This book is one of the most important documents in the education by the UNESCO. I'm sure that this book be going to very hepful for you're school work. Bless!
El Tesoro de BarracudaDescripción completa
Descripción: EL TESORO DE SILLUSTANI El presente trabajo se ha realizado sobre la base de un examen minucioso de evidencias de material cultural hallados circunstancialmente en el sitio arqueológico de Sillust...
Descripción: This book is one of the most important documents in the education by the UNESCO. I'm sure that this book be going to very hepful for you're school work. Bless!
Full description
Descripción: EL TESORO DE SILLUSTANI El presente trabajo se ha realizado sobre la base de un examen minucioso de evidencias de material cultural hallados circunstancialmente en el sitio arqueológico de Sillust...
Descripción: Los dialectos Quechuas. A. Torero (1964). El primer artículo del padre de la Lingüistica Andina. descargar: https://www.dropbox.com/s/uc7pblxu39yejua/Dialectos-Que-Torero.pdf * enlace a la biblio...
resumen de los disoses aymaras y quechuas
TOFØO DT[LQDM
Fo~{lnthhføo m to ~dxl{l nd oljk{dx }tdhetmx do Mqt{êjmh
TOFØO DT[LQDM
Fo~{lnthhføo m to ~dxl{l nd oljk{dx }tdhetmx do Mqt{êjmh
Hloxti~l{ {dxqloxmkid nd im fordx~fcmhføo7 Cx~mr Xiêx Bxdhm Hlimkl{mhføo v {drfxføo ndi ~du~l7 H{fx~fmm Idhhf Jfhedid Jm~~fif Jm{h Qfdn Xmimwm{ Jm{fm Qccf [xm Rfiimh{~m Xfirm [fhhm{n Xnm~f D}tfql ndi Q{lvdh~l do Mo~mkmjkm H{fx~fmm Idhhf Jm{êm Fxmkdi Dxqfwm Emýmef Jm{f~wm M~hhxm H{w Ed{v Xfirf Jdnwm C~fæ{{dw Nfxdýl v nfmc{mjmhføo7 ^m{dm Mxlhfmhføo C{mhm Dnthm~frm
FXKo7 635*663;*;6>8*6*2 Edhe di Ndqøxf~ Idcmi d im Kfkif~dhm omhfmi ndi Qd{÷ o± ;1=;*==8>4 Im q{dxdo~d qtkifhmhføo xd em {dmifwmnl do di jm{hl ndi q{lvdh~l ’Fndo* ~fnmn v Hftnmnmoêm7 dgd{hfhfl nd nd{dhelx do im xfd{{m v do im xdirm qd* {tmom‚) hønfcl DFNE[,;1=1,;81*;31) hlo im mvtnm bfomohfd{m nd im Hljtofnmn Dt{lqdm/ Di hlo~dofnl nd dx~d nlhtjdo~l dx {dxqloxmkfifnmn duhitxfrm nd ^D[[M OTLRM v MQT[FJMH LOITX) v do jlnl mictol ndkd hloxfnd{m{xd }td {dbidgm im qlxfhføo nd im Toføo Dt{lqdm/
Hlo~dofnl
Mc{mndhfjf Mc{mn dhfjfdo~l do~l
3
Q{dxdo~mh Q{dx do~mhføo føo
6 =8
Cilxm{fl jêofjl
Q{fjd{m qm{~d F/
Mqt{êjmh7 mxqdh~lx nd hlo~du~l
=/=
Im {dcfø
;8 ;>
=/;
Mxqdh~lx cdlc{íhlx
;2
=/8 =/> =/4 =/2
;2 ;5 ;5
=/3
Hd{{x) imcmx v {êx Im nfrfxfø qiê~fhm ndi ndqm{~mjd~ [dbd{dhfmx efx~ø{fhmx Imx {difcfdx) im qdd~{mhfø drmcæifhm) im {difcfxfnmn {difcfxf nmn mnfm Di h~du~ xhfmi
=/5
Mxqdh~lx ndjlc{íhlx
8=
=/6 =/=1 =/== =/=; =/=8 =/=> =/=4
Imx idcmx nd im {dcfø/ Di }dhem v xx rm{fdnmndx I }d x nfhd im ~qfjfm Im c{m qxfkfifnmn nd im Dnhmhfø F~d{hi~{mi Kfifcùd %DFK& Mmibmkd~fxj tfrd{xfnmndxx tfrd{xfnmnd Ix qd~dx v Mxm{qmv Im mifjd~mhfø
FF/ Mo~{lqlofjfm }tdhetm
;/= ;/; ;/8 ;/> ;/4 ;/2
Qd{ jk{d Im m~{qfjfm d Mq{êjmh ojk{d bmix q{rfxfmi v jk{d rd{nmnd{ Di {dhg nd m~{qøfjx d Mq{êjmh Efx~{fm m~{qêjfhm ndi qdki }dhem Di j~fr m~{qêjfh }dhem
4
;6 81 88 8> 84 82 83 85 85 >= >; >; >8 >> >4 >2
;/3
Di h~mh~ hi~{mi v x dbdh~ d di xfx~djm m~{qêjfh ;/5 Rfcdhfm d Mq{êjmh nd jk{dx m~frx ;/6 Bhfmjfd~ v xihfdx d di xfx~djm ;/=1 M~{qfjfm v qnd{ ;/== ^dndhfm d~{d micx mq{fjdýx m qd{ jk{dx d }dhem ;/=; Tom htdx~føo hljqidgm7 im fndo~fhmhføo nd im
qd{xm ;/=8 H{dmhfø v ndxmqm{fhfø ndxmqm{fhfø nd m~{qøfjx
[dxihfø ndi JFoDNt JFoDNt }d mq{dkm di mibmkd~ }dhem =;6 Mibmkd~l v ol{jmx l{~lc{íh l{~lc{íhmx mx ndi }tdhetm v ndi mvjm{m
2
=8=
Mc{mnd Mc{ mndhf hfjf jfdo~ do~l l ix rm{fx jfdjk{x ndi qdki }dhem nd Mq{êjmh }d em mq{~mn h fb{jmhfø
M
xlk{d imx q{íh~fhmx mo~{lqloêjfhmx dxqdhêhmx nd
ix qdkix qd{mx) q{ jm~dd{ nfhemx q{íh~fhmx v q{ mvnm{x m ndxhk{f{ di xfx~djm }d xx~d~m hmnm m nd dx~mx/ M Vm` %Mqifm{f Xminêrm{& v Mjmifm Mx~d~d %}dhemx&) mxê hj m ix ifcùfx~mx ndi Hd~{ nd Frdx~fcmhfø Ifcùêx~fhm Mqifhmnm nd im tfrd{xfnmn omhfmi Jmv{ nd Xm Jm{h %HFIM*toJXJ& Djæ{f~m Dxhkm{) Mjmnm l{diimm d Fxmmh J{midx) q{ xx fjq{~m~dx xcd{dhfmx v mqv d im {drfxfø nd ix jk{dx/ Mi HFIM*toJXJ q{ x himk{mhfø h di dx~nf v im dimk{mhfø nd ix jm~d{fmidx jdhfmnx v d dxqdhfmi mi h{nfmn{ nd dx~m frdx~fcmhfø) q{bdx{ Cx~mr Xiêx Bxdhm/ Mi [dcfx~{l Omhflomi nd Fndo~fhmhføo v Dx~mnl Hfrfi
%[DoFDH&) d dxqdhfmi mi Hd~{ nd Mi~x Dx~nfx [dcfx~{midx %HMD[&) q{ di f~d{æx v di {dxqd~ }d ~fdd q{ im fnd~fnmn hi~{mi nd ix nfrd{xx qdkix fnêcdmx nd dx~{ qmêx mi ffhfm{ im frdx~fcmhfø }d em hijfmn d dx~m qkifhmhfø/ M im Cd{dhfm nd Fjmcd Fx~f~hfmi ndi [DoFDH q{ im {cmfwmhfø ndi drd~ nd q{dxd~mhfø nd dx~d ifk{/ Mi d}fq ihmi ndi q{vdh~ d M~mkmjkm) m Mq{êjmh loItX d Hwh v nd ^d{{m orm d Ifjm) q{ x mjmkfifnmn)) mqv v hjq{jfx/ mjmkfifnmn
3
Q{dxdo~mhføo m dimk{mhfø nd dx~m qkifhmhfø em xfn qxfkid c{mhfmx mi q{vdh~ ’Fnd~fnmn v Hfnmnmêm7 dgd{hfhf nd nd{dhex d im xfd{{m v d im xdirm qd{mm‚ }d imx d~fnmndx f~mifmmx ^d{{m orm v Mq{êjmh loItX) h im himk{mhfø nd XMFQD %Xd{rfhfx Mc{qdhm{fx qm{m im Frdx~fcmhfø v Q{jhfø Dhøjfhm& v ndi Rfhm{fm~ nd Xm Mcx~ê dx~í {dmifwmn d nx q{rfhfmx ndi Qd{÷
I
hlo to omohfmjfdo~l nd im Toføo Dt{lqdm/ Di nlhtjdo~l dx ~mjkfæo b{t~l ndi mqlvl omohfd{l v ~æhofhl
ndi [DoFDH) }d ndxnd di ffhf ndi q{vdh~ em himk{mn h ^d{{m orm nd jmd{m hx~m~d v hx~{h~frm qm{m ic{m{ dx~d kgd~fr/ Dx~m qkifhmhfø dx di q{fjd{ qmx d im nf{dhhfø nd hx~{f{ c{m ~dx{ nd jk{d }dhem , ~edxm{x m~{qêjfh }dhem) d di }d xd {dhgm di h÷ji nd jk{dx }d im hi~{m }dhem ~dêm m nfxqxfhfø nd xx jfdjk{x) ~nm rdw }d d mqifhmhfø nd x xfx~djm q{qf nd ndjfmhfø m~{qêjfhm xd qêm jk{dx m ix fnfrfnx ndi qdki d jdhfø/ Qm{m imx qd{xmx }d d dx~x ~fdjqx ndhfnfd{m mxfcm{ jk{d nd {fcd }dhem m xx ndxhdnfd~dx) xmn di xfx~djm m~{qêjfh efxqm) dx~d ^dxl{l nd oljk{dx }tdhetmx nd Mqt{êjmh qd m x nfxqxfhfø ndhdmx nd jk{dx/ Im jd~m nd dx~d ^dxl{l nd oljk{dx dx rfmkfifwm{ m}dii }d im Hlox~f~thføo Qliê~fhm ndi Qd{÷ ndhim{m hj di ’nd{dhe mi jk{d‚) d~dnfn hj di nd{dhe nd ~dd{ jk{d/ Dx~d nd{dhe ~fdd qm{~fhim{fnmndx d h~du~x ji~fhi~{midx v ji~fifcùdx) qdx d dx~x hmxx dx 6
Fo~{lnthhFøo o~{lnthhFøo m m to ~dxl{l nd oljk{dx }tdhetmx do mqt{êjmh
nd{dhe }d xd dgd{hd m qx~d{f{f h {dimhfø m nd{dhe q{drf }d dx di bnm~d) di nd{dhe m im rfcdhfm ndi xfx~djm nd ndjfmhfø m~{qêjfhm q{qf/ Dx~d xfx~djm dx im jm~{fw }d me{jm ix jk{dx) q{ ~m~ dx im kmxd ndi nd{dhe mi jk{d) qdx xi m qm{~f{ nd m}di ~fdd xd~fn im qxfkfifnmn nd hjqif{ {dmijd~d im ndhim{mhfø nd {dxqd~m{ im fnd~fnmn hi~{mi) æ~fhm v ifcùêx~fhm }d hiidrm di {dxqd~ mi nd{dhe mi jk{d/ Ndkd {djm{hm{xd }d di iimjmn ’nd{dhe m ~dd{ jk{d‚ dx qim~dmjfd~ rmh) vm }d emv xhfdnmn }d mxfcd jk{d m xx jfdjk{x) q{ i }d qim~dm{i hj nd{dhe m {dfrfnfhm{ {dxi~m fdhdxm{f/ I }d xd emhd drfnd~d d xhfdnmndx ji~fifcùdx dx im {dfrfnfhmhfø qm{m }d xd qcm d q{íh~fhm di nd{dhe mi xfx~djm nd ndjfmhfø m~{qêjfhm q{qf nd im hi~{m m im }d qd{~ddhd fnfrfn nd~d{jfmn) nd jn }d xd hjqim h di {dxqd~ m im fnd~fnmn æ~fhm v hi~{mi nd im qd{xm/ Dx~m qkifhmhfø dx~í hb{jmnm q{ nx qm{~dx) m q{fjd{m }d h~fdd hfh hmqê~ix7 di q{fjd{ hmqê~i q{dxdo~m di hlo~du~l xlhflhti~t{mi v cdlc{íhl dxqdhêhl
nd im {dcfø Mq{êjmh nnd xd em iidrmn m hmk im frdx~fcmhfø0 m xdcnm }d ~{m~m nd im m~{qfjfm }dhem0 ~d{hd{ xk{d imx qm~mx jd~niøcfhmx qm{m emhd{ h{dhd{ di ^dxl{l nd oljk{dx }tdhetmx nd Mqt{êjmh 0 hm{~ xk{d di fnfjm }dhem) x dxh{f~{m v x ol{jmifwmhføo0 omijdo~d) to }tfo~l }td q{dxdo~m imx
q{fhfqmidx {dhjdnmhfdx v hhixfdx/ Im xdcnm qm{~d) h~fdd i }d q{qfmjd~d dx di ^dx{ nd m~{qøfjx }dhemx/ Dxqd{mjx }d dx~d jm~d{fmi mvnd) q{fjd{) d im qd{xqdh~frm nd cdd{m{ m hi~{m }d hjq{dnm im fjq{~mhfm ndi jk{d hj qm{~d nd im fnd~fnmn qm{m ~n fnfrfn v) d xdcn icm{) m mhnf{ m ix ~edxm{x =1
Q{dxdo~mhføo
hj ifx~mn nd jk{dx }d qdnd xd{ djqidmnx qm{m jfm{ m imx qd{xmx m~dnfdn v rmi{mn x fnd~fnmn nd qtdkil v nd idoctm dxqdhêhm v }td) mi xd{ {dhlolhfnlx
hj ~mi) qdnm xd{ kgd~ nd {dhemw v nd q{dgfhfx/ Xf i }d xdýmimjx xhdnd) dx~{ q{qøxf~ emk{í ic{mn xt lkgd~frl) v di ilc{l xfcofhm{í }td ilx,mx qd{tmolx,mx xlo
hxhfd~dx nd im {f}dwm nd im nfrd{xfnmn nd fnd~fnmndx dufx~d~dx d dx~d qmêx }d xd jdx~{m fhix d im nfrd{xfnmn nd xfx~djmx m~{qêjfhx v nd jk{dx/ D}fq ndi q{vdh~
’tfnmn jêfjm ndi frdi j{biøcfh nd m idcm }d hlo~fdod xfcofhmnl/ Ql{ dgdjqil) imx qmimk{mx ’ktdol‚ v ’ktdom‚ ~fdodo xfcofhmnlx nfbd{do~dx/ Im nfbd{dohfm nd ~midx xfcofhmnlx dx~í xtx~do~mnm do im nfbd{dohfm ’*l‚ rx/ ’*m‚ /
Dx~mx nx fnmndx x j{bdjmx d di fnfjm hmx~diim) do di }td ’*l‚ xfcofhm jmxhtifol v ’*m‚ bdjdofol/
=2
Cilxm{fl JéofJl
Jl~frl mo~{lqloêjfhl/ Xd {dd{d mi jl~frl }td fonthd m qd{id nd~d{jfmn jk{d m fnfrfn/ Dx im {mwø q{ im hmi nd~d{jfmn fnfrfn {dhfkd di jk{d }d ~fdd/ Di j~fr dx d jhex hmxx di æ~fj nd nfhe m~{qøfj/ Ix j~frx x {dmidx fndmidx/ Oljk{d/ Dx im qmimk{m c{q nd qmimk{mx }d xf{rd qm{m ndxfcm{ m m qd{xm nfx~fcænim nd ix ndjíx/
D di h~du~ nd im m~{qfjfm qd{mm im qmimk{m dx mjkfcm d mi jdx nx xd~fnx7 m& Xfcofhm mo~{lqøofjl nd tom qd{xlom) hljl htmonl m
im q{dc~m ¼jk{d< Xd {dxqnd7 Gm Qæ{dw [êx) dx ndhf{) m}ê di jk{d dx im xdhdhfm nd qmimk{mx }d hb{jm hx~f~vd di m~{qøfj/ k& Xfcofhm ol ~lnl di mo~{lqøofjl) xfol xlil tom qm{~d)
hj hmn m~d im q{dc~m ¼jk{d v mqdiifnx<) {dxqndjx m im q{fjd{m qm{~d nd im hdx~fø xdýmimn7 Gm) q{}d imx ndjíx qmimk{mx ndi mo~{lqøofjl ol xlo ’oljk{dx‚) xfol dxqdhêhmjdo~d)
mqdiifnx/
D m~dhfø m dx~m mjkfcùdnmn v qm{m drf~m{im) d im q{dxd~d qkifhmhfø q{dbd{fjx di djqid nd mo~{lqøofjl qm{m {dbd{f{olx m il }td do hmx~diimol xlidjlx fndo~fhm{ hj oljk{d hljqid~l) }td mxtjfjlx xd {dd{d mi hlogto~l
nd jk{dx v mqdiifnx/
Oljk{d nd qfim/ Dx di }d xd nm m im h{fm~{m hmn xd kmt~fwm l di }td xd id mngtnfhm ql{ didhhføo qm{m fndo~fhm{im
g~ m ix mqdiifnx/
Oljk{d ol{jmifwmnl l tofbl{jmnl/ ojk{d }d em xfn xgd~ mi q{hdx nd {jmifwmhfø fb{jfwmhfø q{ im m~{fnmn hjqd~d~d xk{d im jm~d{fm/
=3
Fo~{lnthhFøo o~{lnthhFøo m m to ~dxl{l nd oljk{dx }tdhetmx do mqt{êjmh
Cdd{mijd~d dx~m {jmifwmhfø dx nd m~{midwm dxh{f~{mi v ifcùêx~fhm/ Oljfomifwmhføo/ Dx q{hdnfjfd~ jdnfm~d di hmi d imx idcmx) b{jmx }d x qmimk{mx jfmidx ndrfdd d jk{dx/ Q{ dgdjqi) im b{jm {fjm* dx m {mêw rd{kmi d }dhem0 qd{ xf m dx~m b{jm id mc{dcmjx di xtgl }tdhetm ‘}) im qmimk{m }d {dxi~m {fjm} , [fjm} dx rd{k) xf jk{d) ~mi hj xd ~fdd d di jk{d ndi {ê }d m~{mrfdxm Ifjm/ Ol{jmifwmhføo nd oljk{dx/ Q{hdx b{jmijd~d q{drfx~ }d nd~d{jfm im b{jm nd m~{qøfj/ ^fdd }td rd{ hlo di dx~mkidhfjfdo~l nd tom fjmcdo l{~lc{íhm
mi~{m ndi qmimnm{/ Q{ dgdjqi) jhex hefidx mi emkim{ hmx~diim q{hfm hfd{~mx qmimk{mx) mic mxê hj7 G{cd ’G{cvd‚) cd~d ’gfd~d) d~h/ D dx~x dgdjqix im q{hfmhfø nd ’c‚ hj ’gv‚ dx i }d xd nfhd q{nh~ nd qmim~mifwmhfø/ Xfcofbfhmnl ifocùêx~fhl ndi mo~{lqøofjl/ Xd {dd{d mi xfcofhmnl }td im djfxføo l djfxflodx ~fdodo do im idoctm hlo im htmi xd mifm im djfxføo/ Do l~{lx ~æ{jfolx) di xfcofhmnl iæufhl nd im qmimk{m l qmimk{mx }td hlobl{jm l
hb{jm di m~{qøfj/ Xfx~djm nd ndoljfomhføo/ Dx di xfx~djm qm{m mxfcm{ jk{dx m imx d~fnmndx) xdm xd{dx ejmx) icm{dx do~fnmndx cdlc{íhmx/ Ilx xfx~djmx nd ndoljfomhføo xlo
h{dmhfdx hcf~frmx nd imx hi~{mx/ Xfx~djm nd ndoljfomhføo mo~{lqloêjfhm/ Dx di xfx~djm }d imx hi~{mx em cdd{mn qm{m mxfcm{ jk{dx m imx d~fnmndx ejmmx/ Dx~d xfx~djm dx mkx~{mh~mjd~d hlox~{th~l hlcof~frl qm{m fndo~fhm{ m ilx fonfrfntlx do
m xhfdnmn nd~d{jfmnm/ ^dxl{l mo~{lqloêjfhl/ Dx di ifx~mn nd ix m~{qøfjx nd qdki/ Dx~d ifx~mn xdid hm{mh~d{fwm{xd q{ q{dxd~m{ fb{jmhfø k{drd xk{d m xd{fd nd mxqdh~x nd ix m~{qøfjx/ Rmil{ xfjkøifhl ndi oljk{d l mo~{lqøofjl/ Xd {dd{d mi rmil{ }td im hti~t{m mxfcom m to oljk{d/ Im
fndm kíxfhm dx }d ~n jk{d xfjkifwm rmi{ }d im hi~{m {dhhd v }d di nmn{ nd jk{d mxjd }d m~{qøfj nd~d{jfmn i xfjkifwm/ Imx hi~{mx {dhhd di xfjkifxj hj dhm{mn d di jk{d v) d hxdhdhfm) im qd{xm }d i iidrm ~fdd di fjqd{m~fr nd xd{ hed{d~d h ~mi rmi{ xfjkøifh }d x jk{d dhm{m/ =6
q{êjmh dx di jíx mnf nd ix ndqm{~mjd~x ndi Qd{÷) qdx ~nm im du~dxfø nd x ~d{{f~{f xd kfhm d ix Mndx0 d dx~d xd~fn) ~mi rdw ix ndqm{~mjd~x nd Emhmrdifhm v Mvmhhe xdm ix }d xd id mhd{}d d qm{dhfn/ Di ~d{{f~{f mq{fjdý
M
dx tom wlom xflc{íhmjdo~d kmx~mo~d rm{fmnm) nd rmiidx
q{bnx v qmjqmx mi~mnfmx c{mndx) h {mjmi nd im h{nfiid{m }d id xf{rd nd iêjf~d d~{d Mvmhhe v qm{~d ndi Htwhl0 ~{dx htdohmx efn{lc{íhmx jmvl{dx7 im nd
Qmjqmx) im nd Qmhemhemhm v im nd Rfihmkmjkm/
Im nd Qmhemhemhm nfrfnd mi ndqm{~mjd~ d nx dxqmhfx ifcùêx~fhx fjq{~m~dx }d ~fdd m q{bnm fjqifhmhfm h im efx~{fm ndi Qd{÷ q{defxqífh) vm }d d dx~d ndqm{~mjd~ ~r icm{ im iimjmnm ’cd{{m nd ix hem`mx h~{m ix fhmx‚) }d efw }d di Fjqd{f „emx~m dxd jjd~ hf{hxh{f~ d im qm{~d nd i }d me{m dx di Hwh„ hjdwm{m x d~mqm nd duqmxfø emhfm di {~d) emhfm i }d idc ndrfdd hj im {dcfø ndi Hefhemvxv/
;8
Fo~{lnthhFøo o~{lnthhFøo m m to ~dxl{l nd oljk{dx }tdhetmx do mqt{êjmh
Dx~d qd{fn kæifh emhd x{cf{ eæ{dx {dcfmidx hj Sm` Smii) Jmiijm) Smjm Sm{m`m v ~{x0 ~mjkfæ cdd{m dqqdvmx jê~fhmx hj im jfc{mhfø emhfm im xdirm nd ix dgæ{hf~x nd{{~mnx nd Sm` Smii0 mxfjfxj) nfhe qd{fn ~fdd }d rd{ h im rfcdhfm nd nx rm{fdnmndx ndi }dhem d Mq{êjmh) m}diim ndi imn dx~d ndi {ê Qmhemhem) }d xd d~{hm h di }dhem hw}dý) v m}diim ndi imn nd Mnmemvimx v emhfm di {~d) }d xd d~{hm h di mvmhhem/ Dx~mx nx rm{fdnmndx }dhemx x ix didjd~x {mfcmidx }d }dnm nd imx nx fnd~fnmndx }d xd db{d~m{ d i }d xd iimjm im cd{{m nd ix hem`mx/ Im ~qfjfm nd Mq{êjmh dx ~{m drfndhfm nd dx~m {dmifnmn nd im efx~l{fm qd{tmom {ddgmnm do nfhel ndqm{~mjdo~l/
Im m~{qfjfm mq{fjdým ~mjkfæ ~fdd x qm{~d d dx~m qd{xqdh~frm nd imx nx fnd~fnmndx) }d im efx~{fm jm{hm qm{m di ndqm{~mjd~) hj di icm{ nd dhd~{ nd nx ~{mnfhfdx) nd nx jnx xf bd{m bd{~d ndhf{ dx~) }d {djf~do mi omi nd htdo~mx mi dohtdo~{l nd nlx qtdkilx) di
}dhem ndi {~d v di mfjm{m ndi x{0 di fjqd{f fhm emx~m dxd jjd~ bnmjd~mijd~d mfjm{m v idc) m qm{~f{ nd im nd{{~m nd ix hem`mx) di fjqd{f ndi ^msm~fxv }d ndrfdd d di fjqd{f nd ix hm~{ xvx h di hm{~ }d x{cd q{dhfxmjd~d h im rfh~{fm fhm xk{d xk{ d ix hem`mx v x jm{hem mi Hefhemvxv emhfdn }d x{gm di hm{~ xv/
=/= Im {dcføo Mq{êjmh xd kfhm d ix Mndx ndi x{ dx~d qd{m0 ifjf~m h ix ndqm{~mjd~x nd Mvmhhe q{ di {~d v {*dx~d) q{ di x{ h M{d}fqm) v h di ndqm{~mjd~ ndi Hwh q{ di {*dx~d) di dx~d v x{ dx~d/ Im {dcfø nd Mq{êjmh %di ndqm{~mjd~& dx~í hx~f~fnm q{ xfd~d q{rfhfmx7 Mkmhmv) M~mkmjkm) Mnmemvimx) Mvjm{mdx) Hefhed{x) H~mkmjkmx v C{m/ Im hmqf~mi ndi ndi ndqm{~mjd~ dx im hfnmn nd Mkmhmv/ ;>
=/8 Hd{{lx) imctomx v {êlx Ix Mndx m~{mrfdxm Mq{êjmh nd x{ m {~d) d micx q~x im mi~{m nd im h{nfiid{m mnfm xk{dqmxm ix 4111 jd~{x nd didrmhfø v qd{jf~d im b{jmhfø nd drmnx }d mhjim mcm qm{m }d d ix ~fdjqx nd ndxefdi nfxht{{m di iê}tfnl qm{m kdodhfl nd ilx mc{fhti~l{dx nd imx
qm{~dx kmgmx nd im {dcfø/
Xlo rm{fmx imx htdohmx efn{lc{íhmx nd im {dcføo) qd{l
im q{fhfqmi dx im hdhm ndi {ê Mq{êjmh/ Qm{~d nd dx~m hdhm nfrfnd Mq{êjmh d nx dxqmhfx hi~{mi v ifcùêx~fhmjd~d nfbd{d~dx) qdx di {ê Qmhem Hemhm) }d h{{d d im qm{~d hd~{mi ndi ~d{{f~{f {dcfmi) ~fdd d x imn dx~d di dxqmhf nd imx emkimx hwh*hiim ndi }dhem) ;2
Mqt{êjMh) Mxqdh~lx nd hlo~du~l
v mi dx~d xd ~fdd mi }dhem hemo`m) ndxnd Mnmemvimx/ Di emkim hem`m dx kíxfhmjd~d im jfxjm nd Mvmhhe v Etmohmrdifhm v nd imx wlomx mnvmhdo~dx emhfm di Qmhêhl/
[êl Mqt{êjmh
Mq{êjmh ~fdd d x ~d{{f~{f rm{fmx imcmx) micmx nd imx htmidx nd qm{~fhtim{ xfcofhmhføo v kdiidwm) hljl im
imcm nd Qm`hem) hv jk{d mind jv him{mjd~d) d m duq{dxfø hm{fýxm) mi Qm}l) im miqmhm im rfhým jmhe) gdbd nd jmmnm/ Dx~m dx m imcm kfhmnm d xf~f {dim~frmjd~d kmg %8=;4 jxj& b{d~d m im kfhmhfø ;3
Fo~{lnthhFøo o~{lnthhFøo m m to ~dxl{l nd oljk{dx }tdhetmx do mqt{êjmh
nd ~{mx imcmx) ~midx hj Iifiif~m) ]¾jd{ }hem) [~ }hem v l{c }hem) }d dx~í m mi~{mx jmv{dx/ D di jmqm }d xd q{dxd~m xd jdx~{m di {dh{{fn ndi {ê Mq{êjmh) ndxnd x mhfjfd~ d M{d}fqm) x qmx q{ Mq{êjmh v x f~d{mjfd~ d im Mjmwêm nnd mi g~m{xd h di {ê t{kmjkm hb{jm di hmnmix {ê Qm{) jíx hhfn hj thmvmif/
=/> Im nfrfxføo nfrfxføo qliê~fhm ndi ndqm{~mjdo~l D ~m~ ndqm{~mjd~ {dcfø) Mq{êjmh dx~í hb{jmnm q{ xfd~d q{rfhfmx }d) d hg~) v emx~m di mý ;115) hjq{dnêm 51 nfx~{f~x/ Mnmemvimx h =6 nfx~{f~x v Mvjm{mdx h =3) x imx q{rfhfmx h di jmv{ ÷jd{ nd nfx~{f~x/ Imx q{rfhfmx h di jd{ ÷jd{ x Hefhed{x %2& v M~mkmjkm %3&/
=/4 [dbd{dohfmx efx~ø{fhmx Im rfnm d hdrmx nd ix q{fjd{x emkf~m~dx nd Mq{êjmh v im qfh~c{mbêm d diimx dufx~d~dx x imx drfndhfmx nd ix jíx {dj~x hqm~dx ndi ~d{{f~{f mq{fjdý/ Dx~mx drfndhfmx nd ix jmhemvdx v ix fnfhfx nd mfjmidx v qim~mx njdx~fhmnmx qd{jf~d fjmcfm{ dxqmhf qidmjd~d emkf~mn emkf~mn ndxnd jdx nd 6111 mýx m~{íx/ D dx~m qd{xqdh~frm iimjm im m~dhfø im dufx~dhfm) d di ndqm{~mjd~)) ndi hv njæx~fh) }d dx qxfkid dh~{m{ ndqm{~mjd~ d rm{fx icm{dx nd im wm %Hefhed{x) q{ dgdjqi&/ D ~{mx wmx ndi Qd{÷ di hv xmirmgd vm dufx~d) i }d d micm jdnfnm x nfhd nd i m~fc nd x njdx~fhmhfø d dxx icm{dx nnd vm qd{rfrd dgdjqim{dx xfirdx~{dx) b{d~d m x {dim~frmjd~d jíx {dhfd~d rfnm njæx~fhm d ix icm{dx nnd xê dufx~d/ Mcx~ Hm{nfhe qx~im }d im njdx~fhmhfø nd ix m}æfnx v ndi hv) mxê hj im mqm{fhfø nd im mc{fhi~{m xhdnfø q{fjd{ d im Xfd{{m Hd~{mi ndi Qd{÷/ ;5
Mqt{êjMh) Mxqdh~lx nd hlo~du~l
Ix hem`mx v ix fhmx x nx hjqd~dx nd im efx~{fm qd{mm }d ~fdd m Mq{êjmh hj dxqmhf nd {dbd{dhfm/ Im cd{{m nd ix hem`mx h~{m ix fhmx dx gx~mjd~d di drd~ nf{dh~mjd~d {dimhfmn h im duqmxfø fhm emhfm di {~d ndi Hwh) m im wm }d idc ndrfdd hj di hm{~ xv ndi fjqd{f) di Hefhemvxv/ Dx~m cd{{m) xdc÷ Cm{hfimx v ~{x h{fx~mx) {dim~m) ndxnd im rfxfø rdhdn{m nd ix fhmx) im dqqdvm nd dx~x d x db{d~mjfd~ h txhrfihm v xx cd{{d{x) nd diix) Mhsmii) mqm{dhd hj rd{nmnd{ eæ{d }td) nd{{l~mnl) jmo~fdod di l{ctiil hemo`m q{d{fdonl
djfc{m{ nd x ~fd{{m) emhfdn nd x f~d{mjfd~ d im xdirm di jê~fh dgdjqi nd ed{êxj) }d d jhem jdnfnm dx di xx~d~ mh~mi ndi iimjmn ’{cii hem`m‚) hjqd~d fjq{~m~d nd ix mnmemvifx/ Rm{fx edhex h{hfmidx nd im h}fx~m d{qdm v nd im {dxfx~dhfm fhm ~fdd icm{ d Mq{êjmh d xx hd{hmêmx/ Ix qd~dx xk{d ix {êx }d xd{rêm qm{m di ~{íxf~ emhfm di Hwh ndrfdd d q~x dx~{m~æcfhx0 mndjíx micx qd{xmgdx nd im efx~{fm {dxi~m nd xj {dxqd~l ql{ xtx xmh{fhflx) hljl im xmhd{nl~fxm Mxm{qmv/
=/2 Imx {difcflodx) im qdod~{mhføo drmocæifhm) im {difcflxfnmn monfom Im dxqf{f~mifnmn fnêcdm d Mq{êjmh dx~í qidmjd~d rfcd~d) jmfbdx~ínxd nd rm{fmx jmd{mx) h di hi~ m ix mqx hd{{x ~~dim{dx) h imx b{dnmx d ix hmjfx do im bl{jm nd mqmhed~mx) hlo im dx~m motmi mi hd{{l do