra programm mmes es corres correspo ponds nds to Millennium Development >oal arget C A o# the 4nited Nations Millennium Declaration% d/ Tahun *55* D29( 2aragr 2aragraph aph 1C*// 1C*// /ith the adoption o# the 0P3$, Member States urged to ta6e ta6e imm immedia ediate te step steps s #orm #ormul ulat atin ing g sustainable
and and
to"a to"ard rds s
elab elabor orat atin ing g
development
ma6in a6ing g
nati nation onal al and
to
prog progre ress ss in
stra strate tegi gies es begin
#or #or their
implementation by --(% e/ Tahun *55, *55, (ntegratin (ntegrating g limate limate hange hange int) NS"S/ NS"S/ his E2pert >roup Meeting on $ntegrating !limate !hange into into Nation National al Sustai Sustainab nable le Develo Developm pment ent Strate Strategie gies s "as organiIed by the Division #or Sustainable Development o# the Department o# Economic and Social Aairs% he he >roup oup Meeti eeting ng conv conven ened ed in order der to e2am e2amin ine e eec eecti tive ve "ays "ays o# addr addres essi sing ng clim climat ate e chan change ge thro throug ugh h natio ationa nall
sustai staina nabl ble e
devel evelop opm ment ent
str strateg ategie ies s
and
stren strength gthen en the role role o# sus sustai tainab nable le develo developm pment ent as the most eective #rame"or6 "ithin "hich to tac6le climate
change% F/ Tahun *51* *51* utur uture e e e ant ant hapte hapterr * 0 - 4/ hrough paragraph 18, the Future /ant identifes, as a re&uirement mean meanin ing# g#ul ul regi region onal al,,
#or
sustainable
invo involv lvem emen entt
nati nation onal al
and and
and and
develop lopment, acti active ve
subn su bnat atio iona nall
?the
part partici icipa pati tion on legi legisl slat atur ures es
o# and and
udiciaries, and all maor groups; "omen, children and youth,
indigenous
peoples,
non.governmental non.governmental
organiIations, local authorities, "or6ers and trade unions, busine business ss and indust industry ry,, the scient scientifc ifc and techno technolog logica icall community, and #armers, as "ell as other sta6eholders@% $n paragraph 1=% Member States e2press their support to nation national al regula regulator tory y and policy policy #rame" #rame"or6 or6s s that that enable enable business
and
devel evelo opmen pmentt
industry init initia iattives ives,,
to ta6in a6ing g
advance into into
sustainable acco accoun untt
the
importance o# corporate social responsibility% responsibility% g/ Tahun *514 *505 Agenda Agenda ; NS"S/ NS"S/ $n multiple instances, the -8- Agenda #or Sustainable Development e2presses and rearms the commitment o# Member States to achieve sustainable development #or all, all, ta6i ta6ing ng into into acco accoun untt die diere rent nt leve levels ls o# nati nation onal al developme development nt and capacities capacities,, dierent dierent national national realities realities and levels o# development development as "ell as respectin respecting g national national policy space #or sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic gro"th, especially #or developing states%
Lebih lan!ut setelah pemaparan mengenai Se!arah 2erkembangan (nternasi)nal hingga adanya G)al 14 S"Gs lantas apa hubungan G)al 14 S"Gs dengan 2emberdayaan Sumber "aya Alam terutama
dalam rangka 2erlindungan Lingkungan 7idup# Apabila diperhatikan se%ara seksama 4 p)in dalam G)al 14 S"Gs ter terke%u e%uali ali
Str Strateg ategii
2emba emban ngun gunan
Berk erkelan elan!u !uttan
Nasi) asi)n nal al
merupak merupakan an Sumber Sumber "aya Alam "imana "imana Keanek Keanekarag aragaman aman hayati hayati 2erhutanan merupakan Sumber "aya Alam 7ayati dan Ek)sistem lahan pegunungan merupakan Sumber "aya Alam N)n 7ayati/. Maka dari itu upaya upaya yang dilakukan guna men%apai G)al 14 S"Gs S"Gs merupa merupaka kan n upaya upaya dalam dalam melest melestari arika kan n Sumber Sumber "aya "aya Alam Alam guna melindung melindungii Lingkungan Lingkungan 7idup. 7idup. Adapun Adapun 2erk 2erkemba embangan ngan guna men%apai G)al 14 S"Gs se!auh ini sebagai berikut ;1C
Preserving diverse #orms o# li#e on land re&uires targeted eorts to
protect,
restore
and
promote
the
conservation
and
susta su staina inable ble use o# terres terrestr trial ial and other other ecosys ecosyste tems% ms% >oal >oal '( #ocuses specifcally on managing #orests sustainably, restoring degrad degraded ed lands lands and succes success#u s#ully lly combat combating ing desert desertifc ifcati ation, on, reducing degraded natural habitats and ending biodiversity loss%
Bet"een '99- and -'(, the "orlds #orest area diminished #rom 8'%C per cent o# the "orlds total land mass to 8-%C per cent% he loss "as mainly attributable to the conversion o# #orest to other land uses, such as agriculture and in#rastructure development% Mean"hile, other areas "ere trans#ormed into #orests through planting, landscape restoration or the natural e2pansion o# #orest% 3"ing to the balance o# the t"o processes and eorts to slo" de#orestation, the global net loss o# #orest area declined #rom C%8 million hectares per year in the '99-s to 8%8 million hectares per year during the period #rom -'- to -'(%
o sa#e sa#egu guar ard d plac places es that that cont contri ribu bute te sign signif ifca cant ntly ly to glob global al biod biodiv iver ersi sity ty,,
1C
prot protec ecte ted d
area areas s
have have
been been
esta establ blis ishe hed d
and and
Rep)rt )F the Se%retaryGeneral O2r)gress t)$ards the Sustainable "e6el)pment G)alsO E<*51C<,4
identifed as 6ey biodiversity areas% $n -'1, '(% per cent o# the "orlds terrestrial and #resh"ater environments "ere covered by protected areas% he percentage o# terrestrial 6ey biodiversity areas covered by protected areas has increased, #rom '=%( per cent in --- to '9%8 per cent in -'=% 3ver the same period, the share o# #resh"ater 6ey biodiversity areas that are protected has increased increased #rom '8%: per cent to '=%= per cent, and the share o# mount mountain ain 6ey biodiv biodivers ersity ity areas areas under under protec protectio tion n has gro"n gro"n #rom ':%' per cent to -%' per cent%
he #ocus in >oal '( on halting biodiversity loss comes at a crit critic ical al time time,, sinc since e many many sp spec ecie ies s o# amph amphibi ibian ans, s, bird birds s and and mamm mammal als s are are slid slidin ing g to"a to"ard rds s e2ti e2tinc ncti tion on%% Ac Acco cord rdin ing g to the the $nternational 4nion #or !onservation o# Natures
!onservation eorts can also be th"arted by poaching and the tra trac6 c6in ing g o# "ild "ildli# li#e% e% Sinc Since e '9 '999 99,, at leas leastt C,-C,--- sp spec ecie ies s o# animals animals and plants plants have been detected in illegal illegal trade, trade, and the list o# species under international protection continues to gro"% !ompar !omparing ing the siIe siIe o# legal legal trade trade in "ildli "ildli#e #e produc products ts *about *about 9--,--- transactions per year+ to the &uantity o# "ildli#e seiIed
*about '=,--- seiIures per year+ provides an indication o# the scope o# illicit "ildli#e trac6ing% he value o# legal and illicit "ildli#e "ildli#e products products can also be compared% compared% For e2ample, e2ample, the value o# recorded seiIures o# !rocodylus genus represents bet"een -%1 per cent and -%= per cent o# the value o# legal protected e2ports o# this species bet"een --9 and -'8, "ith no clear trend discernible%
$n -'1, bilateral 3DA to support biodiversity amounted to LC billion, an increase o# '= per cent in real terms over -'8% he t"o t"o larg larges estt reci recipi pien ents ts o# biod biodiv iver ersi sity ty assi assist stan ance ce "ere "ere the the Philippines and $ndia, "hich together received about L' billion o# the total aid%
-. 2EN3T32 ?3n September (th -'(, countries adopted a set o# goals to end poverty, poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity #or all as part o# a ne" ne" su sust stai aina nabl ble e deve develo lopm pmen entt agen agenda da%% Each Each goal goal has has sp spec ecif ifc c targets to be achieved over the ne2t '( years% For the goals to be reached, everyone needs to do their part; governments, the private sector, sector, civil society and people li6e you%@ 'C 2aragraF diatas menuturkan bah$a S"Gs yang dikeluarkan pada tahun *514 memiliki target target yang tu!uan akhirnya ada pada tahun *505. Guna men%apai target tersebut SET(A2 2(7AK ; 1. 2emerintah *. Sekt ekt)r 2ri6at i6at 0. K)mun )munit itas as Sipi Sipill -. "an kit kita Sem Semua 7arus 7arus memb memberi erika kan n k)ntrib )ntribusi usi sesuai sesuai dengan dengan 2)rsiny )rsinya a masin masing g masin masing. g. Kita Kita sebaga sebagaii masya masyarak rakat at a$am a$am !uga !uga dapat dapat member memberika ikan n 1,
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k)ntribusi tanpa harus men!adi bagian dari 0 p)in pertama diatas. Seba Sebali likn knya ya besa besarr hara harapa pan n seba sebaga gaii masy masyar arak akat at sipi sipil l 0 p)in p)in pertam pertama a diatas diatas membe memberik rikan an usaha usaha terbai terbaikny knya a untuk untuk men%ap men%apai ai S"Gs ini mengingat yang dipertaruhkan adalah generasi yang akan datang apakah mereka akan dapat menikmati Sumber "aya Alam dan Lingkungan 7idup yang sudah dinikmati sekarang. 4.
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Suryaneg Suryanegara ara 1+,, Sumber "aya "aya Menurut Menurut 2ara Ahli. 89nline:. 89nline:. Tersedia ersedia ; http;<s%ript?%md>Bahan@*5Bela!ar04+?uni>*+ 8"iakses 1, 9kt)ber *51C:.
D)hn A Katilin Sumberday Sumberdaya a Alam untuk 2embangunan 2embangunan Nasi)nal Nasi)nal Dakarta Dakarta Timur Ghalia (nd)nesia 1+0.
(ndra$ati 1++4.
3nda 3ndang ng 3nda 3ndang ng Repub epubli lik k (nd) (nd)ne nesi sia a N)m) N)m)rr 0* Tahun ahun *5 *55+ 5+ Tenta entang ng 2erlindungan dan 2engel)laan Lingkungan 7idup.
2ENDE 2E NDELASA LASAN N ATAS 3N"A 3N"ANG NG 3N"ANG 3N"ANG RE23 RE23BL( BL(K K (N"9NE (N"9NES(A S(A N9M9R N9M9R 0* TA73N TA73N *55+ TENTANG TENTANG 2ERL(N"3NGAN 2ERL(N"3NGAN "AN 2ENGEL9LAAN 2ENGEL9LAAN L(NGK3NGAN L(NGK3NGAN 7("32.
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