A group analysis on the retraction controversy surrounding the Philippine Hero, Rizal's, life, rumored marriage to Josephine Bracken, returning to faith and his final days before execution.
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Rizal’s retraction: Truth vs Myth By Tomas To mas U. Santos
October 4, 2011 0 512 T!" #"B$T" continues% &ince Rizal’s retraction retraction letter 'as (iscovere( by )ather Manuel *arcia, +%M% in 15, its content has beco.e a /avorite subect o/ (isute a.on aca(e.icians an( +atholics% The letter, (ate( #ece.ber 2, 13, 'as sai( to have been sine( by the ational !ero hi.sel/% t state(: 6 (eclare .ysel/ a +atholic an( in this reliion in 'hich 'as born an( e(ucate( 'ish to live an( (ie% retract 'ith all .y heart 'hatever in .y 'or(s, 'ritins, ublications an( con(uct has been contrary to .y character as son o/ the +atholic +hurch%7 The controversy 'hether the ational !ero ac tually 'rote a retraction (ocu.ent only lies in the u(.ent o/ its rea(er, as no a.ount o/ roo/ can robably .a8e the t'o oosin rous9the Masonic Rizalists 'ho /ir.ly believe that Rizal (i( not 'ith(ra'; an( the +atholic Rizalists 'ho 'ere convince( Rizal retracte(;9aree 'ith each other% Proofs, documents
!istory boo8s tell .ost eole that the /irst (ra/t o/ the retraction 'as sent b y $rchbisho $rchbisho Bernar(ino ozale(a to Rizal’s cell in )ort &antiao the niht be/ore his eesuit .issionary 'ho be/rien(e( the hero (urin his eesuit &ociety in the ?hiliines, )ather ?io ?i% Rizal then 'rote his retraction a/ter .a8in so.e .o(i/ications in the (ocu.ent% n his retraction, he (isavo'e( Masonry an( reliious thouhts that o ose( +atholic belie/% 6?ersonally, (i( not believe he retracte(, but so.e (ocu.ents that 'as urchase( by the ?hiliine overn.ent /ro. &ain in the .i(-10s, the +uero (e =iilancia (e Manila,7 sho'e( so.e interestin oints about ab out the retraction, sai( >ose =ictor =ictor Torres, Torres, ro/essor at the !istory (eart.ent o/ the #e @a &alle Aniversity%
?oularly 8no'n as the atiunan an( Rizal (ocu.ents, the +uero (e =iilancia (e Manila is a bo(y o/ (ocu.ents on the ?hiliine revolutions that contains con/i(ential reorts, transcrits, transcrits, cliins, an( hotorahs /ro. &anish an( ?hiliine ne'saers% #esite this, Torres Torres sai( his ercetion o/ the )iliino .artyr 'oul( not chane even i/ the controversies 'ere true% 6"ven thouh it 'oul( be easy to say he retracte( all a ll that he 'rote about the +hurch, it still (i( not chane the /act that his 'ritins bean the 'heels o/ chane in ?hiliine colonial society (urin the &anish erio(9a chane that le( to our in(een(ence,7 in(een(enc e,7 Torres Torres sai(% 6The retraction is ust one asect o/ the li/e, 'or8s, an( 'ritins o/ Rizal%7 But then, Torres note( that the controversy is irrelevant to(ay% 6The 'ay Rizal is tauht in schools schoo ls to(ay, the retraction .eans nothin,7 he sai(% ‘Unadorned fact’
)iliino historian icolas Ca/ra consi(ere( the controversy as 6a lain una(orne( /act o/ history, havin all the .ar8s an( in(ications o/ historical certainty an( reality7 in his boo8 The !istoricity o/ Rizal’s Retraction% #r% $uusto #e =iana, =iana, hea( o/ A&T’s #eart.ent o/ !istory , also believes that Rizal retracte( an( sai( the ational !ero ust renounce( /ro. the )ree Masonry an( not /ro. his /a.ous nationalistic 'or8s% 6!e Rizal; retracte(% !e (ie( as a +atholic, an( a roo/ that he (ie( as a +atholic 'as he 'as burie( insi(e the sacre( roun(s o/ ?aco +e.etery,7 +e.etery,7 sai( #e =iana, =iana, 'ho co.are( the .artyr 'ith $olinario $olinario Mabini, a revolutionary an( /ree .ason 'ho 'as burie( in a +hinese ce.etery% #e =iana sai( it is not ossible that the retraction letter ha( been /ore( because 'itnesses 'ere resent 'hile Rizal 'as sinin it% !e a((e( that the evi(ence evi(e nce sea8s /or itsel/ an( .oves on to the Duestion on Rizal’s character as so.e arue that the retraction is not in line 'ith Rizal’s .ature belie/s an( ersonality% 6$nti-retractionists as8, EFhat 8in( o/ hero is >ose RizalG’ They say he 'as /ic8le-.in(e(% Fell, Fell, that .ay be true, but that is hu.an character% Rizal 'as not a er/ect erson,7 #e =iana sai(% !e also .entione( that ust li8e any erson, erson, Rizal 'as rone to /li-/lo% !e believes that Rizal retracte( because the national hero 'ante( to be at eace 'hen he (ies% But 'oul( Rizal’s 'or8s (ee. irrelevant an( /utile because o/ his retractionG #e =iana =iana ans'ere(, 6Rizal a'a8ene( our 8no'le(e o/ nationalis.% )or .e, that is enouh% The issue 'ill not invali(ate his 'or8s in any 'ay% 'ay%77
?oularly 8no'n as the atiunan an( Rizal (ocu.ents, the +uero (e =iilancia (e Manila is a bo(y o/ (ocu.ents on the ?hiliine revolutions that contains con/i(ential reorts, transcrits, transcrits, cliins, an( hotorahs /ro. &anish an( ?hiliine ne'saers% #esite this, Torres Torres sai( his ercetion o/ the )iliino .artyr 'oul( not chane even i/ the controversies 'ere true% 6"ven thouh it 'oul( be easy to say he retracte( all a ll that he 'rote about the +hurch, it still (i( not chane the /act that his 'ritins bean the 'heels o/ chane in ?hiliine colonial society (urin the &anish erio(9a chane that le( to our in(een(ence,7 in(een(enc e,7 Torres Torres sai(% 6The retraction is ust one asect o/ the li/e, 'or8s, an( 'ritins o/ Rizal%7 But then, Torres note( that the controversy is irrelevant to(ay% 6The 'ay Rizal is tauht in schools schoo ls to(ay, the retraction .eans nothin,7 he sai(% ‘Unadorned fact’
)iliino historian icolas Ca/ra consi(ere( the controversy as 6a lain una(orne( /act o/ history, havin all the .ar8s an( in(ications o/ historical certainty an( reality7 in his boo8 The !istoricity o/ Rizal’s Retraction% #r% $uusto #e =iana, =iana, hea( o/ A&T’s #eart.ent o/ !istory , also believes that Rizal retracte( an( sai( the ational !ero ust renounce( /ro. the )ree Masonry an( not /ro. his /a.ous nationalistic 'or8s% 6!e Rizal; retracte(% !e (ie( as a +atholic, an( a roo/ that he (ie( as a +atholic 'as he 'as burie( insi(e the sacre( roun(s o/ ?aco +e.etery,7 +e.etery,7 sai( #e =iana, =iana, 'ho co.are( the .artyr 'ith $olinario $olinario Mabini, a revolutionary an( /ree .ason 'ho 'as burie( in a +hinese ce.etery% #e =iana sai( it is not ossible that the retraction letter ha( been /ore( because 'itnesses 'ere resent 'hile Rizal 'as sinin it% !e a((e( that the evi(ence evi(e nce sea8s /or itsel/ an( .oves on to the Duestion on Rizal’s character as so.e arue that the retraction is not in line 'ith Rizal’s .ature belie/s an( ersonality% 6$nti-retractionists as8, EFhat 8in( o/ hero is >ose RizalG’ They say he 'as /ic8le-.in(e(% Fell, Fell, that .ay be true, but that is hu.an character% Rizal 'as not a er/ect erson,7 #e =iana sai(% !e also .entione( that ust li8e any erson, erson, Rizal 'as rone to /li-/lo% !e believes that Rizal retracte( because the national hero 'ante( to be at eace 'hen he (ies% But 'oul( Rizal’s 'or8s (ee. irrelevant an( /utile because o/ his retractionG #e =iana =iana ans'ere(, 6Rizal a'a8ene( our 8no'le(e o/ nationalis.% )or .e, that is enouh% The issue 'ill not invali(ate his 'or8s in any 'ay% 'ay%77
Rizal's Retraction: Retraction: Did he or did he not? Thurs(ay, 24 October 201 Rizal’s Rizal’s Retraction: Did he? Or Did he not? On the year 1896, 30TH of Dece!er a history !e"an, a an #ho has !een a #riter, a $ainter, $ainter, a %sician, a doctor, an artist, a "eni%s, and a artyr #as &illed ' ( an #ho #illin"ly ris& ris&ed ed his his life life to fi"ht fi"ht a"ai a"ains nstt the the )$ani )$anish sh tyra tyranny nny and and eanc eanci$ i$at atee his his !elo !elo*ed *ed fell fello# o# co%ntryan co%ntryan fro the a!yss of )$anish )$anish cr%elty' Thro%"h Thro%"h his #or& of art, his t#o fao%s no*els the +oli e Tan"ere and -l .ili!%stiriso, did not only ade his $eo$le realize the ha*oc of reality at that tie !%t as #ell as it $a*ed the #ay for nationalis' ( an #ho has !een the e$itoe of nationalistic $atriotis, a an naed Dr' /ose rotacio rotacio ercado (lonzo Realonda' The "reat alayans life #ith his sayin"s, his $ers$ecti*e, and his intellect has !een a "reat ins$iration to his co%ntryen' On the contrary there are contro*ersies a!o%t a! o%t Rizal’s Rizal’s life that left %s han"in" fl%o2ed, and %ntil no# it is still de!ated !y "reat historians' The iss%e that a referrin" to is a!o%t /ose Rizal’s Rizal’s so called 4retraction5' 4retraction5' Did he retract? Or did he not? Did Dr' Dr' /ose Rizal Rizal con*erted to rotestantis or or reained as a atholic? (ccordin" to .ather 7ala"%er’s 4(ct of .aith Ho$e and harity5, On the ni"ht !efore Rizal’s Rizal’s e2ec%tion at ten in the e*enin" /es%its ho$ed to finally #ear do#n his resistance' resistance' They e2erted %ch effort into !rin"in" !ac& Rizal to the atholic h%rch they e*en told hi that od #o%ld conden hi h i if he #on’t retract retract #hich ade Rizal #ee$ and cae into the realization' He #as "i*en !y .ather 7ala"%er the lon" for%la of retraction #hich had !een #ritten !y order of the relate !%t Rizal did not si"ned it for it #as too lon"' Rizal as&ed .ather 7ala"%er to "et a $en and ot do#n #hat he #ill dictate' (nd that #as Rizal’s Rizal’s retraction retraction doc%ent #hich is considered the chief #itness to the reality of the Retraction' 7%t #o%ldn’t it !e a!s%rd that the ori"inal co$y #ent issin" and #as fo%nd !y .ather an%el arcia in the archdiocesan archi*es 39 years later? (re /es%its that irres$onsi!le? irres$onsi!le? .%rtherore #hen the /es%its re$rod%ced re$rod%ced a co$y of the retraction doc%ent, Dr' Dr' Ricardo asc%al h'D #ho #as "ranted the o$$ort%nity to ins$ect and st%dy the doc%ent !y the arch!isho$' This ca%sed hi do%!t #hile he #as co$arin" Rizal’s anner of #ritin" a"ainst the retracti retraction on $a$er that #as "i*en to hi' He then cae to the concl%sion concl%sion #hich he #rote thro%"h his !oo& 4Rizal !eyond the "ra*e5 that the e2istin" doc%ent #as a for"ery' oreo*er, oreo*er, as #hat .ather 7ala"%er’s stated as an additional e*idence to $ro*e that Rizal reall reallyy retra retracte cted' d' s Rizal’ Rizal’ss arri arria"e a"e to /ose$hi /ose$hine ne 7rac&e 7rac&en, n, !%t that that had %st %st ca%sed ca%sed ore ore conf%sion #hen he #as as&ed to sho# their ertificate of arria"e' He sho#ed nothin"' 7esides in his last $oe 4i ltio (dios5 if Rizal really #as arried to /ose$hine 7rac&en #hy did he only stated her as a s#eet stran"er? (nd didn’t #rote as his s#eet #ife? (lso accordin" to his $oe #hich e2$resses 4;(di
han"en or o$$ressors, #here faith does not &ill5 t is e*ident that his referrin" to the atholic h%rch, it is clear that there is !itterness !ehind those $hrases (dditionally if Rizal really died as a catholic '=hy did they !%ry hi #herein .r' 7%r"os had !een $ositioned, #hich is e*idently the ceetery for anti>atholic h%rch? =hy ha*en’t they !%ried Rizal at aco eetery in #hich "ood )aaritans are s%$$osed to !e $laced? (nd the #orst $art is, he ha*e !een !%ried #itho%t any coffin =o%ldn’t it !e ronic? f /es%its #ants to $ro*e that Rizal hiself had retracted #hy did they !%ried hi collecti*ely #here heretics and infidels are laid? They didn’t e*en offered a ass in ch%rch for Rizal #ho died as a $enitent atholic To finish,' -*en if #e ha*en’t et /ose Rizal $ersonally it is e*ident that Rizal’s character "i*es yo% an idea in the co%rse of his #ritin"s' +%ero%s of his #or&s #as all a!o%t the cr%elty and tyranny of )$aniards '(ll of those incl%de friars ,all of those s%!it directly to the atholic h%rch' /%st thin& a!o%t it, #o%ld Rizal %st si$ly a!andon all his #or& of art that too& ost of his tie and hard #or& in %st an e2chan"e of a "reat s% of oney and a an estate if he retract ?the ans#er is +O, t #o%ld !e li&e *oitin" of #hat yo% %st had eaten and s#allo# it a"ain' =e can see ri"ht thro%"h his #or&s, Rizal is a an of one #ord@ he had ne*er distorted his tho%"hts, and ne*er #ill !e' =ith this, concl%de that Rizal did not retract to atholicis' =hate*er Rizal’s reli"ion ay !e #hether he is a $rotestant or a atholic, Rizal is still Rizal hiself' ( tr%e .ili$ino, the tr%e +ational Hero' Did /ose Rizal Retract? +o, Rizal did not retract' (ltho%"h there #ere any o$inions and e*idences $resented !y *ario%s a%thors as to #hether Rizal did or did not retract' +onetheless, %ntil no# there is no $roof or any %stification to end the de!ate' The /ollo'in assertions brin about the testi.onies that Rizal (i( not retract b e/ore his eesuits be this irresonsible to not 8no' the value o/ the aerG Or 'as it ust hi((enG Thirty-nine years later the oriinal coy 'as /oun( in the arch(iocesan archives% Ricar(o ?ascual ?h% # 'ho 'as iven er.ission by the $rchbisho ozale(a to e
The co..on rebuttal o/ this aru.ent 'as either )ather Balauer or )ather ?i ha( .a(e errors in rero(ucin another coy o/ the oriinal% $nother evi(ence as to Rizal (i( not retract is that 'hen )ather Balauer ca.e to ter.s that he .arrie( >ose an( >osehine, a/ter >ose ha( sine( the retraction aer, ho'ever, there 'ere no .arriae certi/icate or ublic recor( sho'n that coul( rove )ather Balauer’s state.ents% Fhy 'oul( Rizal retract 'hen he 8no's /or a /act that even i/ he sins the retraction aer he 'oul( still be eesuits cannot (o an ythin to .itiate his enalty because the u(icial rocess involve( 'as urely a .ilitary tribunal 'here civilian or church inter/erence 'as unco..on an( not allo'e(% Rizal 'as accuse( o/ articiatin in /ilibusterous roaan(a 'here the enalty as rovi(e( by the &anish +o(e is (eath% The sa.e o/ 'hat haene( to the three riests 'ho 'ere arrotte( years earlier, even thouh they 'ere still a art o/ the churchH they 'ere still treate( as rebellious an( 'ere also not iven a roer burial% )urther.ore, 'ay bac8 'hen Rizal 'as still eesuits sueriors to try to convince his /or.er stu(ent’s alleation to'ar(s the +atholic reliion an( &anish reliious in the ?hiliines% )ather &anchez tol( hi. to retract in eosehine Brac8en a leal status as his 'i/e an( to assure re/or.s /ro. the &anish overn.ent% t is .ore li8ely to be o/ Rizal’s .entality ho'ever, co.e to thin8 o/ it, 'oul( Rizal ust si.ly nelect all the 'ritin he conceive( 'ith his har( 'or8G The sa.e 'ritins that brouht hi. to the oint o/ bein e
Rizal 'as /iesuitsH he ha( been anticiatin this to haen an( 'oul( be unli8ely i/ he ha( a behaviour sho'in a threat /ro. (eath% $nyone 'ho has been stu(yin his biorahy an( ha( been acDuainte( 'ith hi. 8no's this is so, even the riests ha( a(.itte( that Rizal sho'e( a behaviour consistent o/ 'hat h e 'as throuhout his .ature years% Fhatever /urther stu(y that .ay e.ere as to the truth about Rizal’s retraction controversy, 6Iit (etracts nothin /ro. his reatness as a )iliino%7 Analysis Rizal's Retraction
$t least /our teuventu(H it ca.e /ro. an anony.ous 'riter 'ho reveale( hi.sel/ /ourteen years later as )r% Balauer% The LoriinalL teose Rizal 'ith the a((ition o / the na.es o/ the 'itnesses ta8en /ro. the te
'ritten retraction 'hich he sent to our (ear an( venerable $rchbishoIL On the other han(, Manila har.acist )% &tahl 'rote in a letter: Lbesi(es, nobo(y has seen this 'ritten (eclaration, in site o/ the /act that Duite a nu.ber o/ eole 'oul( 'ant to see it% L)or eesuits’ an( the $rchbisho’s coies% $n(, the /act that the teesuits ha( only the i.itations% Fe no' rocee( to sho' the sini/icant (i//erences bet'een the LoriinalL an( the Manila ne'saers teesuits’ coies have L.i cali(a(L 'ith LuL;% &econ(, the >esuits’ coies o/ the retraction o.it the 'or( L+atolicaL a/ter the /irst LlesiasL 'hich are /oun( in the oriinal an( the ne'saer teesuits’ coies o/ the retraction a(( be/ore the thir( LlesiasL the 'or( L.is.aL 'hich is not /oun( in the oriinal an( the ne'saer te
/ro. the te
$ccor(in to )r% ?i, Rizal reecte( the lon /or.ula so that )r% Balauer ha( to (ictate /ro. the short /or.ula o/ )r% ?i% $llee(ly, Rizal 'rote (o'n 'hat 'as (ictate( to hi. but he insiste( on a((in the hrases Lin 'hich 'as born an( e(ucate(L an( LMasonaryPL as the ene.y that is o/ the +hurchL Q the /irst o/ 'hich Rizal 'oul( have rear(e( as unnecessary an( the secon( as (o'nriht contrary to his sirit% !o'ever, 'hat actually 'oul( have haene(, i/ 'e are to believe the /ictitious account, 'as that Rizal’s a((ition o/ the hrases 'as the retoration o/ the hrases /oun( in the oriinal 'hich ha( been o.itte( in )r% ?i’s short /or.ula% The Leosehine Brac8en ca.e to #aitan 'ith her a(ote( /ather 'ho 'ante( to be cure( o/ his blin(ness by #r% RizalH their ui(e 'as Manuela Orlac, 'ho 'as aent an( a .istress o/ a /riar% Rizal /ell in love 'ith >osehine an( 'ante( to .arry her canonically but he 'as reDuire( to sin a ro/ession o/ /aith an( to 'rite retraction, 'hich ha( to be arove( by the Bisho o/ +ebu% L&anish la' ha( establishe( civil .arriae in the ?hiliines,L ?ro/% +rai 'rote, but the local overn.ent ha( not rovi(e( any 'ay /or eole to avail the.selves o/ the riht%%%L n or(er to .arry >osehine, Rizal 'rote 'ith the hel o/ a riest a /or. o/ retraction to be arove( by the Bisho o/ +ebu% This inci(ent 'as reveale( by )r% $ntonio Obach to his /rien( ?ro/% $ustin +rai 'ho 'rote (o'n in 112 'hat the riest ha( tol( hi.H LThe (ocu.ent the retraction;, inclose( 'ith the riest’s letter, 'as rea(y /or the .ail 'hen Rizal ca.e hurryin to reclai. it%L Rizal realize( erhas, rather late; that he ha( 'ritten an( iven to a riest 'hat the /riars ha( been tryin by all .eans to et /ro. hi.% either the $rchbisho nor )r% ?i sa' the oriinal (ocu.ent o/ retraction% Fhat they 'as sa' a coy (one by one 'ho coul( i.itate Rizal’s han('ritin 'hile the oriinal al.ost eaten by ter.ites; 'as 8et by so.e /riars% Both the $rchbisho an( )r% ?i acte( innocently because they (i( not (istinuish bet'een the enuine an( the i.itation o/ Rizal’s han('ritin%
RC$@’& R"TR$+TO: $ OT" O T!" #"B$T" "uene $% !essel This is a (ebate in 'hich this lecturer hesitates to ta8e art% )or one thin, believe there are asects in the li/e an( thouht o/ #r% >os Rizal 'hich are o/ /ar reater sini/icance% have alrea(y e<resse( this vie' in .y boo8 The Reli"io%s Tho%"ht of /osA Rizal , 01; an( shall have .ore to say about it in the conclu(in art o/ this lecture% t is .ost un/ortunate that so.e eole sea8 an( 'rite about the Retraction 'ithout really 8no'in 'hat Rizal (i( or (i( not
retract, i%e%, not su//icient attention has been iven to the .ature, Duite uni/or. an( syste.atic reliious thouht o/ #r% Rizal% Only 'hen this has been (one /irst can one evaluate the .eanin/ulness o/ the Retraction% )or so.e eole to retract 'oul( .ean little, /or they have so little to retract% This 'as not so o/ Rizal, an( have trie( to .a8e this clear in .y revious lectures an( 'ritin% t is the li/e an( thouht o/ Rizal (urin his .ature years 'hich are o/ ri.ary interest to .e, an( not 'hat haene( (urin the last (ay o/ his li/e% $nother reason hesitate to enter the 6(ebate7 is that so.e o/ the rotaonists have enerate( .ore heat than liht% There has been a reat (eal o/ 6aru.entu. a( ho.ine.,7 i%e%, vitriolic attac8s uon oonents in the (ebate% (o not 'ish to enae in such% have resect /or a nu.ber o/ Ro.an +atholic (e/en(ers o/ the Retraction% treasure a letter receive( recently /ro. one 'ho has 'ritten /our boo8s (e/en(in it% !e says, a/ter rea(in .y boo8, 6 'ish to conratulate you /or your % % % i.artial araisal o/ the .an #r% RizalP%7 )ather Manuel $% *arcia, the (iscoverer o/ the Retraction #ocu.ent, has been .ost racious in ersonally helin .e 'ith .y research% Recently, ho'ever, have been loo8in into the Duestion o/ the Retraction 'ith so.e interest an( inten( to continue .y research% /in( that there are /our co..on attitu(es to'ar( the 6Retraction7 an( its bearin on the li/e an( character o/ #r% Rizal: 1% There are those 'ho insist that the Rizal to be re.e.bere( an( honore( is the 6converte(7 Rizal% This is the o//icial Ro.an +atholic osition% n the only 6o//icial7 boo8 (ealin 'ith all asects o/ the Retraction 6o//icial7 in the sense that it bears the .ri.atur o/ $rchbisho &antos;, Rizal’s nfadin" lory, )ather +avanna says in the ?re/ace: Rizal’s lory as a scholar, as a oet, as a scientist, as a atriot, as a hero, .ay so.e (ay /a(e a'ay, as all 'orl(ly lories, earlier or later (o% But his lory o/ havin /oun( at the hour o/ his (eath 'hat un/ortunately he lost /or a ti.e, the Truth, the Fay, an( the @i/e, that 'ill ever be his A)$#* *@OR% 02; This sa.e senti.ent is echoe( in the state.ent issue( by the +atholic Fel/are Oranization in 153 an( sine( by the $rchbisho 'ith rear( to the +oli an( the .ili: % % % Fe have to i.itate hi. RizalP recisely in 'hat he (i( 'hen he 'as about to cro'n the 'hole 'or8 o/ his li/e by sealin it 'ith his bloo(H 'e ouht to 'ith(ra', as he couraeously (i( in the hour o/ his sure.e sacri/ice, 6'hatever in his 'or8s, 'ritins, ublications, an( con(uct ha( been contrary to his status as a son o/ the +atholic +hurch% 2% There are those 'ho have arue( that Rizal throuhout his .ature li/e 'as a 6/ree thin8er an( unbeliever7H thus the Retraction is o/ necessity a lie% This is the e
4% &cholarly investiation o/ all /acets o/ Rizal’s li/e an( thouht is (esirable% n the interest o/ truth, the truth to 'hich Rizal ave such assionate (evotion, 'e have every riht, an( also an obliation, to see8 to 8no' the /acts 'ith rear( to the Retraction% / scholarly research continues, /ancy .ay yet beco.e ac8no'le(e( /act% Be/ore 'e rocee( /urther it 'oul( be 'ell to say so.ethin about bibliorahy an( .etho(% More than t'enty boo8s an( a.hlets, in a((ition to nu.erous articles have been surveye( in the course o/ this stu(y% $ nu.ber o/ 'ritins on the Retraction .erely reeat the aru.ents o/ earlier ones an( a(( nothin ne'% Others are .ore sarcastic an( senti.ental than enlihtenin% But so.ethin o/ value has been aine( /ro. al.ost all o/ the.% The literature belons to t'o eneral cateories: biorahy, an( 'or8s (ealin seci/ically 'ith the Retraction% $.on the biorahers, *uerrero, 0; @aubach, 04; an( ?al.a 05; have iven the .ost a(eDuate treat.ent o/ the Retraction, the /irst accetin it an( the other t'o reectin it% O/ 'or8s (ealin seci/ically 'ith the Retraction, the .ost obective, scholarly an( co.lete are those by ?ascual, 03; aruin aainst the Retraction, an( )ather +avanna 0K; in its /avor% $s an al.ost co.lete co.en(iu. o/ in/or.ation an( aru.ents ro an( con there is no boo8 to (ate 'hich is the eDual o/ that o/ )ather +avanna% The secon( e(ition has 5 aes o/ teuventu(,7 issues o/ >anuary 15 an( 1 an( )eb% 14, 1K, reublishe( so.e .onths later in a boo8let entitle( Ba asonizaci%, the >esuit riest 'ho clai.e( to have secure( Rizal’s Retraction, asserte( that this account 'as his 'or8 'hich he oriinally 'rote 6that very sa.e niht o/ #ece.ber 2, 13% 11; &ubseDuently, on $uust , 11K, )ather Balauer reeate( his story in a notarial act s'orn to by hi. in Murcia, &ain% The only (etaile( account is that by )ather ?io ?i =i(al, &% >%, &uerior o/ the >esuits in the ?hiliines in 13, 'ho ublishe( in Manila in 10 Ba %erte ristiana del Doctor Rizal an( con/ir.e( his account in a otarial $ct sine( in Barcelona, $ril K, 11K% n brie/, the >esuit account is this: On the 2 th o/ #ece.ber the very (ay *overnor *eneral ?olavia or(ere( the (eath sentence; $rchbisho ozale(a co..issione( the >esuits to the siritual care o/ Rizal, in(icatin that it 'oul( robably be necessary to (e.an( a retraction an( suestin that both he an( )ather ?i 'oul( reare 6/or.ulas%7 Thus, about K:00 a%.% o/ the 2th, t'o o/ the >esuits arrive( at the te.orary chael 'here Rizal 'as to sen( his last 24 hours% #urin this (ay various >esuits ca.e in an( out toether 'ith other visitors, inclu(in .e.bers o/ his o'n /a.ily% Rizal also too8 ti.e to 'rite letters% $ru.ents 'ith Rizal, 'ith )ather Balauer ta8in the lea(in art, continue( until (us8,
by 'hich ti.e, accor(in to the )ather’s account, 12; Rizal 'as alrea(y as8in /or the /or.ula o/ retraction% That niht Rizal 'rote out a retraction base( on the /or.ula o/ )ather ?i an( sine( it about 11:0 %.% The Retraction contains t'o sini/icant oints: 1; the reection o/ Masonry 6 abo.inate Masonry7; an( 2; a reu(iation o/ 6anythin in .y 'or(s, 'ritins, ublications, an( con(uct that has been contrary to .y character as a son o/ the +atholic +hurch,7 toether 'ith the state.ent 6 believe an( ro/ess 'hat it teaches an( sub.it to 'hat it (e.an(s%7 #urin the niht there /ollo'e(, accor(in to the >esuit accounts, several +on/essions so.e say /ive;, several hearins o/ Mass, a nu.ber o/ (evotional acts, the as8in /or an( sinin o/ (evotional boo8lets inten(e( /or various .e.bers o/ his /a.ily, an( /inally at 3:00 a%.% or thereabouts, so.e /i/teen .inutes be/ore he 'as .arche( out o/ )ort &antiao to his eosehine Brac8en% &o .uch /or the story in outline% #etails, inclu(in the teesuits% Fithin the /irst year the >esuits ublishe( a Duite co.lete story, /or the ti.e bein anony.ous in authorshi% n successive years other boo8s an( boo8lets 'ere (evote( in 'hole or in art to reeatin the sa.e story, cul.inatin in the /a.ous /ull lenth biorahy in &anish by Fenceslao Retana 'ho incororates the >esuit account% et even in the early years o/ this /irst erio( there 'ere a /e' s.all voices raise( in obection, Duite surrisin since a totalitarian rei.e co.binin +hurch an( &tate 'as in control% +avanna hi.sel/ lists a lea/let (ate( Manila, #ece.ber 1, 13 an( several letters Duestionin the retraction% 1; Their .ain oint, state( or i.lie(, is that the Retraction is not in 8eein 'ith the character o/ Rizal% t is o/ interest that at the en( o/ the erio(, ust a year a/ter the ublication o/ his o'n biorahy o/ Rizal, Retana has so.ethin si.ilar to say in an article (ate( #ec% 2, 10% $lthouh still not (enyin the retraction, h e a((s: % % % The /act is that in/luence( by a series o/ heno.ena, or 'hat is the sa.e, o/ abnor.al circu.stances, Rizal subscribe( that (ocu.ent, 'hich has been so .uch tal8e( about, an( 'hich no one has seen % % % The conversion o/ Rizal % % % 'as a ro.antic concession o/ the oet, it 'as not a .e(itate( concession o/ the hilosoher% 14; Fe .ay accet +avanna’s (atin o/ the secon( erio( as coverin /ro. 10-15% This is the ti.e o/ viorous oen attac8s, .any o/ the. by Masons% "ver since, so.e'hat un/ortunately, an active battle has been 'ae( bet'een Ro.an +atholic an( Masonic rotaonists% "arly in the erio(, in 10 to be e
chie/ o/ the. bein: Fhere is the Retraction #ocu.entG The (ebate (re' /orth in 120 the .ost serious Ro.an +atholic ans'er until recent ti.es, na.ely )ather *onzalo Ma% ?iJana’s %rio el Doctor Rizal ristianaente?Fhich is chie/ly sini/icant because it reorts a series o/ notarize( accounts .a(e in the years 11K-11 by the chie/ 6'itnesses%7 The erio( see.inly closes 'ith victory /or the (e/en(ers o/ the Retraction, /or a/ter .any challenes to sho' the actual #ocu.ent o/ Retraction on May 1, 15 it 'as 6(iscovere(7 by )ather Manuel $% *arcia, +%M%, 'hile he 'as arch(iocesan archivist an(P 'as busily sortin throuh a ile o/ (ocu.ents soP that they .iht be arrane( in or(erly /ashion in their ne' /ireroo/ vault% On >une 13th the ne's 'as release( by The ?hiliine !eral(% 'oul( (ate the last erio( o/ the #ebate /ro. 15 until the resent% This is the ti.e 'hen, in the liht o/ the Retraction #ocu.ent (iscovery, .aor an( .inor 'or8s have been 'ritten on the subect o/ Rizal’s li/e an( thouht as a 'hole an( on the Retraction in articular% This lea(s us naturally to an assess.ent o/ the chie/ aru.ents $ro an( con 'hich have been raise( over the years an( syste.atically (ealt 'ith in the last thirty years% $s one eesuit or(er, the archbisho, etc% % 6$cts o/ )aith, !oe, an( +harity7 reorte(ly recite( an( sine( by #r% Rizal as atteste( by 6'itnesses7 an( a sine( ?rayer Boo8% This is very stron testi.ony i/ true, /or Rizal 'as ivin assent to Ro.an +atholic teachin not in a eneral 'ay as in the case o/ the Retraction state.ent but seci/ically to a nu.ber o/ belie/s 'hich he ha( reviously reu(iate(% $ccor(in to the testi.ony o/ )ather
Balauer, /ollo'in the sinin o/ the Retraction a rayer boo8 'as o//ere( to Rizal% 6!e too8 the rayer boo8, rea( slo'ly those acts, accete( the., too8 the en an( sayin E+re(o’ believe; he sine( the acts 'ith his na.e in the boo8 itsel/%7 13; Fhat 'as it Rizal sine(G t is 'orth Duotin in (etail the 6$ct o/ )aith%7 believe in *o( the )ather, believe in *o( the &on, believe in *o( the !oly *host, Three (istinct ?ersons, an( only One True *o(% believe that the &econ( ?erson o/ the Most !oly Trinity beca.e Man, ta8in /lesh in the .ost ure 'o.b o/ the =irin Mary, su//ere(, (ie(, arose aain, ascen(e( into !eaven, an( that !e 'ill co.e to u(e the livin an( the (ea(, to ive lory to the ust because they have 8et his holy co..an(.ents, an( eternal unish.ent to the 'ic8e( because they have not 8et the.% believe that the true Bo(y an( Bloo( o/ Our @or( >esus +hrist are really resent in the Most !oly &acra.ent o/ the $ltar% believe that the Blesse( an( ever =irin Mary, Mother o/ *o(, 'as in the /irst .o.ent o/ her natural li/e conceive( 'ithout the stain o/ oriinal sin% believe that the Ro.an ?onti//, =icar o/ >esus +hrist, visible !ea( o/ the +hurch, is the ?astor an( Teacher o/ all +hristiansH that he is in/allible 'hen he teaches (octrines o/ /aith an( .orals to be observe( by the universal +hurch, an( that his (e/initions are in the.selves bin(in an( i..utableH an( believe all that the !oly, Ro.an +atholic, an( $ostolic +hurch believes an( teaches, since *o( 'ho can neither (eceive nor be (eceive(, has so reveale( itH an( in this /aith 'ish to live an( (ie% The sine( ?rayer Boo8 'as a.onst the (ocu.ents (iscovere( by )ather *arcia alon 'ith the Retraction% 4% $cts o/ ?iety er/or.e( by Rizal (urin his last hours as testi/ie( to by 6'itnesses%7 5% !is 6Ro.an +atholic Marriae7 to >osehine Brac8en as atteste( to by 6'itnesses%7 There coul( be no .arriae 'ithout a retraction% These aru.ents are i.ressive% Many thin8 o/ the., as +avanna (oes, as 6irre/utable /acts%7 But to call the. 6/acts7 is to reu(e the case or to .isuse the 'or(% That a Retraction #ocu.ent 'as (iscovere( in 15 is robably a /act but that is a (ocu.ent actually reare( an( sine( by Rizal is the Duestion at issue% $& 'e shall soon see, .any oonents o/ the Retraction use the #ocu.ent as their chie/ aru.ent% &o also, there is a sine( ?rayer Boo8% But a nu.ber have as8e(, is this really Rizal’s sinatureG *rante(, /or sa8e o/ aru.ent, that it is, 'hat is the sini/icance o/ a .ere sinature aart /ro. the testi.ony o/ )ather Balauer as to #hy Rizal sine(G Fhat about the testi.ony o/ the 6'itnessesG7 Fe .ay (is.iss the ne'saer reorts as bein less sini/icant thouh o/ corroborative value% Their ne's 'as secure( /ro. others% One reorter ot into the chael (urin art o/ the t'enty-/our hours% !e states that 6stu(ies, /rolics o/ in/ancy, an( boys’ stories, 'ere the subect o/ our chat%7 1K; $s /or the actual eye 'itnesses,
so.e eiht testi/ie( to havin seen one or .ore o/ the acts .entione( above% Only three testi/y to havin seen the sinin o/ the Retraction% The .aor 'itnesses are riests or overn.ent o//icials at a ti.e 'hen +hurch an( &tate 'or8e( han( in han(% The bul8 o/ the testi.ony co.es /ro. notarize( state.ents in 11K or later% !avin .a(e these re.ar8s, it is none the less true that the testi.ony is i.ressive% t cannot be (is.isse(, as so.e have trie( to (o, 'ith a /e' sarcastic co..ents% The aru.ent /ro. testi.ony as 'ell as the aru.ents as a 'hole can be better u(e( only a/ter 'eihin this evi(ence over aainst the aru.ents reectin the Retraction% Fhat is the case aainst the RetractionG 1% The Retraction #ocu.ent is sai( to be a /orery% $s 'e have note(, the #ocu.ent lays a sini/icant art on both si(es o/ the (ebate% There are /our rons to the case aainst the (ocu.ent itsel/% a% )irst o/ all there is the .atter o/ the han('ritin% To (ate the only (etaile(, scienti/ic stu(y lea(in to an attac8 uon the enuineness o/ the (ocu.ent is that .a(e by #r% Ricar(o R% ?ascual o/ the Aniversity o/ the ?hiliines shortly a/ter the (ocu.ent 'as /oun(, a stu(y 'hich he incororate( in his boo8 Rizal 7eyond the ra*e% Ta8in as his 6stan(ar(7 so.e hal/ (ozen unDuestione( 'ritins o/ Rizal (atin /ro. the last hal/ o/ #ece.ber 13, he notes a nu.ber o/ variations 'ith the han('ritin o/ the Retraction #ocu.ent, the /ollo'in bein the .ost sini/icant ones accor(in to the resent lecturer: 1; the slant o/ the letters in the stan(ar( 'ritins ives averaes several oints hiher than the averae yiel(e( by the Retraction #ocu.ent, an( erhas .ore sini/icantly, the .ost slante( letters are to be /oun( in the #ocu.entH 2; there are sini/icant variations in the 'ay in(ivi(ual letters are /or.e(H ; 'ith re/erence to the sinature, ?ascual notes no less than seven (i//erences, one o/ the .ost sini/icant bein in(ications o/ 6stos7 'hich, says the critic, are .ost naturally e<laine( by the /act that a /orer .iht sto at certain oints to (eter.ine 'hat /or. to .a8e ne
os % #el Rosario as art o/ the thesis 'hich he reare( /or his (octorate in che.istry at the Aniversity o/ &to% To.as, 1K, althouh .ost o/ the (etails are the result o/ a later stu(y 'hich )ather +avanna as&ed hi. to seci/ically reare% 1; #r% (el Rosario’s .ain criticis. .ay be sai( to be that ?ascual (oes not inclu(e enouh o/ Rizal’s 'ritins by 'ay o/ co.arison% On the basis o/ a larer selection o/ stan(ar(s he is able to challene a nu.ber o/ ?ascual’s state.ents althouh this lecturer has note( .ista8es in (el Rosario’s o'n (ata% #r% (el Rosario’s conclusion is that the han(-'ritin is enuine%
Me (eclare catUlico y en esta Reliion en Due nacV y .e e(uDu Duiero vivir y .orir%
Me (eclare catUlico y en esta reliiUn en Due nacV y .e e(uDu Duiero vivir y .orir% Me retracto (e to(o corazon (e cuanto en .is alabras, escritos, i.resos y Me retracto (e to(o corazon (e cuanto con(ucta ha habi(o contrario a .i cuali(a( en .is alabras, escritos, i.resos y (e hio (e la lesia% +reo y ro/eso cuanto con(ucta ha habi(o contrario W .i cuali(a( ella enseJaH y .e so.eto W cuarto ella (e hio (e la lesia +atUlica% +reo y .an(a% $bo.ino (e la MasonerVa, co.o ro/eso cuanto ella enseJa y .e so.eto W ene.ia Due es (e la lesia, y co.o cuarto ella .an(a% $bo.ino (e la &ocie(a( rohibi(a or la .is.a lesia% Masoneria, co.o ene.ia Due es (e la ?ue(e el ?arela(o (iocesano, co.o lesia, y co.o socie(a( rohibi(a or la $utori(a( suerior eclesiWstica, hacer lesia% ?ue(e el ?arela(o #iocesano, co.o Xblica esta .ani/estaciUn, esontWnea .Va $utori(a( &uerior "clesiWstica hacer ara rearar el escWn(alo Due .is actos Xblica esta .ani/estaciUn esontWnea .ia hayan o(i(o causar y ara Due #ios y los ara rearar el escWn(alo Due .is actos ho.bres .e er(onen% hayan o(i(o causar y ara Due #ios y los ho.bres .e er(onen% Manila, 2 (e #ecie.bre (e 13% >os Rizal "l >e/e (el ?iDuete "l ayu(ante ulaze >uan (el )resno "loy Moure Base( on a hotostat o/ the Retraction in the /iles o/ Rev% Manuel $% *arcia, +%M% seen by this lecturer%
"staI retractaciUn la /ir.aron con el #r% Rizal, el &r% )resno >e/e (el ?iDuete y el seJor Moure, $yu(ante(e la ?laza% +/% *onazlo Ma% ?iJana, %ri< el Doctor Rizal ristianaente? Barcelona: "(itorial Barcelonesa, &%$%, 120;, % 155
b% $ secon( ron (irecte( aainst the authenticity o/ the (ocu.ent itsel/ is base( on the rinciles o/ te
Retraction% T'o hrases in articular are to be note(: in line 3, 4"lesia atolica,5 an( in line 10 4la "lesia'5 The other /or. o/ the te
a% The (ocu.ent o/ Retraction 'as not .a(e ublic until 15% "ven .e.bers o/ the /a.ily (i( not see it% t 'as sai( to be 6lost%7 b% o e//ort 'as .a(e to save Rizal /ro. the (eath enalty a/ter his sinin o/ the Retraction% The usual rebuttal is that Rizal’s (eath 'as (ue to olitical /actors an( 'ith this the reliious authorities coul( not inter/ere% c% Rizal’s burial 'as 8et secretH he 'as burie( outsi(e the inner 'all o/ the ?aco ce.eteryH an( the recor( o/ his burial 'as not lace( on the ae /or entries o/ #ec% 0th but on a secial ae 'here at least one other a(.itte( non-enitent is recor(e( erhas others, the evi(ence is con/lictin;% t is as8e( by the (e/en(ers o/ the Retraction, ho' else coul( an eosehine Brac8en% To say that these 'ere not nee(e( is not very convincin% e% )inally, Rizal’s behavior as a 'hole (urin his last (ays at )ort &antiao an( (urin the last 24 hours in articular (oes not oint to a conversion% Fhether 'ritten (urin the last 24 hours or so.e'hat earlier, Rizal’sltia ltioE (dios (oes not suest any chane in Rizal’s thouht% The letters 'hich Rizal 'rote (urin his last hours (o not in(icate conversion or even reliious tur.oil% n the evenin Rizal’s .other an( sister Trini(a( arrive an( nothin is sai( to the. about the Retraction althouh )ather Balauer clai.s that even in the a/ternoon Rizal’s attitu(e 'as beinnin to chane an( he 'as as8in /or the /or.ula o/ retraction% t is all 'ell an( oo( to oint out that all the above haene( rior to the act%al retraction% $ Duestion is still resent in the .in(s o/ .any% ; The thir( chie/ line o/ aru.ent aainst the Retraction is that it is out o/ character% This aru.ent has been .ore ersistently an( consistently resente( than any other% Beinnin 'ith the anony.ous lea/let o/ #ec% 1, 13 it has been asserte( or i.lie( in every sini/icant state.ent aainst the Retraction since that ti.e% t has see.e( to .any, inclu(in the resent lecturer, that the Retraction is not in 8eein 'ith the character an( faith o/ Rizal as 'ell as inconsistent 'ith his revious (eclarations o/ reliioustho%"ht' )irst let us loo8 at the character o/ the .an% Rizal 'as .ature% $nyone acDuainte( 'ith the /acts o/ his li/e 8no's this is so% Thirty-/ive is not e
years% 'or8e( closely 'ith risoners /or so.e ten years an( acco.anie( t'o o/ the. to the sca//ol(% Their behavior 'as restraine( an( consistent% 'oul( have e<ecte( Rizal’s to be the sa.e% )urther.ore, in the (eeest sense o/ the 'or( Rizal 'as alrea(y a 6believer%7 n .y boo8 an( else'here have arue( stronly that Rizal 'as not a 6/ree-thin8er7 in the usual sense o/ the 'or(% !istory is /ull o/ the unchallene( reorts o/ real conversions, but the .ost sini/icant .eanin o/ true conversion is the chane /ro. unbelie/ to belie/, not .ere chane o/ i(eas% Rizal’s conversion is also out o/ 8eein 'ith his .ature reliious thouht% t is not as thouh Rizal ha( been bo'le( over by con/rontation 'ith the ne' thouht o/ "uroe an( by antaonis. to'ar(s reliious authorities 'ho ha( inure( his /a.ily an( 'ho 'or8e( han(-inhan( 'ith a restrictive colonial rei.e; but ha( never /ully thouht throuh his reliious convictions% $s have 'ritten else'here: 6The /act that si.ilar vie's are /oun( /ro. 'ritin to 'ritin o/ his .ature years an( that they .a(e a Duite consistent 'hole suest that such theoloy as he ha( 'as /ully his o'n % % % %7 21; Rizal ha( a consistent an( .eanin/ul syste. o/ +hristian thouht, an( it is there/ore har(er to thin8 o/ his su((enly eos #io8no:
&urely 'hether Rizal (ie( a +atholic or an aostate a((s or (etracts nothin /ro. his reatness as a )iliino% t is because o/ 'hat he (i( an( 'hat he 'as that 'e revere Rizal% % % +atholic or Mason, Rizal is still Rizal: the hero 'ho courte( (eath 6to rove to those 'ho (eny our atriotis. that 'e 8no' ho' to (ie /or our (uty an( our belie/s7 % % % 22; YYYYYYYYYYYYYYY 01; Manila: ?hiliine "(ucation +o%, 131% 02; >esus Ma% +avanna y Manso, +% M% Rizal’s nfadin" lory, a #ocu.entary !istory o/ the +onversion o/ #r% >os Rizal% 2 n(% "(% Rev% an( i.rove( Manila: n% n% 153;, % vi% &ubseDuently re/erre( to as 6+avanna%7 0; @eon Ma% *uerrero, The .irst .ili$ino Manila: ational !eroes +o..ission, 13;% &ubseDuently re/erre( to as 6*uerrero%7 04; )ran8 +% @aubach, Rizal: an and artyr Manila: +o..unity ?ublishers, 13;% &ubseDuently re/erre( to as 6@aubach%7 05; Ra/ael ?al.a, The ride of the alay Race'Translate( Ro.an Ozaeta% e' or8: ?rentice-!all, nc%, 14;% &ubseDuently re/erre( to as 6?al.a%7 03; Ricar(o R% ?ascual, Rizal 7eyond the ra*e, Revise( "(ition Manila: @uzon ?ublishin +or%, 150;% &ubseDuently re/erre( to as 6?ascual%7 0K; >esus Ma% +avanna y Manso, o$ cit' in /ootnote 617% 0; >uan +ollas, Rizal’s 4Retractions5 Manila: n%n% 130;% Mr% +ollas 'as o/ reat hel in rearation o/ .y boo8 on Rizal’s reliious thouht% !e han(les both &anish an( "nlish 'ith consu..ate s8ill an( has oene( u to .any "nlish rea(ers .uch o/ Rizal’s thouht by translatin Rizal’s .ost i.ortant .inor 'ritins% 0; Ricar(o ?% *arcia, The reat De!ate, The Rizal Retraction Zuezon +ity: R% ?% *arcia ?ublishin +ol, 134;% &ubseDuently re/erre( to as 6*arcia%7 &tartin 'ith a little boo8let in 130, this /or.er school rincial turne( ublisher has since ublishe( three enlare.ents o/ his oriinal atte.t to ans'er a nu.ber o/ 'or8s 'ritten aainst the Retraction, inclu(in those by ?al.a, +ollas, >uan abon, >u(e *ar(uJo, an( Runes usin as his (e/ense chie/ly +avanna% 10; l(e/onso T% Runes an( Ma.eto R% Buena/e,The .or"ery of the Rizal 4Retraction5 and /ose$hine’s 4(%to!io"ra$hy5 Manila: BR Boo8 +ol, 132;% &ubseDuently re/erre( to as 6Runes%7 11; +avanna, % 24% 12; !id , % % +avanna has conveniently inclu(e( in his boo8 .ost o/ the ertinent >esuits accounts%
1; +avanna, % 144//% 14; !id , % 15% 15; +avanna, % 1-10% 13; +avanna, % 54% $ ?hotostat o/ the $cts is /oun( /acin ae 5K o/ +avanna an( the translate( te
6 T!" TR$@ $# "S"+ATO O) #R%>O&" RC$@7 Martyrs are rare stars in the vast /ir.a.ent o/ hu.anity% "very nstance o/ .artyr(o. is (istinct in .anitu(e an( (irection% n(ee( .artyrs are the .eteors o/ history, they /lash across the s8y an( liht the 'orl( an( in the rocess consu.e the.selves % They are the erson 'ho is ut to (eath or .a(e su//er reatly or other belie/s because o/ reliion% Other ele.ents o/ .artyr(o.
are use/ulness o/ li/e an( (e(ication to a hih urose% Rizal’s (eath 'as an e.otional event in our history as it ro(uce( $ 6.artyr7 an( resulte( in so.e /or. o/ social chane or trans/or.ation in our lives as a eole% Rizal 'as ut to (eath /or 6subversion7 by the (o.inant olitical /orces% !e resente( a sector O/ society 'hich ha( beun to trouble an( there/ore constitute( a real Threat to the eO&" RC$@7 The sanish colonial overn.ent accuse( Rizal o/ three cri.es: a; The /oun(in o/ @a @ia )iliina, an 6illeal oranization7 Fhose sinle ai. 'as to 6?eretrate the cri.e o/ rebellion7% b; Rebellion 'hich he ro.ote( throuh his revious activities% c;@@eal association -The enalty /or /or those accusation is li/e i.rison.ent to (eath $n( correctional i.rison.ent an( a chare o/ 25 to ,250 ?esetas%
The rosecution (re' in/or.ation /ro. the (ossier on Rizal 'hich #etaile( his7 subervise activities7 so.e o/ 'hich are the /ollo'in: 1%The 'ritin an( ublication o/ 6oli .e Tanere7, the $nnotations to Mora’s !istory o/ the ?hiliines, 6"l )ilibusteris.o7, an( the various articles 'hich criticize( the /riars an( sueste( their e<ulsion in or(er to 'in in(een(ence% The "l )ilibusteris.o 'as (e(icate( to the three .artyr riests 'ho 'ere e< ecute( as traitors to the )atherlan( in 1K2 because they 'ere the .ovin sirit o/ the urisin o/ that year% 2%The establish.ent o/ .asonic lo(es 'hich beca.e the roaan(a an( /un( raisin center to suort subvervise activities an( the establish.ent o/ centers in Ma(rithe ,!on8on an( Manila to roaate his i(eas% $/ter /inishin as .uch evi(ence as ossible on o ve.ber 20, 13 the reli.inary on Rizal bean% #urin the /ive-(ay investiation,Rizal 'as in/or.e( o/ the chares aainst hi. be/ore >u(e a(vocate +olonel )rancisco Olive% \T'o 8in(s o/ "vi(ences "n(orse( By +olonel Olive to *overnor
Ra.on Blanco: 1%#ocu.entary -/i/teen eose Reyes, Moises &alva(or, >ose #izon,#o.ino )ranco, #eo(ato $rellano, ?io =alenzuela , $ntonio &alazar, )rancisco Zuison, an( Ti.oteo ?aez% The >u(e Ra/ael #o.inuez a(vocate assine( 'ith the tas8 o/ (eci(in 'hat correson(in action shoul( be (one%$/ter a brie/ Revie' trans.itte( the recor(s to #on icolas (e la ?ena% ?ena’s reco..en(ations 'ere as /ollo's: - Rizal .ust be i..e(iately sent to trial \!e .ust be hel( in rison un(er necessary security \ !is roerties .ust be issue( 'ith or(er o/ attach.ent $n( as in(e.nity,Rizal ha( to ay one .illion esos \nstea( o/ a civilian la'yer,only an ar.y o//icer is allo'e( To (e/en( Rizal% The la'yer o/ Rizal is @t% @uis Taviel (e $n(ra(e Brother o/ @t% >ose Traviel (e $n(ra(e 'ho 'or8e( as Rizal’s ersonal bo(y uar( in +ala.ba in 1K%n the resence o/ his &anish +ounsel on #ece.ber 11, 13, chares aainst Rizal 'ere rea( in the resence o/ his &anish counsel% Fhen they as8e( rear(in his senti.ents or reaction on the chares, Rizal relie( that in his (e/ense% -!e (oes not Duestion the uris(iction o/ the co urt% -!e has nothin to a.en( eose Rizal #esite all vali( lea(ins the .ilitary court,vin(ictive as it 'as Anani.ous vote( /or the sentence o/ (eath% ?olaviea a//ir.e( The (ecision o/ the court .artial an( or(ere( to be shot at K:00 in the .ornin o/ #ece.ber 0 13 at Bau.bayan /iel(% Rizal 'as heavily uar(e( an( 'as acco.anie( by the >esuits as !e 'al8e( /ro. )ort &antiao to Bau.bayan% !e 'ore a blac8 'oolen suit an( a (erby hat an( his ar.s 'ere tie( behin( hi.%
#urin the 'al8e(, he recalle( his youth an( his stu(ent (ays $t the $teneo% $n( in Bau.bayan itsel/, the &anish troos hel( Bac8 the cro'( 'hile the artillery rou stoo( on alert to revent any atte.t to rescue Rizal% !is brother ?aciano 'ho ha( oine( the Revolution /orces 'as sai( to have (iscourae( rous 'ho .iht Fant to save Rizal since thay 'oul( not be able to .atch &anish )ireo'er% The catain in chare o/ the eesuit riest no' ca.e runnin an( $s8e( Rizal to 8iss the cru//i< that he hel(%Rizal turne( his bac8 on the cru//i< an( thus,aainst the /irin sDua(% !e 'as rea(y /or the eO&" RC$@ @$&T #$ $# !& "S"+ATO7 Rizal sent his 24 hours in his (eath cell 'here he receive( .e.bers O/ his /a.ily an( 'rites his letter,the /irst one to his 6secon( brother7 )er(inan( Blu.entritt% !e ave his sisters,Trini(a( an( ol( etroleu. la. an( 'hisere( to her in "nlish that there is so.ethin insi(e The la. %Thus is Rizal’s /a.ous )are'ell oe.% 6Alti.o $(ios7, @ast )are'ell7 'as /oun(% Rizal 'as sai( to have .arrie( his rish irl/rien( accor(in to +atholic rite( in the very last hours o/ his li/e, a/ter livin 'ith her /or so.eti.e in #aitan% They 'ere reviously .arrie( civilly% On the .ornin o/ #ece.ber 0,13%Rizal set on his 'al8 /ro. )ort &antiao to the Bau.bayan sDuare, the sa.e lace 'here the three riest ha( been 8ille( in 1K2, no' @uneta ?ar8, in the center o/ Manila at 3:0 O’cloc8% $n( 'hen the ti.e to .arch to Bau.bayan Rizal he 'as rea(y to /ace his ulti.ate (eath ca.e, he 'as seen as $ .an o/ eace an( bravery% $t e
*ate so.e civil uar(s% )in(in this unco..on, she entere( the ce.etery an( searche( the lace% &he sa' a rave 'ith /reshly turne( earth an( 8ne' at once his 'as her brother’s bo(y% Fith a little .oney,she as8e( the rave(ier to lace a laDue on it 'ith her brother’s initial reverse%That is R%?%>% /or ?rotacio >ose%That a/ternoon the boo8s, letter, an( alcohol burner 'ere (elivere( To Rizal’s /a.ily% $t the base o/ the alcohol burner they /oun( Rizal’s last .asteriece the M A@TMO $#O&% The coies 'ere iven to each /a.ily .e.ber an( so.e are to the +avite insurents% $/ter the $.ericans ha( ta8en Manila, arcisa reDueste( the ne' overn.ent to rant her er.ission to e
Philippine Commentary To thine o'n sel/ be true--that to no one canst thou be /alseN )ri(ay, #ece.ber 11, 200 On the #eath o/ >O&" RC$@ an( the Retraction @ies, &can(a l, an( #ecetions On the #eath o/ >O&" RC$@ an( the Retraction @ies, &can(a l, an( #ecetions by ?och &uzara OAR $&$ "*!BOR& The secret 'hy other $sian neihbors are econo.ically ahea( o/ the ?hiliines is no secret at all% They have been substantiatin to the /ullest eose Rizal, our nation’s chie/ hero, 'as recisely sayin to /ello'-)iliinos .ore than a hun(re( years ao: 6Fa8e uN ".brace scienceN Atilize the scienti/ic 'ay o/ thin8inN &tart to e.ulate the /reethin8ersN no'le(e is the heritae o/ .an8in(, but only the couraeous inherit itN Fe can only serve our country by tellin the na8e( truth% !o'ever bitter it .ay beN7 n(ee(, as the only +atholic country in $sia , 'e 'oul( rather have .ore /aith in rayer an( theoloy than ta8e a(vantae o/ the o'er o/ 8no'le(e, science, an( technoloy% ?och &uzara
RC$@]& R"TR$+TO &+$#$@ / Rizal ha( retracte( /ro. his attac8s aainst the teachins a n( ractices o/ the +atholic +hurch, an( i/, accor(in to his +atholic bioraher @eon M% *uerrero, Rizal ha( one to con/ession /our ti.es, hear( .ass in his (eath-cell, an( receive( holy co..union be/ore he 'as e
&$TO T!OM$& A="R&T $# $T""O Rizal 'as a ro(uct o/ $teneo an( &anto Tho.asH yet both +atholic u niversities continue to assassinate the character o/ this reat hu.anist thin8er% Rizal ha( learne( on his o'n initiative, outsi(e aca(e.ic 'all, ho' to thin8 (eely an( ho' to e.brace intellectual honesty valiantly% n(ee(, to this (ay, all +atholic universities still teach that (urin his last (ay on this earth, ust hours be/ore he 'as eose Rizal ointe( out that evolution in e(ucation, not reliance on /orein invest.ents ;, is the best hoe o/ the nation to enoy the hihest stan(ar( o/ livin an( thin8in% The syste. o/ e(ucation /or the )iliino .ust be base( on science an( technoloy, an( not on rayers an( theoloy% n(ee(, accor(in to Rizal, a /ree nation can rise no hiher than the stan(ar( o/ belie/s an( values set in its schools, collees, an( universities% n there hoe /or the ?hiliines G es, there isN But /irst its syste. o/ e(ucation .ust be ra(ically reva.e(% o .ore silly rayers to suort a stui( theoloy% Only .ore science an( .ore technoloy via .ore scienti/ic .etho( o/ thin8in% ?och &uzara RC$@ - T!" !AM$&T Rizal strule( not only aainst &anish authority, but aainst suerstition% !e /ouht not in the battle/iel(, but in the .in(s o/ .en an( in the hearts o/ 'o.en% Rizal 'as $sia ’s /irst scienti/ichu.anist thin8er ut to (eath a century ao by .us8etry as authorize( by theocracy% The sa.e +atholic theocracy to(ay that is 8eein the )iliino youth via e(ucation to live in uilt an( to /ear ne' an( /resh i(easH in(ee(, to 8ee a'ay /ro. the /ree .ar8et o/ i(eas, an( to hate, at the sa.e ti.e, the /reethin8ers, esecially the boo8s 'ritten by /reethin8ers% 6Blottin out their brains,7 Rizal 'rote, 6in /aith, rayers, .asses, novenas, sueri.ose( these onto native suerstition%7 ?och &uzara $ +"TAR $)T"R RC$@]& #"$T! $/ter a hun(re( years, ho' in/luential has >ose Rizal been on the )iliino as a eoleG Millions to(ay 'oul( rea(ily ive cre(ence by listenin to the 'or(s o/ a Mi8e =elar(e o/ "l &ha((ai reachin astoral nonsense (erive( /ro. the bible Q a boo8 'ritten not by )iliinos but by /oreiners% Only a han(/ul o/ scholars 'oul( care to rea( an( un(erstan( the real Rizal an( carry
out his rinciles an( i(eals /or the achieve.ent o/ ri(e, (inity, intellectual an( scienti/ic honesty /or the )iliino as a nation% $n( to thin8, the >e's, the +hosen ?eole o/ *o(, never consi(ere( the bible as a holy boo8 at any ti.e in their history% n /act, the >e's live in a >e'ish &tate% They (o not live in a +hristian country Q the lan( 'here >esus +hrist 'as resu.e( born% ?och &uzara >O&" RC$@ $# O $ZAO inoy $Duino sai(: 6The )iliino is 'orth (yin /or%7 Fell, inoy is a hero to(ay% )iliinos 8ille( hi.% .aine >ose Rizal havin sai( too: 6The +atholics are 'orth (yin /or%7 Rizal to(ay 'oul( be a saint% The +atholics ha( hi. 8ille(% $n( this is eose &% $rcilla, &%>%, an( his an 'ho have not cease( 'ritin brazen lies about >ose Rizal’s soul save( in heaven% Fhat a croc8 o/ reliious hyocrisyN ?och &uzara RC$@ - T!" *R"$T"&T O) )@?O T!"R& Rizal, in(ee(, 'as a reat thin8er% !e clearly sa' in his (ay 'hat 'e vauely see aroun( us to(ay: reliion an( (iseases /lourishin han( in han( un(er inorance, /ilth, hate, an( overty% Fhat ir8e( the /riars aainst Rizal 'as his re/usal to continue to be lieve in +hristianityH /or, he learne( to be on the si(e o/ hu.anity% )or .y art, i/ there’s li/e a/ter (eath, it’s reat thin8ers li8e Rizal that shoul( 'ish to be 'ith% Other'ise, i/ 'ill ust /in( .ysel/ in the co.any o/ )iliino theoloians, or a.on the Ous #ei an Q the 8in( o/ eole 'ho ha( Rizal ut to (eath, lease @or( sare .e the sacre( horror% 'oul( rather be /orever in hell% ?och &uzara
T!" &?$&! )R$R& / the &anish /riars ha( only intro(uce( the concet o/ hu.anis. instea( o/ establishin in the ?hiliines reliious barbaris. an( other /or.s o/ suernaturalis., )iliino riests li8e *o.ez, Buros, an( Ca.ora nee( not have been arrote( to (eath /or 'antin re/or.s 'ithin the +atholic +hurch in their ti.e% Moreover, reat thin8ers li8e >ose Rizal nee( not h ave been e
@"& $# #"+"?TO $BOAT >O&" RC$@ Rizal never sai( or 'rote: 6t 'as .y ri(e that ruine( .e%7 Those 'or(s 'ere ut into the .outh o/ Rizal by his o//icial rize-'innin bioraher @eon Maria *uerrero 'ho believe(, as a +atholic, the Rizal retraction story as concocte( b y the sciolistic /riars% Moreover, Rizal never
6ot ri( o/ his olitical aetite, .oral erle
RC$@]& A)&!"# R"=O@ATO Rizal calle( /or the revolution o/ the .in( to thro' o// the e<loitation o/ .an by .an un(er the insiration o/ suerstition% This 'as a century ao% But (ue to ou r /ear o/ the @or( an( our love /or that ie in the s8y, Rizal’s call /or that revolution o/ the hu.an intellect en( e( u to 'hat is reconize( to(ay in the history o/ the )iliino eole as 6the un/inishe( revolution%7 Rizal 'rote: 6 a. not 'ritin /or this eneration, but /or those yet to co.e% / this one coul( rea( 'hat have 'ritten, it 'oul( burn .y boo8s, .y 'hole li/e’s 'or8% But the eneration that (ecihers these characters 'ill be a learne( enerationH it 'ill un(erstan( .e an( say: ot everyone slet (urin the niht o/ our /ore/athersN These strane characters Q the sense o/ .ystery they 'ill create Q 'ill save .y 'or8 /ro. the inorance o/ .en, ust as strane rites an( the sense o/ the un8no'n have reserve( .any truths at the han(s o/ riests% 7 ?och &uzara
RC$@]& @@"R& Fhat 8in( o/ .en nee(e( to see Rizal (ea(, (iscar(e( an( /orottenG Fere they .en o/ reason, loic, science or hilosohyG Fere they avi( rea(ers, critical thin8ers, or scienti/ic investiatorsG Fere they .en at ho.e 'ith civilize( hu.anityG oN On the contrary, Rizal’s ene.ies 'ere the /rien(s o/ blin( /aith: - the suerstitious ri.itives, the sancti.onious hyocrites, an( those in(ee( 'ho 'ere sel/ish, ree(y, corrut, stui(, an( insane% Rizal’s ene.ies o/ a hun(re( years ao, are still the sa.e ene.ies 'e have to(ay% They are the ones insistin that it .a8es no (i//erence 'hether Rizal retracte( /ro. his reliious, olitical an( hilosohical rinciles or not% Fhat a silly conclusion to besto' uon the reatest o/ )iliino se.inal thin8er 'ho (ie( /or the liberation o/ the )iliino .in( an( heart, an( in(ee(, /or all .an8in(% &ha.e on you co'ar(s - you so-calle( 6nihts o/ Rizal%7 ?och &uzara
F!$T & $ *R"$T )@?O $ reat )iliino is one 'ho has ha( the intellect an( the courae to ut .ore sense 'here the theoloians an( the oliticians in cahoots toether h ave ut only nonsense .a8in /or our sic8 society% n the 500 years o/ +hristianity in the ?hiliines , only one rare )iliino ha( the courae an( the intellect to stan( u aainst reat o((s to be a reat )iliino - >ose Rizal - a truth-see8er, a scientist, an( a hu.anist% To 8ee the )iliino /rihtene( o/ the truth, ho'ever, Rizal 'as ublicly e
/ree 'ill /ro. (ivinity to ro.ote in the ?hiliines social insanity% ?och &uzara
&?$&! +$T!O@+ )R$R& n his o//icial biorahy o/ Rizal, *uerrero (isclose( that the &anish +atholic /riars .a(e a /ir. o//er to Rizal the a.ount o/ 100,000 esos an( a chair to teach hilosohy at the Aniversity o/ &anto Tho.as on the con(ition that he sine( the retraction (ocu.ent% t has been reorte( by the /riars that Rizal (i( sin his retraction aers% $n( yet, a/ter Rizal 'as shot to (eath at the @uneta by a /irin sDua(, not even a .ass in church 'as sai( /or Rizal 'ho (ie( as a enitent +atholic% n /act, Rizal 'as not even iven a roer +atholic burial% !is re.ains 'ere ust thro'n in a little corner in ?aco ce.etery 'here heretics an( in/i(els 'ere burie(% The trouble 'ith *uerrero as the Rizal bioraher, he 'as .ore intereste( in (e/en(in the business o/ the +atholic +hurch an( its teachins than (e/en(in truth/ully the subect o/ his biorahy Q >ose Rizal an( his teachins% Rizal never threatene( .e 'ith eternal hell/ire i/ (i( not believe or srea( any o/ his 'or(s% n the /iht there/ore bet'een Rizal an( the +atholic +hurch, 'ill al'ays be on the si(e o/ Rizal% ever 'ill aban(on such a reat .an even i/ it .eans losin .y silly soul to en( u in a silly hell as .anae( by a silly (evil in cahoots 'ith a silly &ure.e Bein% ?och &uzara
RC$@]& ?R"#@"+TO $/ter si< .onths o/ stay, he le/t /or "uroe /or the secon( ti.e on )ebruary ,1 to ursue the tas8 he ha( set /or hi.sel/% !is brie/ stay enable( hi. to u(e the e//ect o/ his oli Me Tanere% !e 8ne' he 'as a .ar8e( .an /or 'ritin the boo8 'hich not only shoo8 the &anish rule, but recisely rattle( .ore the /oun(ation o/ authority in the ?hiliines - the +atholic church an( its teachins% The .ilitary trial o/ Rizal 'as not .eant to a(.inister ustice throuhout the lan(% t 'as (one urosely to eesus +hrist than he 8no's anythin abou t the realistic li/e an( ti.es o/ >ose Rizal% $n( to thin8 >ose Rizal 'as born in the ?hiliines - a +hristian country% >esus +hrist 'as born, i/ at all, in srael that is to(ay not even a +hristian country% t is a >e'ish &tate%
+atholic /riars clai.e( that be/ore he 'as eust as .uch as the reliious co'ar(s o/ our (ay Q the nihts o/ Rizal - continue to be a/rai( to stan( u to (e/en( Rizal’s reat intellectual caacity as a rare )iliino i/te( 'ith the caacity not only to thin8 but also to (ie 'ith sel/-resect an( (inity% ?och &uzara *R"$T M" )rance ha( =oltaire% *er.any ha( ietzche% $ustria ha( )reu(% +hina ha( &un et &en% "nlan( ha( Bertran( Russell% taly ha( *alileo an( Bruno% $.erica ha( To. ?aine an( nersoll% +uba ha( >ose Marti an( )i(el +astro% These 'ere so.e o/ the reat .en 'ho, 'ith courae an( intellect, ut .ore sense into the .in(s o/ .en an( the hearts o/ 'o.en 'here nature has ut only nonsense% Fe )iliinos coul( have ha( >ose Rizal% The reatest an( rarest )iliino this country has ever ro(uce(% An/ortunately, the +atholic +hurch cut hi. (o'n to size% Millions o/ )iliinos still have no in8lin 'hy Rizal 'as one o/ .an8in(’s reatest heroes% n(ee(, collee ro/essors, historians, biorahers, inclu(in his o'n (escen(ants have been /rihtene( by the +atholic +hurch authority to believe that Rizal 'as e
$@B"RT "&T" O >O&" RC$@ 6*reat sirits have al'ays /oun( oosition /ro. .e(iocrities% The latter cannot un(erstan( it 'hen a .an (oes not thouhtlessly sub.it to here(itary reu(ices but honestly an( couraeously uses his intellience an( /ul/ills the (uty to e< ress the results o/ his thouhts in clear /or.%7 n(ee(, "instein ha( in .in( .en li8e our o'n >ose Rizal 'hen he 'rote: 6t 8ees
reeatin itsel/ in this 'orl(, so /ine an( honest: The arson alar.s the oulace, the enius is e
B"RTR$# RA&&"@@ O >O&" RC$@ 6$ .an 'ho has once erceive(, ho'ever, te.orarily an( ho'ever brie/ly, 'hat .a8es reatness o/ sirit, can no loner be hay i/ he allo's hi.sel/ to be etty, sel/-see8in, trouble( by trivial .is/ortunes, (rea(in 'hat /ate .ay have in store /or hi.% $ .an caable o/ reatness o/ sirit 'ill oen 'i(e the 'in(o's o/ his .in(, lettin the 'in(s blo' /reely uon it /ro. every ortion o/ the universe% !e 'ill see hi.sel/ an( li/e an( the 'orl( as truly as our hu.an li.itations 'ill er.itH realizin the brevity an( .inuteness o/ hu.an li/e, he 'ill realize also that in in(ivi(ual .in(s is concentrate( 'hatever o/ value the 8no'n universe contains% $n( he 'ill see that the .an 'hose .in( .irrors the 'orl( beco .es in a sense as reat as the 'orl(, n e.anciation /ro. the /ears that beset the slave o/ circu.stance he 'ill e<erience a ro/oun( oy, an( throuh all the vicissitu(es o/ his out'ar( li/e he 'ill re.ain in the (eths o/ bein a hay .an%7 ?och &uzara
+$R@ &$*$ O >O&" RC$@ 6$s a conseDuence o/ the enor.ous social an( technoloical chanes o/ the last /e' centuries, the 'orl( is not 'or8in 'ell% Fe (o not live in tra(itional an( static societies% But our overn.ents, in resistin chane, act as i/ 'e (i(% Anless 'e (estroy ourselves utterly, the /uture belons to those societies that 'hile not inorin the retilian an( .a..alian arts o/ our bein, enable the characteristically hu.an co.onents o/ ou r nature to /lourishH to those societies that encourae (iversity rather than con/or.ityH to those societies 'illin to invest resources in a variety o/ social, olitical, econo.ic an( cultural e< eri.ents, an( reare( to sacri/ice( shortter. a(vantae /or lon-ter. bene/itH to those societies that treat ne' i(eas as (elicate, /raile an( i..ensely valuable ath'ays to the /uture%7 ?och &uzara &$M !$RR& O >O&" RC$@ 6Fe are the /inal u(es o/ 'hat is oo(, ust as 'e re.ain the /inal u(es o/ 'hat is loical% $n( on neither /ront has our conversation 'ith one another reache( an en(% There nee( to be no sche.e o/ re'ar(s an( unish.ents transcen(in this li/e to usti/y our .oral intuitions or to ren(er the. e//ective in ui(in our behavior in the 'orl(% The only anels 'e nee( to invo8e are those o/ our better nature: reason, honesty, an( love% The only (e.ons 'e .ust /ear are those that lur8 insi(e every hu.an .in(: inorance, hatre(, ree(, an( /aith, 'hich is surely the (evil^s .asteriece%7 ?och &uzara
R+!$R# #$F& O >O&" RC$@ )rau(, illusion, tric8ery, hallucination, honest .ista8e or outriht lies Q the co.bination a((s u to such a robable alternative that shall al'ays (oubt casual observations or secon( han( stories that see. to suest the catastrohic overthro' o/ eO&" RC$@ L#o not believe in anythin si.ly because you have hear( it% #o not believe in anythin si.ly because it is so8en an( ru.ore( by .any% #o not believe in anythin because it is /oun( 'ritten in your reliious boo8s% #o not believe in anythin .erely on the authority o/ your teachers an( el(ers% #o not believe in tra(itions because they have been han(e( (o'n /or .any enerations% But a/ter observation an( analysis, 'hen you /in( anythin that arees 'ith reason an( is con(ucive to the oo( an( bene/it o/ one an( all then accet it an( live u to it%7 &i((harta Bu((ha To M #"$R >O&" RC$@ Fherever you are, have the hihest resect /or you as a .an, an( have the (eeest love /or you as a )iliino% n this connection, shall continue, to the en( o/ .y (ays, to strule aainst those 'ho ha( you, ublicly, ut to (eath% They are still ee'ish (eity% ?och &uzara RC$@]& A@TMO $#O&
!o' (o 'e su..arize itG The oe. 'as co.lete( on #ec% 2, 13 hours be/ore he 'as eaanese, or 'hat have you, etc% But our ene.y is stui( reliion% n(ee(, reliion that encouraes in(ivi(ual stui(ity that cu l.inates into social insanity% ?och &uzara M #R"$M 6My (rea.,7 'rote Rizal to a &anish overnor-eneral, 6'as .y country’s roserity % % % 'oul( li8e the )iliino eole to beco.e 'orthy, noble, an( honorable%7 On another occasion Rizal also 'rote: 6 'oul( li8e the )iliinos to be Brilliant, "nlihtene(, ntellient, an( ?roressive%7 "ver since Rizal 'as eohn 2:15% >esus, the lovin son o/ *o( also reache(: 6/ any .an co.e to .e an( hate not his /ather, an( .other, an( 'i/e, an( chil(ren, an( brethren, an( sisters, yea, an( his o'n li/e also, he canno t be .y (iscile%7 @u8e 14:23 Thus, as the &ic8 Man o/ $sia , even the nihts o/ Rizal continue to inore 'hat Rizal 'as sayin to all )iliinos .ore than a century ao% Only eole in /orein countries believe(, /ollo'e(, an( substantiate( 'hat Rizal 'as sayin% $/ter Rizal’s e
