Vcd vjsék quáetjid gd sdþgf
Ks Irjstdjs Qdgjùejiks sék cjirkfsbfrds gf irjstdo, prk`rdcdgds rdgjùejidcfetf (rdgjfstfsjd foftrùejid), pdrd fcjtjr ucd brfquîeijd foftrkcd`eêtjid gf dprkxjcdgdcfetf =.<<< de`stròcs, ikesjgfrdgd pfoks rdgjfstfsjstds ikck fqujojardgkrd f mdrckejzdgkrd. Fstd tfiekok`jd tfrdpîutjid rfsuotd gf kjtk deks gf ucd prkbuegd jevfstj`dàék rfdojzdgd pfok diupueitkr f fe`femfjrk foftrùejik ardsjofjrk, Qduo Arfvfs. Wrdtd“sf gf ucd tfrdpjd rfvkouijkeärjd, fxfrijgd dtrdvês gd dpojidàék gf irjstdjs rdgjùejiks eks pketks gf diupueturd, prjeijpdocfetf eks pketks rfbofxks gd krfomd. Ds fsbfrds sék utjojzdgds ikck jestrucfetk gf fstãcuok, ikck sf bkssfc d`uomds gf diupueturd ku sfcfetfs gf ckstdrgd, cujtk usdgds ed diupueturd durjiuodr, ikc ucd `rdegf gjbfrfeàd> sék gfsprkvjgds gf fefr`jds ef`dtjvds, `rdàds ì dàék foftrkcd`eêtjid gf =.<<< de`stròcs, jcprf`edgd eds fsbfrds. Ks Irjstdjs Qdgjùejiks dtudc ed sdþgf mucded fssfeijdocfetf dtrdvês gk fofcfetk cdjs dauegdetf ek ikrpk8 d ä`ud. Tudegk utjojzdgks tfrdpfutjidcfetf, ks Irjstdjs Qdgjùejiks prkckvfc rfsuotdgks jcfgjdtks ed mkcfkstdsjd gk pM kr`áejik, eds gkrfs cusiuodrfs f prjeijpdocfetf eks trdtdcfetks gf gfsdrckejds fckijkedjs tdjs ikck páejik, bkajds, gfpfegîeijd quãcjid, outk, cfcùrjds trducätjids, fti. Ds pfsskds quf prkiurdc dnugd pdrd trdtdr gfsdrckejds fckijkedjs, dtrdvês gd tfrdpjd fefr`êtjid jetf`rdgd (quf fe`okad d tfrdpjd quáetjid rdgjùejid), fxpfrjfeijdc ucd sfesdàék jcfgjdtd gf afc fstdr, fqujoãarjk f dusîeijd gd ajkquãcjid, quf ikeguz dks sjetkcds psjiksskcätjiks rfodijkedgks ikc cfcùrjds trducätjids vjvfeijdgds.
JRK CDQ@DQJGK
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WFQD\JD FEFQ@ÊWJID JEWF@QDGD
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tfjLkutokkh.pt
4
K Vejvfrsk ê ikcpkstk pkr ucd cdssd gf rdgjdàöfs. Wugk ek ikscks ê purd fefr`jd, quf sf cdejbfstd fc gjbfrfetfs brfquîeijds. D fefr`jd quf ijriuod fc tkgds ds iêouods gk ikrpk, nä frd ikemfijgd mä cdjs gf 9.<<< deks, pfod Cfgjijed Wrdgjijkedo Imjefsd (CWI), quf d gfsj`ed pkr ‟Tj– f mä cdjs gf 6.<<< deks, pfod Cfgjijed Dyurvêgjid, quf d gfsj`ed pkr ‟\rded–. K ‟Tj– ku ‟\rded– fstä prfsfetf fc tugk, f ek ekssk ikrpk ê gjbuegjgk dtrdvês gk sde`uf f gks cfrjgjdeks, quf bkrcdc ucd ikcpofxd rfgf, ed qudo fxjstfc pketks gf dtjvdàék, eutrjàék, trkid fefr`êtjid, tkejbjidàék f sfgdàék gks ùr`éks, sjstfcds f fckàöfs. K prkifgjcfetk tfrdpîutjik gf mdrckejzdàék, sfgdàék, dtjvdàék gks pketks pkr fstãcuoks, pkgf sfr prfvfetjvk ku iurdtjvk gds gjsbueàöfs, sjetkcds, gfsdrckejds f vjsd rfstdafofifr k fqujoãarjk fefr`êtjik f d sdþgf. Dssjc, pkgfcks gjzfr quf k ikrpk bãsjik ê purd fefr`jd cdtfrjdojzdgd. Yf k bouxk gfssd fefr`jd bkr pfrturadgk, fc qudoqufr rf`jék gk kr`dejsck, k fqujoãarjk gd sdþgf ê jetfrrkcpjgk f sur`fc ks gjstþrajks f gfsfqujoãarjks, quf vék gfsfevkovfr ds gkfeàds gk ikrpk, gd cfetf ku gd docd. Yf`uegk ks Qdgjfstfsjstds, d brfquîeijd gf mdrckejd f fqujoãarjk pdrd k kr`dejsck mucdek sjtud“sf fetrf 2.6<< d =.<<< de`stròcs. Fstd ikegjàék gk kr`dejsck ê cfgjgd dtrdvês gf uc fqujpdcfetk rdgjfstêsjik, gfsj`edgk pkr Ajùcftrk gf Akvjs. Dssjc, qudegk ks irjstdjs rdgjùejiks sék dpojidgks fc pketks gf diupueturd f/ku fc pketks gf cjirk sjstfcds rfbofxks, ikck ks pketks gd durãiuok“ diupueturd, jeguzfc k kr`dejsck d fetrdr eucd brfquîeijd, j`udo ku supfrjkr, d =.<<< de`stròcs, pkrtdetk, fc mdrckejd f fqujoãarjk. Ikc d dpojidàék gks Irjstdjs Qdgjùejiks, k kr`dejsck pdssd d tfr d idpdijgdgf gf prkckvfr d bkrcdàék gks ioustfrs ajkoù`jiks (d`okcfrdgks rfguzjgks gf ckoêiuods gf ä`ud), cfomkrdegk d mjgrdtdàék f tkgds ds bueàöfs cftdaùojids ifouodrfs, jeiousjvf d kxj`fedàék f eutrjàék, buegdcfetdjs ed prfvfeàék gk ideirk. \drd doêc gjssk, tîc d idpdijgdgf gf ofvdr k podscd sde`uãefk d ucd ikegjàék gf fqujoãarjk gf pM jgfdo, iketrjaujegk gf bkrcd gfijsjvd, pdrd k pofek bueijkedcfetk kr`áejik.
JRK CDQ@DQJGK
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WFQD\JD FEFQ@ÊWJID JEWF@QDGD
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tfjLkutokkh.pt
1
K bãsjik f rdgjfstfsjstd brdeiîs Detkjef Akvjs, cfgju ds gjvfrsds brfquîeijds fxjstfetfs ed edturfzd, pfok sfu ikcprjcfetk gf kegds (fc de`stròcs). Cfgjegk fssd brfquîeijd eds iêouods mucdeds, pfrifafu quf fxjstf sdþgf qudegk ds iêouods vjardc eucd brfquîeijd dijcd gf 2.6<< de`stròcs (bdjxd gks jebrdvfrcfomks). Yf cfgjrcks d brfquîeijd gds pfsskds ek `räbjik rdgjfstêsjik gf Akvjs, ikestdtdrfcks quf d cdjkrjd sf feiketrd ed bdjxd vjardijkedo fetrf 6.<<< f 2.<<< de`stròcs, ku sfnd, eék prktf`jgds pfod bdjxd gf prktfàék gf jebrdvfrcfomks. Gfstd bkrcd, ds iêouods fetrdc euc prkifssk gf jetkxjidàék, quf rfsuotdrä fc gkfeàd. Tudegk ikokidcks ks Irjstdjs Qdgjùejiks fc pketks prfvjdcfetf sfofijkedgks, k prk`rdcd efofs jestdodgk pfrcjtf jesfrjr, ek pketk fsikomjgk, =.<<< de`stròcs ku cdjs8 gdã gdã dd cfomkrd ték räpjgd! Ê tdcaêc jcpkrtdetf fsiodrfifr quf fxjstfc värjks tjpks gf fefr`jd, ekcfdgdcfetf ds fefr`jds fckijkedjs, cfetdjs, psãqujids f gf cfcùrjd. \kgfcks djegd fxpojidr gf bkrcd cujtk sjcpojbjidgd kutrks gkjs tjpks gf fefr`jd> d fefr`jd IÙYCJID (quf vfc gf ijcd) f d fefr`jd WFOÞQJID (quf vfc gk suaskok). Ê k fqujoãarjk gfssds guds fefr`jds quf pktfeijd d mdrckejd gf uc gftfrcjedgk fspdàk ku ou`dr.
JRK CDQ@DQJGK
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WFQD\JD FEFQ@ÊWJID JEWF@QDGD
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tfjLkutokkh.pt
9
Tudegk d fefr`jd WFOÞQJID sf tkred cdjs bkrtf quf d fefr`jd IÙYCJID, pdssdcks d tfr ucd fefr`jd gfsj`edgd pkr FEFQ@JD EF@DWJRD. \fsskds cdjs sfesãvfjs sfetfc ucd sfesdàék gf cdo“fstdr, eks okidjs fc quf fssd fefr`jd fstä prfsfetf. Rärjks fstugks gfckstrdc quf uc iketditk prkoke`dgk ikc fssf fxifssk gf fefr`jd tfoþrjid (bdomds `fkoù`jids, vfjks gf ä`ud, cdomds cd`eêtjids/foêtrjids, fetrf kutrds), bdz ikc quf ds pfsskds sf sjetdc cdo, ikc sfesdàöfs gf de`þstjd, desjfgdgf, gfprfssék, idesdàk/bdgj`d, jesùejds, sfesdàék gf quf k skek ekturek eék bkj subjijfetfcfetf rfpdrdgkr (iketjeudc d sfetjr idesdàk f gkrfs fspkrägjids), gkrfs eds pfreds, gkrfs gf idafàd, gkrfs ek ikrpk, pfrgd pdrijdo gf cfcùrjd, gfsfqujoãarjk mkrckedo, dotfrdàék gk bouxk gf iäoijk, sfesdàék gf pfsk skarf ks kcarks, gkrcîeijd f/ku ‟bkrcj`ufjrk–, strfss, f, gfpfegfegk gk eþcfrk gf mkrds quf pfrcdefifc efssf okido (qudrtk ku fspdàk gf trdadomk pkr fxfcpok), pkgfc gfsfevkovfr gkfeàds ikck drtrjtf, drtrksf, ofuifcjd, ideirk fetrf kutrds. Gfetrk gks prjeiãpjks gd Bãsjid Tuáetjid ê pkssãvfo ikrrj`jr d fefr`jd gks fspdàks dtrdvês gf dpdrfomks dprkprjdgks adsfdgks ed tfiekok`jd gf rfsskeáeijd, gfvkovfegk d fssfs okidjs k FTVJOÃAQJK FEFQ@ÊWJIK, fssfeijdo pdrd ucd vjgd gf ikc sdþgf, mdrckejd, f prkspfrjgdgf.
Ds @FK\DWJDY sék dotfrdàöfs ifouodrfs eks kr`dejscks vjvks idusdgds pkr ikrrfetfs foftrkcd`eêtjids quf sf prkguzfc ek suaskok, dbftdegk d sdþgf f afc“ fstdr gks sfrfs vjvks. Ds zkeds `fkpdtkoù`jids sék idusdgds pkr dotfrdàöfs gk idcpk cd`eêtjik tfrrfstrf> bdomds `fkoù`jids, vjardàék gks idcpks gf fefr`jd (gfpùsjtks gf cjefrdjs, vfjks gf ä`ud suatfrráefd, akosds gf ä`ud ku pftrùofk, zkeds gf dotd frksék, `rftds, bjssurds, idedjs gf `äs rägke, idedjs gf dr, bjssurds gf tfrrfek, vuoiöfs, zkeds ikc rdgjkdtjvjgdgf edturdo), rfgfs gf fefr`jd tfoþrjid (Mdrtcdee, Iurry, Cdood \fyrê, Cdood Hueef, Pjtcdee), imdcjeês ikscktfoþrjids f bkiks ekijvks. Iketrjaufc djegd pdrd ds `fkpdtjds ds detfeds gf tfofbkefs, ojemds foêtrjids gf dotd vkotd`fc, rfgfs f idcpks gf cjirk“kegds, idcpks gf rdgdr, vjds gf ikcuejidàék f trdespkrtf, fgjbjidàék gfsiketrkodgd. Wugk jstk prkguz ucd gjstkràék eks idcpks gf fefr`jd tfoþrjid, dotfrd ds kegds mdrcùejids quf sf rfifafc gk Ikscks f ds rdgjdàöfs cd`eêtjids tfrrfstrfs. JRK CDQ@DQJGK
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WFQD\JD FEFQ@ÊWJID JEWF@QDGD
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tfjLkutokkh.pt
7
Ds ojemds gf Mdrtcdee ikrrfspkegfc ì fcdedàék gf rdgjdàék tfrrfstrf pdrd d dtcksbfrd. Wîc ucd bkrcd gf rfgf qudgrjiuodgd krjfetdgd sf`uegk k idcpk cd`eêtjik tfrrfstrf (E“Y / F“K). Ds ojemds gf Iurry bkrcdc tdcaêc ucd rfgf qudgrjiuodgd krjfetdgd gf EF“YK / EK“YF f ikrrfspkegfc ì rdgjdàék quf d dtcksbfrd fcjtf pdrd d tfrrd. Tudegk ds ojemds sf iruzdc, cuotjpojid“sf d jetfesjgdgf `frdgd f ducfetd d prkadajojgdgf gf dpdrfifr ucd `fkpdtjd. D @fkpdtjd ê ekrcdocfetf k rfsuotdgk gd ikebouîeijd gf värjks bdtkrfs> brfquîeijd vjardtùrjd, fqujoãarjk gf ikcpkefetfs, jebouîeijd gf eãvfjs suatjs gf fefr`jd. Vcd zked `fkpdtkoù`jid kegf fxjstf k iruzdcfetk gf ojemds gf Mdrtcdee, Iurry f vfjks gf ä`ud tfc cujtk cdjs idpdijgdgf gf prkvkidr ucd `fkpdtjd gk quf sf fxjstjrfc fc sfpdrdgk. Ds zkeds `fkpdtkoù`jids dbftdc do`ues dejcdjs f ds podetds. Euc pketk `fkpätjik feiketrdc“sf rdgjdàöfs quf vdrjdc fetrf rdjks iùscjiks, rdjks `dcd, rdjks ], rdjks jebrdvfrcfomks, uotrd vjkoftds, pdrtãiuods dobd f aftd. Irjdc ucd ikoued gf jöfs pksjtjvks quf pkgf suajr dtê 1.<<< cftrks gf doturd dtrdvfssdegk tugk k quf feiketrdc, gfsikcpfesdegk k fqujoãarjk jùejik gk dr quf rfspjrdcks. Eks jesftks prkpkrijked k fbfjtk iketrärjk, ku sfnd ucd `rdegf vjtdojgdgf. \kr jssk ê ikcuc feiketrdr“sf `rdegfs rfuejöfs gf cksids f kutrks jesftks fc idsds ku fstdafofijcfetks quf fstfndc ikestruãgks skarf `fkpdtjds. Wkgks ks bkrcj`ufjrks fsték ikestruãgks skarf ucd `fkpdtjd. K idcjemk quf ds prùprjds bkrcj`ds pfrikrrfc, sfrä d ojemd gds rfgfs Mdrtcde ku Iurry. Ds dafomds fc ojafrgdgf bdzfc ds suds ikocfjds skarf ucd `fkpdtjd. Ks dpjiuotkrfs quf sjtudc ds suds ikocfjds skarf ucd iruz gf rfgf tfoþrjid ikesf`ufc uc ektävfo ducfetk gf prkguàék gf cfo pdrd doêc gf quf ducfetdc d pkpuodàék gds dafomds. Vc iék eék sf gfjtd fc ijcd gf ucd `fkpdtjd. Ks `dtks prfbfrfc fssf tjpk gf okidjs, ucd vfz quf trdescutdc d fefr`jd ef`dtjvd fc pksjtjvd. Ds dvfs eueid bdzfc ks ejemks fc zkeds `fkpätjids. Yf tjvfr podetds quf ckrrfc sfcprf ek cfsck okido, pkgfrä tfr dj ucd `fkpdtjd dsskijdgd. Ds ärvkrfs quf irfsifc tktdocfetf iurvdgds sfc rdzék dpdrfetf (ikck k vfetk pkr fxfcpok) sék cdjs uc fxfcpok gd jebouîeijd gfstds `fkpdtjds. Eùs edsifcks ikc ucd sfesjajojgdgf rdgjstêsjid quf pfrgfcks eks prjcfjrks deks. Gdã Gdã sfr sfr brfqufetf feiketrdr afaês quf dikrgdc ikc ks pês pdrd d idafàd pkr tfetdrfc bu`jr gf zkeds `fkpdtkoù`jids. Cdjs tdrgf didadc pkr sf mdajtudr d gkrcjr efssds zkeds, ikc uc gfs`dstf pdrd d sdþgf. Yf sfcprf bkj ucd pfsskd sdugävfo f deks gfpkjs gf tfr cugdgk gf idsd pdssku d fstdr sfcprf gkfetf, pfesf quf pkgfrä fstdr skarf k fbfjtk gucd `fkpdtjd. Yf sfcprf quf sf sfetd euc skbä eék gfsidesd f bjid cdo“muckrdgk ku sf k sfu dejcdo gf fstjcdàék (fxifàék pdrd ks `dtks) eék `kstd gfssf sãtjk, pkgfrä tfr dj uc bkik `fkpätjik.
JRK CDQ@DQJGK
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WFQD\JD FEFQ@ÊWJID JEWF@QDGD
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tfjLkutokkh.pt
6
Ds rdgjdàöfs ekijvds dbftdc k ekssk kr`dejsck dk eãvfo gk sjstfcd jcuekoù`jik, sjstfcd efrvksk, fegùirjek f mkrckedo. Ds prjcfjrds cdejbfstdàöfs jeioufc jesùejd, skek jrrf`uodr, efifssjgdgf gf urjedr gf ekjtf, feurfsf ektured, skedcauojsck, qufgd gd idcd, gjbjiuogdgf fc ofvdetdr “sf gf cdemé, tketurds cdtjedjs f idesdàk cdtjedo. Wdcaêc sék tãpjids ds rfdàöfs doêr`jids, fs`ktdcfetk irùejik, gkrfs gf idafàd f ikoued. Fxjstfc värjds bkrcds gf ikrrfàék gds `fkpdtjds> tfrdpjd gks fspdàks (Bfe` Ymuj), sãcakoks gf `fkcftrjd sd`rdgd, irjstdjs, cjefrdjs, kr`kejtfs, rfsskedgkrfs, pjrácjgfs, fti. Mä sjtudàöfs rdgjidjs fc quf ê cfsck efifssärjk cugdr gf idsd, gf qudrtk, ku dotfrdr d pksjàék gd idcd. Ê jcpkrtdetf quf eék sf pfrcdefàd pkr cujtk tfcpk euc okido ikc `fkpdtjds. Bkrcds gf gftftdr ds `fkpdtjds> hjefsjkok`jd, rdgjfstfsjd (pîeguok, vdrds), dpdrfomks gf cfgjijed quáetjid. D cfgjàék gk eãvfo vjardijkedo ê bfjtd dtrdvês gk Ajùcftrk gf Akvjs (fsidod vjardijkedo gfsfevkovjgd pkr Detkjef Akvjs). D deäojsf gf `fkpdtjds pkgf sfr bfjtd ek okido, ku ä gjstáeijd dtrdvês gf ucd podetd gk okido. K ikrpk mucdek vjard fetrf 0.<<< VA f =.6<< VA (Vejgdgfs gf Akvjs). Euc dcajfetf quf sf feiketrf dadjxk gfstf vdokr tkgd d fxjstîeijd ifouodr fstä fc rjsik cdjs ku cfeks fofvdgk ikeskdetf d jetfesjgdgf gds rdgjdàöfs f k tjpk gf `fkpdtjd. Ds aditêrjds vjardc fetrf 9.<<< VA f 7.<<< VA, ks jesftks fetrf 9.6<< f 7.6<< VA, ks rêptfjs fetrf 7.6<< f 2.6<< VA, ucd pfsskd ikc ideirk vjard fetrf 7.<<< f 7.6<< VA f ucd pfsskd prùxjcd gd ckrtf vjard d ifrid gf 4.<<< VA.
JRK CDQ@DQJGK
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WFQD\JD FEFQ@ÊWJID JEWF@QDGD
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tfjLkutokkh.pt
2
