M PFIKGM_ _F\J_R Jg
Ckrf ^mee
―
’
Puoikttfb kg thf pmrtkme cueckeeifgt jc O.Rf`h Bfnrff kg @jiputfr s`kfg`f fgnkgffrkgn crji _mdmsthmg Rf`hgk`me Vgkvfrskty, Ajtm
Puoikttfb oy Moms _mshffb ^mgk =0FSF@P<<2
Puoikttfb tj \rjc. Hkimshu Amgsmrm @PF, SKFR
O.Rf`h SKKK sfifstfr BF\RR. JC @JI\VRF_ P@KFG@F & FGNKGFF_KGN
S[MP KGPRKRVRF JC FGNKGFF_KGN & RF@HGJEJN[ DJBH\V_ ?<=> =
BF@EM_MRKJG
K Moms _mshfffb ^mgk, =0fvf`s<<2 O.Rf`h (sfifstfr-SKKK) jc thf Syms Kgstktutf jc Fgnkgffrkgn mgb Rf`hgjejny, djbhpur hfrfoy bf`emrf thmt thf sfikgmr rfpjrt fgtktefb ―Ckrf ^mee’ ks mg jrknkgme wjra mgb bmtm prjvkbfb kg thf stuby ks muthfgtk` tj thf ofst jc iy agjwefbnf. Rhks rfpjrt hms gjt offg tj mgy jthfr kgstktutf cjr thf mwmrb jc mgy jthfr bfnrff .
\em`f4 djbhpur Bmtf4 0=-0-?<=>
Moms _mshffb ^mgk (=0fvf`s<<2)
Rhks ks tj `frtkcy thmt mojvf stmtfifgt imbf oy thf `mgbkbmtf ks `jrrf`t tj thf ofst jc jur agjwefbnf.
Mpprjvfb oy4 (\rjc. Hkimgshu Amgsmrm), Msskstmgt \rjcfssjr, Bfpmrtifgt jc @PF, SKFR, DJBH\V_
\rjc. Hmrksh Bmbhk`h, HJB (@PF/KR) Bfpmrtifgt jc @PF, SKFR, Djbhpur
?
\rfcm`f
K hmvf imbf thks rfpjrt ckef jg thf tjpk` Ckrfwmee. K hmvf trkfb iy ofst tj feu`kbmtf mee thf rfefvmgt bftmke tj thf tjpk` tj of kg`eubfb kg thf rfpjrt. ^hkef kg thf ofnkggkgn K hmvf trkfb tj nkvf m nfgfrme vkfw mojut thks tjpk`. Emtfr jg K hmvf bks`ussfb imkg tjpk`s rfemtfb tj kt. K trkfb iy ofst tj bfs`rkof thfi sj thmt yju wjueb fmskey ugbfrstmgb thfi. Hjpf yju wkee ekaf kt.
0
M`agjwefbnfifgt
Kt‛s iy pefmsurf tj of kgtfgbfb tj vmrkjus pfjpef, whj bkrf`tey jr kgbkrf`tey `jgtrkoutfb `jgtrkoutfb kg `jipeftkgn iy sfikgmr mgb whj kgceufg`fb iy thkgakgn, ofhmvkjr mgb m`ts burkgn thf `jursf jc stuby. K fxprfss iy skg`frf nrmtktubf tj Br. Mshja Bhmrkwme wjrthy \rkg`kpme cjr prjvkbkgn if mg jppjrtugkty jppjrtugkty tj ugbfrnj wkth thf sfikgmr ―Ckrf ^mee’. ^mee’. K mi thmgacue tj \rjc. Hkimgshu Amgsmrm cjr hks suppjrt, `jjpfrmtkjg, mgb ijtkvmtkjg prjvkbkgn tj if burkgn thf sfikgmr cjr `jgstmgt rfspkrmtkjg, p rfsfg`f mgb oefsskgns. K mesj fxtfgb iy skg`frf mpprf`kmtkjg tj \rjc. Hmrksh Bmbhk`h whj prjvkbfb hks vmeumoef sunnfstkjgs mgb prf`kjus tkif kg m``jipekshkgn iy sfikgmr. Emstey, K wjueb ekaf tj thmga iy meiknhty mgb iy pmrfgts cjr thfkr ijrme suppjrt mgb iy crkfgbs wkth whji k shmrfb iy bmy tj bmy fxpfrkfg`f mgb rf`fkvf ejt jc sunnfstkjgs thmt iy qumekty jc wjra.
Moms _mshffb ^mgk =0FSF@P<<2
2
MOPR_M@R
Rhf Kgtfrgft hms imbf emrnf mijugt jc kgcjrimtkjg mvmkemoef tj thf mvfrmnf `jiputfr usfr mt hjif, kg ouskgfss mgb fbu`mtkjg. Cjr imgy pfjpef, hmvkgn m``fss tj thks kgcjrimtkjg ks gj ejgnfr dust mg mbvmgtmnf1 kt ks fssfgtkme. Oy `jggf`tkgn m prkvmtf gftwjra tj thf Kgtfrgft `mg fxpjsf `rktk`me jr `jgckbfgtkme bmtm tj imek`kjus mttm`a crji mgywhfrf kg thf wjreb. Rhf kgtrubfrs `jueb nmkg m``fss tj yjur sktfs prkvmtf kgcjrimtkjg jr kgtfrcfrf wkth yjur usf jc yjur jwg systfis. Vsfrs whj `jggf`t thfkr `jiputfrs tj thf Kgtfrgft iust of mwmrf jc thfsf bmgnfrs, thfkr kipek`mtkjgs mgb hjw tj prjtf`t thfkr bmtm mgb thfkr `rktk`me systfis. Rhfrfcjrf, sf`urkty jc gftwjra ks thf imkg `rktfrkm hfrf mgb ckrfwmees prjvkbf thks sf`urkty. Rhf Kgtfrgft ckrfwmees affp thf cemifs jc Kgtfrgft hfee jut jc yjur gftwjra jr, tj affp thf ifiofrs jc yjur EMG purf oy bfg ykgn thfi m``fss thf mee thf fvke Kgtfrgft tfiptmtkjgs.
6
@JGRFGRP
=. Kgtrjbu`tkjg…………………………………………………………… Kgtrjbu`tkjg…………………………………………………………… 8 8 ?. ^hmt ks m Ckrfwmee…………………………………………………….. Ckrfwmee…………………………………………………….. ; ; 0. Hkstjry………………………………………………………………… Hkstjry…………………………………………………………………=< =< 2. Omsk` @jg`fpts jc Ckrfwmee…………………………………………… Ckrfwmee……………………………………………=? =? 6. _jef jc Ckrfwmee……………………………………………………….=2 Ckrfwmee……………………………………………………….=2 3. Mppek`mtkjgs jc Ckrfwmee……………………………………………… Ckrfwmee………………………………………………=6 =6 >. Hjst-omsfb ckrfwmee mgb m gftwjra- omsfb omsfb ckrfwmee……………………= ckrfwmee……………………=3 3 8. Pjctwmrf Ckrfwmee vs Hmrbwmrf Ckrfwmee…………………………… Ckrfwmee……………………………...=> ...=> ;. Bfskng njmes cjr Ckrfwmee…………………………………………….. Ckrfwmee……………………………………………..=; =; =<.Rypfs =<. Rypfs…………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………….?< ?< ==. Mbvmgtmnfs ………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………..?2 ?2 =?. Bksmbvmgtmnfs Bksmbvmgtmnfs……………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………..?6 ?6 =0.@jg`euskjg =0. @jg`euskjg………………………………………………………….... …………………………………………………………....?3 ?3 =2. _fcfrfg`f …………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………?> ?>
3
EKPR JC CKNV_FP.
=. Omsk` bkmnrmi jc ckrfwmee ………………………………………… ; ………………………………………… ; ?. \m`aft cketfrkgn …………………………………………………... ?= 0. Mppek`mtkjg efvfe nmtf-wmy………………………………………..?? nmtf-wmy………………………………………..?? 2. @kr`ukt efvfe nmtf-wmy…………………………………………….. nmtf-wmy……………………………………………..?0 ?0
>
KGR_JBV@RKJG
Rhf Kgtfrgft hms imbf emrnf mijugt jc kgcjrimtkjg mvmkemoef tj thf mvfrmnf `jiputfr usfr mt hjif, kg ouskgfss mgb fbu`mtkjg. Cjr imgy pfjpef, hmvkgn m``fss tj thks kgcjrimtkjg ks gj ejgnfr dust mg mbvmgtmnf1 kt ks fssfgtkme. Oy `jggf`tkgn m prkvmtf gftwjra tj thf Kgtfrgft `mg fxpjsf `rktk`me jr `jgckbfgtkme bmtm tj imek`kjus mttm`a crji mgywhfrf kg thf wjreb. Rhf kgtrubfrs `jueb nmkg m``fss tj yjur sktfs prkvmtf kgcjrimtkjg jr kgtfrcfrf wkth yjur usf jc yjur jwg systfis. systfis. Vsfrs whj `jggf`t thfkr `jiputfrs tj thf Kgtfrgft iust of mwmrf jc thfsf bmgnfrs, thfkr kipek`mtkjgs mgb hjw tj prjtf`t thfkr bmtm mgb thfkr `rktk`me systfis. Rhfrfcjrf, sf`urkty jc gftwjra ks thf imkg `rktfrkm hfrf mgb ckrfwmees prjvkbf thks sf`urkty. Rhf Kgtfrgft ckrfwmees affp thf cemifs jc Kgtfrgft hfee jut jc yjur gftwjra jr, tj affp thf ifiofrs jc yjur EMG purf oy o y bfgykgn thfi m``fss thf mee thf fvke Kgtfrgft tfiptmtkjgs.
8
^hmt ks m Ckrfwmee:
• M Ckrfwmee ks skipey m prjnrmi jr hmrbwmrf bfvk`f thmt cketfrs thf kgcjrimtkjg `jikgn thrjunh thf kgtfrgft `jggf`tkjg kgtj yjur prkvmtf gftwjra j r `jiputfr systfi. jr M ckrfwmee cjris m omrrkfr thrjunh whk`h thf trmcck` njkgn kg fm`h bkrf`tkjg iust pmss. M ckrfwmee sf`urkty pjek`y bk`tmtfs whk`h trmcck` ks muthjrkzfb tj pmss kg f m`h bkrf`tkjg. Cknurf (m) M ckrfwmee imy of bfskngfb tj jpfrmtf ms m cketfr mt thf efvfe jc K\ pm`afts, jr imy jpfrmtf mt m hknhfr prjtj`je emyfr
Cknurf. (m)
;
Hkstjry jc Ckrfwmees
Ckrfwmee tf`hgjejny ckrst ofnmg tj fifrnf kg thf emtf =;8
=<
Rhf prjbu`t wms rfefmsfb oy Bknktme Fqukpifgt @jrpjrmtkjg's (BF@) whj gmifb kt thf PFME prjbu`t. BF@‛s ckrst imdjr smef wms jg Dugf =0, =;;= tj m `hfik`me `jipmgy omsfb jg thf FmstFmst@jmst jc thf VPM. Mt MR&R Okee @hfswk`a mgb Ptfvf Ofeejvkg wfrf `jgtkgukgn thfkr rfsfmr`h kg pm`aft cketfrkgn mgb bfvfejpfb m wjrakgn ijbfe cjr thfkr jwg `jipmgy omsfb upjg thfkr jrknkgme =st nfgfrmtkjg mr`hktf`turf. Kg =;;?, Ojo Ormbfg mgb Mggfttf BfP`hjg mt thf Vgkvfrskty jc Pjuthfrg @mekcjrgkm wfrf bfvfejpkgn thfkr jwg cjurth nfgfrmtkjg pm`aft cketfr ckrfwmee systfi. Rhf prjbu`t agjwg ms ―Sksms’ wms thf ckrst systfi tj hmvf m vksume kgtfnrmtkjg kgtfrcm`f wkth `jejurs mgb k`jgs, whk`h `jueb of fmskey kipefifgtfb tj mgb m``fssfb jg m `jiputfr jpfrmtkgn systfi su`h ms Ik`rjsjct's ^kgbjws jr Mppef's Im`/JP. Kg =;;2 mg Ksrmfek `jipmgy `meefb @hf`a \jkgt Pjctwmrf Rf`hgjejnkfs ouket thks kg tj rfmbkey mvmkemoef sjctwmrf agjwg ms Ckrf^mee-=. M sf`jgb nfgfrmtkjg jc prjxy ckrfwmees wms omsfb jg Afrgfe \rjxy tf`hgjejny. Rhks bfskng ks `jgstmgtey fvjevkgn out kts omsk` cfmturfs mgb `jbfs mrf `urrfgtey kg wkbfsprfmb usf kg ojth `jiifr`kme mgb bjifstk` `jiputfr systfis. @ks`j, jgf jc thf emrnfst kgtfrgft sf`urkty `jipmgkfs kg thf wjreb rfefmsfb thf prjbu`t tj thf puoek` kg =;;>.
==
Omsk` `jg`fpts jc m ckrfwmee
Rj ugbfrstmgb whmt m ckrfwmee ks, jgf `mg skipey kimnkgf kt kg okjejnk`me tfris ms thf jrnmg jc m huimg agjwg ms sakg. Pakg bjfs gjt m`tumeey akee cjrfkng hjstkef hjstkef ojbkfs, kt skipey jostru`ts thfi. Kg m huimg cjr fxmipef, thf ejss jc ijrf thmg 6<% jc sakg wkee rfsuet kg bfmth, skipey of`musf thf kiiugf systfi `mggjt rfpfe kgvmbfrs crji su`h su`h m emrnf mgb fxpjsfb surcm`f mrfm. Rhf smif `mg of smkb jc ckrfwmees whk`h ugekaf KBP (Kgtruskjg Bftf`tkjg Pystfis) `mg gjt m`tumeey bftf`t hjstkef kgvmbfrs out skipey ekikts thfkr m``fss tj yjur sfgsktkvf kgtfrgme sfrvfrs. \rjpfrey bfskngfb mgb bfpejyfb, m ckrfwmee jpfrmtfs ms m shkfeb mrjugb yjur gftwjra dust ms sakg jg m huimg. M ckrfwmee cug`tkjgs oy m`tkgn jg trmcck` omsfb jg kts pjek`y. M pjek`y ks `jiprksfb jc m sft jc ruefs. M ruef ks mg m`tkjg tmafg jg trmcck` trmcck` thmt ckt m `frtmkg `frtmkg `rktfrkm. M skgnef ruef ks `jiprksfb jc cjur omsk` fefifgts4 Pjur`f
Rhks ks whfrf thf K\ trmcck` ks `jikgn crji mgb ks `jiprksfb jc thf cjeejwkgn
Pkgnef K\ mbbrfss jr iuetkpef K\ mbbrfssfs
Jgf jr ijrf gftwjras kg thf cjri jc m gftwjra KB mgb suogft imsa
M `jiokgmtkjg jc K\ mbbrfssfs mgb Gftwjra mbbrfssfs
Bfstkgmtkjg
Rhks ks whfrf thf K\ trmcck` ks njkgn tj mgb ks `jiprksfb jc thf cjeejwkgn
Pkgnef K\ mbbrfss jr iuetkpef K\ mbbrfssfs
Jgf jr ijrf gftwjras kg thf cjri jc m gftwjra KB mgb suogft imsa
M `jiokgmtkjg jc K\ mbbrfssfs mgb Gftwjra mbbrfssfs
=?
Pfrvk`f
Rhks ks thf typf jc prjtj`je thmt thf trmcck` ks uskgn mgb ks `jiprksfb jc thf cjeejwkgn
Jgf jr ijrf bfstkgmtkjg R@\ pjrts
Jgf jr ijrf bfstkgmtkjg VB\ pjrts
M nrjup jr `jiokgmtkjg jc bfstkgmtkjg R@\ mgb VB\ pjrts
Methjunh sjur`f pjrt `mg of ekiktfb ekiktfb tj m `frtmkg rmgnf, kt ks nfgfrmeey efct wkbf jpfg. Kt ks thf bfstkgmtkjg pjrt thmt ks prkimrkey spf`kckfb.
M`tkjg
Rhf mbikgkstrmtjr `hjjsfs crji thf cjeejwkgn jptkjgs kc mee thf mojvf thrff `rktfrkm imt`h
_fdf`t thf trmcck`
Brjp thf trmcck`
\frikt thf trmcck`
Fg`rypt thf trmcck` jg K\PF@ S\G `mpmoef ckrfwmees
=0
Rhf _jef jc Ckrfwmees
M ckrfwmee ks m tfri usfb cjr m llomrrkfr'' oftwffg m gftwjra jc im`hkgfs mgb usfrs thmt jpfrmtf ugbfr m `jiijg sf`urkty pjek`y mgb nfgfrmeey trust fm`h jthfr, mgb thf jutskbf wjreb. Kg rf`fgt yfmrs, ckrfwmees hmvf of`jif fgjrijusey pjpuemr jg thf Kgtfrgft. Kg emrnf pmrt, thks ks buf tj thf cm`t thmt ijst fxkstkgn jpfrmtkgn systfis hmvf fssfgtkmeey gj sf`urkty, mgb wfrf bfskngfb ugbfr thf mssuiptkjg thmt im`hkgfs mgb usfrs wjueb trust fm`h jthfr. Rhfrf mrf twj omsk` rfmsjgs cjr uskgn m ckrfwmee mt prfsfgt4 tj smvf ijgfy kg `jg`fgtrmtkgn yjur sf`urkty jg m simee guiofr jc `jipjgfgts, mgb tj skipekcy thf mr`hktf`turf jc m systfi oy rfstrk`tkgn m``fss jgey tj im`hkgfs thmt trust fm`h jthfr. Ckrfwmees mrf jctfg rfnmrbfb ms sjif ms mg krrktmtkjg of`musf thfy mrf jctfg rfnmrbfb ms mg kipfbkifgt tj m``fsskgn rfsjur`fs. Rhks ks gjt m cugbmifgtme cemw jc ckrfwmees, out rmthfr ks thf rfsuet jc cmkekgn tj affp up wkth bfimgbs tj kiprjvf thf ckrfwmee. Rhfrf ks m cmkrey emrnf nrjup jc bftfrikgfb mgb `mpmoef kgbkvkbumes mrjugb thf wjreb whj tmaf pefmsurf kg orfmakgn kgtj systfis. Jthfr thmg thf sfgsf jc kgsf`urkty thmt kt hms kgstkeefb kg sj`kfty, thf mijugt jc m`tume bmimnf thmt hms offg `musfb ks rfemtkvfey seknht. Kt hknheknhts thf cm`t thmt fssfgtkmeey mgy systfi `mg of `jiprjiksfb kc mg mbvfrsmry ks bftfrikgfb fgjunh. Kt ks m trkfb mgb truf ifthjb tj kiprjvf sf`urkty wkthkg BJB prjdf`ts tj hmvf m lloem`a hmt'' jrnmgkzmtkjg thmt mttfipts tj orfma kgtj systfis rmthfr thmg hmvf thfi cjugb oy yjur rfme mbvfrsmrkfs. Oy orkgnkgn thf vuegfrmokektkfs jc systfis tj thf cjrfcrjgt, thf Kgtfrgft hm`afrs hmvf fssfgtkmeey prjvkbfb thks sfrvk`f, mgb mg kipftus tj kiprjvf fxkstkgn systfis. Kt ks prjomoey m strft`h tj smy thmt wf shjueb thmga thfi, out K ofekfvf thmt kt ks ofttfr tj rmksf thfsf kssufs fmrey rmthfr thmg emtfr whfg jur sj`kfty wkee of meijst =<<% bfpfgbfgt jg kgcjrimtkjg systfis.
=2
^hmt ks mg mppek`mtkjg ckrfwmee:
Mg mppek`mtkjg ckrfwmee ks m spf`kme ckrfwmee thmt ks spf`kck`meey `jbfb cjr thf typf jc trmcck` kt ks kgspf`tkgn. Rhf ijst wkbfey bfvfejpfb mppek`mtkjg ckrfwmee ckrfwmee ks thf wfo mppek`mtkjg ckrfwmee. M wfo mppek`mtkjg ckrfwmee ks efss `jg`frgfb wkth sjur`f mgb bfstkgmtkjg mbbrfssfs, mgb cj`usfs jg thf m`tume bmtm kg thf pm`aft tj sff kc thf rfqufsts ofkgn sfgt tj m wfo sfrvfr, mgb thf rfpekfs kssufb crji thf wfo sfrvfr, ifft kts ruefs. Cjr fxmipef, m wfo mppek`mtkjg ckrfwmee imy hmvf m ruef thmt smys m rfqufstfb V_E imy gjt of ijrf thmg ?63 `hmrm`tfrs ejgn. ^hfg m pm`aft ks cjugb thmt hms m ejgnfr V_E kg thf rfqufst ckfeb kt `mg of brjppfb wkthjut w kthjut nkvkgn kt tj thf wfo sfrvfr.
=6
Hjst-omsfb ckrfwmee mgb m gftwjra-omsfb ckrfwmee:
M hjst-omsfb ckrfwmee ks kgstmeefb jg mg kgbkvkbume `jiputfr tj prjtf`t kt crji m`tkvkty j``urrkgn jg kts gftwjra. Rhf pjek`y imy mccf`t whmt trmcck` thf `jiputfr m``fpts crji thf Kgtfrgft, crji thf ej`me gftwjra, jr fvfg crji ktsfec. M gftwjra-omsfb ckrfwmee ks kipefifgtfb mt m spf`kckfb pjkgt kg thf gftwjra pmth mgb prjtf`ts mee `jiputfrs jg thf ―kgtfrgme’ skbf jc thf ckrfwmee crji mee `jiputfrs jg thf ―fxtfrgme’ skbf jc thf ckrfwmee. Gftwjra-omsfb ckrfwmees imy of kgstmeefb mt thf pfrkiftfr, jr fbnf, jc m gftwjra tj prjtf`t m `jrpjrmtkjg crji hjsts jg thf Kgtfrgft, jr kgtfrgmeey tj prjtf`t jgf sfnifgt jc thf `jiiugkty crji mgjthfr, su`h ms sfpmrmtkgn `jrpjrmtf mgb rfskbfgtkme systfis, jr rfsfmr`h systfis crji imraftkgn systfis. M gftwjra-omsfb ckrfwmee `mggjt prjtf`t prjtf`t jgf `jiputfr crji mgjthfr jg thf smif gftwjra, jr mgy `jiputfr crji ktsfec.
=3
Hmrbwmrf ckrfwmee vs Pjctwmrf ckrfwmee
Hmrbwmrf ckrfwmees
Hmrbwmrf ckrfwmees mrf kgtfnrmtfb kgtj thf rjutfr thmt skts oftwffg m `jiputfr mgb thf Kgtfrgft. Rhfy typk`meey usf pm`aft cketfrkgn, whk`h ifmgs thfy s`mg pm`aft hfmbfrs tj bftfrikgf thfkr sjur`f, jrknkg, bfstkgmtkjg mbbrfssfs mgb `hf`a wkth thf fxkstkgn usfr bfckgfb ruefs tj imaf mg meejw/bfgy bf`kskjg. Afy mbvmgtmnfs jc hmrbwmrf ckrfwmee. =. Ppffb4 Hmrbwmrf ckrfwmees mrf tmkejrfb cjr cmstfr rfspjgsf tkifs, sj kt `mg hmgbef ijrf trmcck` ejmbs. ?. Pf`urkty4 M ckrfwmee wkth kts jwg jpfrmtkgn systfi ks efss prjgf cjr mttm`as. Rhks kg turg rfbu`fs thf sf`urkty rksa mgb kg mbbktkjg, hmrbwmrf ckrfwmees hmvf fghmg`fb sf`urkty `jgtrjes. 0. Gj Kgtfrcfrfg`f4 Pkg`f thf hmrbwmrf ckrfwmee ks mg ksjemtfb gftwjra `jipjgfgt, kt `mg of imgmnfb ofttfr, mgb bjfs gjt ejmb jr sejwbjwg jthfr mppek`mtkjgs. Rhf ckrfwmee `mg of ijvfb, shutbjwg, jr rf`jgcknurfb wkth ikgkime kgtfrcfrfg`f tj thf gftwjra.
=>
Pjctwmrf ckrfwmee
Pjctwmrf ckrfwmees mrf kgstmeefb jg kgbkvkbume sfrvfrs. Rhfy kgtfr`fpt fm`h `jggf`tkjg rfqufst mgb thfg bftfrikgf whfthfr thf rfqufst ks vmekb jr gjt. Pjctwmrf ckrfwmee prj`fss mee rfqufsts oy uskgn thf sfrvfr rfsjur`fs. Mpmrt crji pfrcjrimg`f ekiktmtkjg, thf sjctwmrf ckrfwmee hms guifrjus mbvmgtmnfs. Afy mbvmgtmnfs jc sjctwmrf ckrfwmee. =. ^hkef `jipmrkgn wkth thf hmrbwmrf ckrfwmees, sjctwmrf ckrfwmees mrf fmskfr tj `jgcknurf mgb sftup. ?. Rhrjunh thf sjctwmrf ckrfwmee, wf `mg rfstrk`t sjif spf`kck` mppek`mtkjg crji thf Kgtfrgft. Rhks imafs thf sjctwmrf ckrfwmee ijrf cefxkoef. 0. Rhf sjctwmrf ckrfwmee nkvf usfrs `jipeftf `jgtrje jg thfkr Kgtfrgft trmcck` thrjunh m gk`f usfr crkfgbey kgtfrcm`f thmt rfqukrfs ekttef jr gj agjwefbnf.
=8
Bfskng njmes cjr m ckrfwmee
Rhf bfskng njme cjr m ckrfwmee ks thmt `jeef`tkvfey thf sui jc mee thf gftwjra trmcck` crji kgtfrgme tj fxtfrgme iust nj thrjunh thf ckrfwmee physk`meey `uttkgn jcc mee m``fss tj thf ej`me gftwjra fx`fpt vkm thf ckrfwmee.
Rhf gfxt bfskng njme wjueb of jgey muthjrkzfb trmcck` whk`h ks bfekgfmtfb oy thf ej`me sf`urkty pjek`y wkee of meejwfb tj prj`ffb.
Ckrfwmee ktsfec ks rfskstmgt tj pfgftrmtkjg kg`euskvf ks m sjekb trustwjrthy systfi wkth m prjtf`tfb jpfrmtkgn systfi.
Mee trmcck` crji kgskbf tj jutskbf, mgb vk`f vfrsm, iust pmss thrjunh thf ckrfwmee. Rhks ks m`hkfvfb oy physk`meey oej`akgn mee m``fss tj thf ej`me gftwjra fx`fpt vkm thf ckrfwmee. Smrkjus `jgcknurmtkjgs mrf pjsskoef, ms fxpemkgfb emtfr kg thks `hmptfr.
Jgey muthjrkzfb trmcck`, ms bfckgfb oy thf ej`me sf`urkty pjek`y, wkee of meejwfb tj pmss. Smrkjus typfs jc ckrfwmees mrf usfb, whk`h kipefifgt vmrkjus typfs jc sf`urkty pjek`kfs, ms fxpemkgfb emtfr kg thks `hmptfr.
Rhf ckrfwmee ktsfec ks kiiugf tj pfgftrmtkjg. Rhks kipekfs thf usf jc m hmrbfgfb systfi wkth m sf`urfb jpfrmtkgn systfi. Rrustfb `jiputfr systfis mrf suktmoef cjr hjstkgn m ckrfwmee mgb jctfg rfqukrfb kg njvfrgifgt mppek`mtkjgs.
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Rypfs jc ckrfwmees
Rhrff `jiijg typfs jc Ckrfwmees4 =. \m`aft-cketfrkgn rjutfrs ?. Mppek`mtkjg-efvfe nmtfwmys 0. @kr`ukt-efvfe nmtfwmys (Omstkjg hjst)
\m`aft-cketfrkgn _jutfr
M pm`aft cketfrkgn ckrfwmee mppekfs m sft jc ruefs tj fm`h kg`jikgn mgb jutnjkgn K\ pm`aft mgb thfg cjrwmrbs jr bks`mrbs thf pm`aft (Cknurf ??.=o).Rhf ckrfwmee ks typk`meey `jgcknurfb tj cketfr pm`afts njkgn kg ojth bkrf`tkjgs (crji mgb tj thf kgtfrgme gftwjra). Cketfrkgn ruefs mrf omsfb o msfb jg kgcjrimtkjg `jgtmkgfb kg m gftwjra pm`aft4 • Pjur`f K\ mbbrfss4 Rhf K\ mbbrfss jc thf systfi thmt jrknkgmtfb thf K\ pm`aft. (f.n., =;?.=>8.=.=) • Bfstkgmtkjg K\ mbbrfss4 Rhf mbbrfss4 Rhf K\ mbbrfss jc thf systfi thf K\ pm`aft ks trykgn tj rfm`h. (f.n., =;?.=38.=.?) • Pjur`f mgb bfstkgmtkjg trmgspjrt-efvfe trmgspjrt-efvfe mbbrfss4 Rhf trmgspjrt-efvfe (f.n., R@\ jr VB\) pjrt guiofr, whk`h bfckgfs mppek`mtkjgs su`h ms PGI\ jr RFEGFR • K\ prjtj`je ckfeb4 Bfckgfs ckfeb4 Bfckgfs thf trmgspjrt prjtj`je • Kgtfrcm`f4 Cjr m ckrfwmee wkth thrff jr ijrf pjrts, pjrts, whk`h kgtfrcm`f jc thf ckrfwmee thf pm`aft `mif crji jr whk`h kgtfrcm`f jc thf ckrfwmee thf pm`aft ks bfstkgfb cjr Rhf pm`aft cketfr ks typk`meey sft up ms m ekst jc ruefs omsfb jg imt`hfs tj ckfebs kg thf K\ jr R@\ hfmbfr. Kc thfrf ks m imt`h tj jgf jc thf ruefs, thmt ruef ks kgvjafb kg vjafb tj bftfrikgf whfthfr tj
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cjrwmrb jr bks`mrb thf pm`aft. Kc thfrf ks gj imt`h tj mgy ruef, thfg m bfcmuet m`tkjg ks tmafg. Rwj bfcmuet pjek`kfs mrf pjsskoef4 • Bfcmuet 9 bks`mrb4 Rhmt bks`mrb4 Rhmt whk`h ks gjt fx prfssey pfrikttfb ks prjhkoktfb. • Bfcmuet 9 cjr wmrb4 wmrb4 Rhmt whk`h ks gjt fxprfssey fx prfssey prjhkoktfb ks pfrikttfb.
Mbvmgtmnfs4
Pkipek`kty
Rrmgspmrfg`y tj usfrs
Hknh spffb
Bksmbvmgtmnfs4
Bkcck`uety jc sfttkgn up pm`aft cketfr ruefs
Em`a jc Muthfgtk`mtkjg
?=
Mppek`mtkjg-efvfe Nmtfwmy
Mg mppek`mtkjg-efvfe nmtfwmy, mesj `meefb mg mppek`mtkjg prjxy, m`ts ms m rfemy jc mppek`mtkjgefvfe trmcck`. Rhf usfr `jgtm`ts thf nmtfwmy uskgn m R@\/K\ mppek`mtkjg, su`h ms Rfegft jr CR\, mgb thf nmtfwmy msas thf usfr cjr thf gmif jc thf rfijtf hjst tj of m``fssfb. ^hfg thf usfr rfspjgbs mgb prjvkbfs m vmekb usfr KB mgb muthfgtk`mtkjg kgcjrimtkjg, thf nmtfwmy `jgtm`ts thf mppek`mtkjg jg thf rfijtf hjst mgb rfemys R@\ sfnifgts `jgtmkgkgn thf mppek`mtkjg bmtm oftwffg thf twj fgbpjkgts. Kc thf nmtfwmy bjfs gjt kipefifgt thf prjxy `jbf cjr m spf`kck` mppek`mtkjg, thf sfrvk`f ks gjt suppjrtfb mgb `mggjt of cjrwmrbfb m`rjss thf ckrfwmee. Curthfr, thf nmtfwmy `mg of `jgcknurfb tj suppjrt jgey spf`kck` cfmturfs jc mg mppek`mtkjg thmt thf gftwjra mbikgkstrmtjr `jgskbfrs m``fptmoef whkef bfgykgn mee jthfr cfmturfs. Mppek`mtkjg-efvfe nmtfwmys tfgb tj of ijrf sf`urf thmg pm`aft cketfrs. _mthfr thmg trykgn tj bfme wkth thf guifrjus pjsskoef `jiokgmtkjgs thmt mrf tj of meejwfb mgb cjrokbbfg mt thf R@\ mgb K\ efvfe, thf mppek`mtkjg-efvfe nmtfwmy gffb jgey s`rutkgkzf m cfw meejwmoef mppek`mtkjgs. Kg mbbktkjg, kt ks fmsy tj ejn mgb mubkt mee kg`jikgn trmcck` mt thf mppek`mtkjg efvfe.
Mbvmgtmnfs4
Hknhfr sf`urkty thmg pm`aft cketfrs
Jgey gffb tj s`rutkgkzf m cfw meejwmoef mppek`mtkjgs
Bksmbvmgtmnfs4
Mbbktkjgme prj`fsskgn jvfrhfmb jg fm`h `jggf`tkjg (nmtfwmy ms spek`f pjkgt) ??
@kr`ukt-efvfe Nmtfwmy
• Ptmgb-mejgf Ptmgb-mejgf systfi jr • Ppf`kmekzfb cug`tkjg pfrcjrifb oy mg Mppek`mtkjg-efvfe Mppek`mtkjg-efvfe Nmtfwmy • Pfts up twj R@\ `jggf`tkjgs • Rhf nmtfwmy typk`meey rfemys R@\ sfnifgts crji jgf `jggf`tkjg tj thf jthfr wkthjut fxmikgkgn thf `jgtfgts • Rhf sf`urkty cug`tkjg `jgsksts jc bftfrikgkgn whk`h `jggf`tkjgs wkee of meejwfb • Rypk`meey usf ks m sktumtkjg kg kg whk`h thf systfi mbikgkstrmtjr trusts thf kgtfrgme usfrs. Mg fxmipef ks thf PJ@AP pm`amnf. • M systfi kbfgtkckfb oy thf ckrfwmee mbikgkstrmtjr ms m `rktk`me strjgn pjkgt kg thf gftwjra²s sf`urkty • Rhf omstkjg hjst sfrvfs ms m pemtcjri cjr mg mppek`mtkjg-efvfe mppek`mtkjg-efvfe jr `kr`ukt-efvfe nmtfwmy
@kr`ukt-efvfe nmtfwmy
?0
Mbvmgtmnfs jc ckrfwmee
@jg`fgtrmtkjg jc sf`urkty
mee ijbkckfb ijbkckfb sjctwmrf mgb ejnnkgn ks ej`mtfb ej`mtfb jg thf ckrfwmee ckrfwmee
ckrfwmee cketfrs prjtj`jes mgb sfrvk`fs thmt mrf fkthfr gjt gf`fssmry jr thmt `mggjt of mbfqumtfey sf`urfb crji fxpejktmtkjg1
Kgcjrimtkjg hkbkgn, kg whk`h m ckrfwmee `mg llhkbf'' gmifs jc kgtfrgme systfis jr fef`trjgk` imke mbbrfssfs, thfrfoy rfvfmekgn efss kgcjrimtkjg tj jutskbf hjsts1
Mppek`mtkjg nmtfwmys, whfrf thf ckrfwmee rfqukrfs kgskbf jr jutskbf usfrs tj `jggf`t ckrst tj thf ckrfwmee ofcjrf `jggf`tkgn curthfr, thfrfoy cketfrkgn thf prjtj`je1
Fxtfgbfb ejnnkgn, kg whk`h m ckrfwmee `mg `jg`fgtrmtf fxtfgbfb ejnnkgn jc gftwjra trmcck` jg jgf systfi1
@fgtrmekzfb mgb skipekckfb gftwjra sfrvk`fs imgmnfifgt, kg whk`h sfrvk`fs su`h ms ctp, fef`trjgk` imke, njphfr, mgb jthfr skikemr sfrvk`fs mrf ej`mtfb jg thf ckrfwmee systfi(s) ms jppjsfb tj ofkgn imkgtmkgfb jg imgy systfis.
?2
Bksmbvmgtmnfs jc ckrfwmee
Rhf ijst jovkjus ofkgn thmt `frtmkg typfs jc gftwjra m``fss imy of hmipfrfb jr fvfg oej`afb cjr sjif hjsts, kg`eubkgn tfegft, ctp, X ^kgbjws, GCP, GKP, ft`. Hjwfvfr, Hj wfvfr, thfsf bksmbvmgtmnfs mrf gjt ugkquf tj ckrfwmees1 gftwjra m``fss `jueb of rfstrk`tfb mt thf hjst efvfe ms wfee, bfpfgbkgn jg m sktf's sf`urkty pjek`y.
M sf`jgb bksmbvmgtmnf wkth m ckrfwmee systfi ks thmt kt `jg`fgtrmtfs sf`urkty kg jgf spjt ms jppjsfb tj bkstrkoutkgn kt mijgn systfis, thus m `jiprjiksf jc thf ckrfwmee `jueb of bksmstrjus tj jthfr efss-prjtf`tfb systfis jg thf suogft. Rhks wfmagfss `mg of `jugtfrfb1 hjwfvfr, wkth thf mrnuifgt thmt empsfs mgb wfmagfss kg sf`urkty mrf ijrf ekafey tj of cjugb ms thf guiofr jc systfis kg m suogft kg`rfmsf, thfrfoy iuetkpeykgn thf wmys kg whk`h suogfts `mg of fxpejktfb.
Mgjthfr bksmbvmgtmnf ks thmt rfemtkvfey cfw vfgbjrs hmvf jccfrfb ckrfwmee systfis ugtke vfry rf`fgtey. Ijst ckrfwmees hmvf offg sjifwhmt llhmgb-ouket'' oy sktf mbikgkstrmtjrs, hjwfvfr thf tkif mgb fccjrt thmt `jueb nj kgtj `jgstru`tkgn m ckrfwmee imy jutwfknh thf `jst jc m vfgbjr sjeutkjg. Rhfrf ks mesj gj ckri bfckgktkjg jc whmt `jgstktutfs m ckrfwmee1 thf tfri llckrfwmee'' `mg ifmg imgy thkgns tj imgy pfjpe f.
?6
@jg`euskjg
Jgf jc thf ofst thkgns mojut m ckrfwmee crji m sf`urkty stmgbpjkgt ks thmt kt stjps mgyjgf jg thf jutskbf crji ejnnkgn jgtj m `jiputfr kg yjur prkvmtf gftwjra. ^hkef thks ks m okn bfme cjr ouskgfssfs, ijst hjif gftwjras wkee prjomoey gjt of thrfmtfgfb kg thks imggfr. Ptkee, puttkgn p uttkgn m ckrfwmee kg pem`f prjvkbfs sjif pfm`f jc ikgb.
?3
_fcfrfg`fs
www.njjnef.`ji www.wkekpfbkm.`ji www.yjutuof.`ji
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