Radio Navigation
/Jacob Panduro
Properties of Radio Waves
- If one period is !0,125 then 8.000.000 cycles per second (Hz) - KHz 1.000 Hz - MHz 1.000.000 Hz - GHz 1.000.000.000 Hz Travels at Speed Speed of Light - Travels - Speed is 300.000 km/sec and period is !0,125, then length is 37,5 m - known as wave length /Jacob Panduro
Phase comparison
- Difference between Reference Phase and Variable Variable phase phase at point point B is 2700
/Jacob Panduro
Surface wave
/Jacob Panduro
Range of surface wave
- Range sea (nm); Range = 3x "Power (watt) - Range land (nm); Range = 2x "Power (watt)
/Jacob Panduro
Surface wave - coastal refraction
of the wave first passes passes over the sea - The portion of accelerates and the wave bends towards the coastal.
/Jacob Panduro
Space wave - Line of Sight
- Range (nm) = 1,23 x "H TX + "HRX - H TX : Transmitter height in feet - HRX : Receiver height in feet
/Jacob Panduro
E!ect of change in frequency
frequency increases increases - As frequency ‣ Critical angle increases ‣ Skip distance increases ‣ Dead space increases ‣ Surface wave range decreases
/Jacob Panduro
Frequency
/Jacob Panduro
Doppler e!fect
difference e between transmitted transmitted frequency frequency and and received received frequency frequency is - The differenc known as Doppler shift
/Jacob Panduro
VDF / GDF
/Jacob Panduro
VDF / GDF
/Jacob Panduro
VDF / GDF » Bearings – QDM Mag Mag Hdg Hdg TO / QDR QDR Mag Mag Hdg FROM FROM – QUJ True True Hdg TO / QTE True True Hdg FROM FROM – QGH QGH When When flyi flying ng a VDF VDF letd letdow own n
» Classification – A +/- 20 – B +/- 50 – C +/- 100 – D > 100
» Range in NM – Line Line of Sigh Sightt and Power Power of tra transm nsmiss issor or
» Need Need a GDF GDF at at airp airpor ortt and and VHF VHF radi radio o in A/C A/C /Jacob Panduro
ADF - principles of operation
/Jacob Panduro
ADF
» A/C A/C equi equipm pmen entt comp compri rise ses s – Loop ae aerial – Sense aerial – Control un unit – Receiver – Display /Jacob Panduro
ADF
RBI
/Jacob Panduro
RMI
NDB - Homing
Zerowind wind - -Zero
- Wind from left /Jacob Panduro
NDB - Maintaining Inbound track
- Wind from left
- Wind from right /Jacob Panduro
NDB - Maintaining Outbound track
- Wind from left
- Wind from right /Jacob Panduro
NDB - Drift assessment and regaining inbound track
/Jacob Panduro
NDB - Drift assessment and outbound track maintenance
/Jacob Panduro
NDB - Determining Drift and Maintaining Track Outbound
/Jacob Panduro
NDB / ADF » ADF – A1A - BFO BFO on for tuning, tuning, Ident Ident and and monitor monitoring ing – A2A A2A - BFO BFO on for for tun tunin ing g – RMI or RBI – Variati ariation on at at airc aircra raft ft posit position ion
» NDB – LF LF/M /MF F 190 190-1 -175 750 0 kHz kHz – Locat Locator or 25nm 25nm / en-r en-rout oute e 50nm 50nm or or more more – Range • Water ter - 3 x "watt / Land - 2 x "watt – Rela Relati tive ve Bear Bearin ing g – Acc Accurac racy +/+/- 50 (by day only)
/Jacob Panduro
NDB / ADF » Errors – Thund Thunders erstor torm m - Gre Greate atest st eff effec ectt – Stat Statio ion n inte interf rfer eren ence ce – Moun Mounta tain in effe effect ct – Quad Quadra rant ntal al err error – Bank angle – Night ef effect – Coas Coasta tall refr refrac acti tion on – No fail failur ure e war warni ning ng
/Jacob Panduro
VOR - Phase comparison
/Jacob Panduro
VOR - Terminology
/Jacob Panduro
VOR - Tracking between two stations
/Jacob Panduro
VOR - RMI usage
/Jacob Panduro
VOR - Designated Operating Coverage
/Jacob Panduro
VOR - Cone of Confusion
Mostly up 80 0
/Jacob Panduro
VOR - VOR/ILS deviation indicator
» A/C A/C equi equipm pmen entt com compri prises ses – Aerial – Receiver – Indicator
/Jacob Panduro
VOR - Left/Right indication
/Jacob Panduro
VOR - To/From To/From indicat indication ion
/Jacob Panduro
VOR - QDM on the RMI
/Jacob Panduro
VOR - In-flight procedures
/Jacob Panduro
VOR » Frequencies – 108 - 11 117,95 ,95 MHz MHz – 108 - 112 MHz (TVOR (TVOR)) - all all even even 108,20 108,20 / 108,25 108,25 – Pha Phase comp. mp. 30 30 Hz Hz
» CVOR – Clockw Clockwise ise / RS RS i FM and and VF VF is is AM AM
» DVOR – Anticl Anticlock ockwis wise e / RS RS is AM and and VF VF is is FM
» VOT – 360 radial radial for all radial radials s and and FROM FROM – A/C A/C max maxim imu um +/+/- 40
» Ident – Morse Morse or Voice Voice each 10 second second / 4 ident idents s in 30 secon second d (last (last one DME) /Jacob Panduro
VOR » CoC - Fl Flag or fluctu uctuat atio ion n » CDI – 20 per dot; max 100 – Not using using aircr aircraft aft headi heading ng
» RMI – Head Head give gives s QDM QDM / Tail Tail gives gives QDR QDR
» Line of Sight - Range 1,25 x ( "ht1+ " ht2) » Varia ariati tion on at stat statio ion n posi positi tion on
/Jacob Panduro
Instrument Landing System
/Jacob Panduro
ILS - Localizer coverage
/Jacob Panduro
ILS - Localizer radiation pattern
/Jacob Panduro
ILS - Glidepath coverage
/Jacob Panduro
ILS - Glidepath radiation pattern
/Jacob Panduro
ILS - Course Deviation Indicator
/Jacob Panduro
ILS - Typical HSI indicator
/Jacob Panduro
ILS - Localizer indication
/Jacob Panduro
ILS - Glidepath indication
/Jacob Panduro
ILS » Localizer – 108 - 111,97 111,975 5 MHz MHz / All odd odd 108,1 108,10 0 / 108,1 108,15 5 – 25nm ou out +/ +/- 10 100 – 17nm ou out +/ +/- 25 250 – 10nm out >3 >350 – CDI - 0,50 /dot; max 2,50 – Half scale scale defle deflection ction is missed missed approach approach – LH lobe lobe 90 Hz / RH RH lob lobe e 150 150 Hz
» Glide path – 329,15 329,15 - 335 335 MHz MHz pair paired ed to to Loca Localiz lizer er – 10nm out +/- 80 – 0,140 /dot; max 0.70 – Half scale scale defle deflection ction is missed missed approach approach – Upper Upper lobe lobe 90Hz 90Hz / Lowe Lowerr lobe lobe 150 Hz /Jacob Panduro
ILS » Distance – Marke rker OM OM / MM / IM • 75 MHz • Blue - dah/da dah/dah h - 400 Hz - 6,5-11 6,5-11 km km out out • Orange Orange - dih/d dih/dah ah - 1300 1300 Hz Hz - 1050 1050 m out out • White White - dih/di dih/dih h - 3000 3000 Hz - 75-450 75-450 m out – DME – VOR radial – Locator
» Ident – 2 or 3 lette letters rs / 7 grou groups ps/m /min in
» Backbeam – FROM locali alizer zer – NonNon-pr prec ecis isio ion n appr approach oach /Jacob Panduro
ILS » Categories – – – – –
I; DH <200 <200’’ / RVR RVR 550 550m m II; II; DH DH <10 <100’ 0’ / RVR RVR 300m 300m IIIA IIIA;; DH DH <10 <100’ 0’ / RVR RVR 200m 200m IIIB IIIB;; DH DH <50 <50’’ / RVR RVR 75m 75m IIIC IIIC;; DH DH 0’ 0’ / RVR RVR 0m
/Jacob Panduro
MLS - Coverage
/Jacob Panduro
MLS - Approach Coverage Volume
/Jacob Panduro
MLS » 200 200 cha chann nnel els s (50 (5031 31 - 509 5090 0 MHz MHz)) » Has built-in DME » Azimu zimuth th cove covera rage ge i +/+/- 400 of rwy on-course line » Usab Usable le ran range ge is is 2020-30 30nm nm (20n (20nm) m) » 20.0 20.000 00’’ in elev elevat atio ion n
/Jacob Panduro
Radar
/Jacob Panduro
Radar principles » Maximum distance – Depe Depend nds s on pu puls lse e len lengh ghtt – Distan Distance ce = Spe Speed ed of of Light/ Light/PPS PPS or or PRF x 0,5 – Trans ransmi miss ssio ion n powe powerr - 4 " watt • To double range range increase increase power power by a factor of 16 16 – Air Aircraf craftt heig height ht
» Minimum distance – Pulse width – E.g. Puls width of 1 µsec = 150m
/Jacob Panduro
Radar - Vectoring til ILS
/Jacob Panduro
Ground radar » Aerodr Aerodrome ome Survei Surveilla llance nce Appro Approach ach Radars Radars – Up to 25nm – WL 3 or 10cm / PW 0,5-1 µs – Approach Approach Radar Radar / Radar Radar Vecto Vectoring ring / Survei Surveillan llance ce Radar Radar App
/Jacob Panduro
Ground radar » En-r En-rou oute te Sur Surve veililla lanc nce e Rad Radar ar (RSR (RSR)) – 200-300nm – WL 10-50cm / PW 2-4 µs – PRF PRF 300300-40 400p 0pps ps and and 5-6 5-6rp rpm m
» Termina erminall Surv Surveil eillan lance ce Radar Radar (TAR) (TAR) – Up to 75n 75nm m (contr (controll olling ing traffic traffic in in TMAs) TMAs) – WL 10, 23 and 50cm / PW 1-3 µs
» Preci Precisio sion n Appr Approach oach Radar Radar (PAR) (PAR) - GCA GCA – Mili Milita tary ry airfi airfiel elds ds – 10GHz – Talkdown alkdown termina terminates tes 0,5nm 0,5nm or or less less
/Jacob Panduro
Ground Radar » Airpor Airportt Surve Surveill illanc ance e Detec Detectio tion n Equi Equipm. pm. (ASDE) (ASDE) – – – –
Airfield Airfield Surface Surface Movement Movement Indicato Indicatorr (ASMI) (ASMI) Beam og og 0, 0,25-10 Scan Scanne nerr rot rotat atio ion n of 60r 60rpm pm PRF PRF 400 40000-20 2000 000p 0pps ps – WL 1,76-2cm / PW 0,03 µs – Freq Freque uenc ncie ies s 1515-17 17GH GHzz
/Jacob Panduro
AWR - Cloud display and avoidance courses
» Used Used to find find tur turbu bule lenc nce e and and for for navigation » Echo for range » Swee Sweep p for for relat elativ ive e bea beari ring ng /Jacob Panduro
AWR - Cloud weather weather display
/Jacob Panduro
AWR - Terrain Terrain Mapping display
/Jacob Panduro
AWR - Control Control unit
/Jacob Panduro
AWR - Radar Radar beam and tilt angle
» Swee Sweep p for for relat elativ ive e bea beari ring ng » T ilt +/- 150
/Jacob Panduro
AWR - Beam Beam shapes
» Pencil Pencil beam beam for for wea weathe therr and and long long ran range ge navi navigat gation ion » Cosec Cosecan antt squar squared ed beam beam for for short short range range navi navigat gation ion < 60nm 60nm » Beam width 0 = 70 x WL / antenna diameter
/Jacob Panduro
AWR - Finding Finding cloud height
» Cloud height – Heigh Heightt in ft = (til (tiltt - beamwi beamwidth dth/2) /2) x ran range/ ge/ 60 x 6070ft
/Jacob Panduro
AWR » » » » » » » » »
Used Used to to find find turb turbul ulen ence ce and and for for navi naviga gati tion on Echo for range Swee Sweep p for for relat elativ ive e bea beari ring ng Pencil Pencil beam beam for for for for weath weather er and and long long range range navi navigat gation ion Cosecan Cosecantt squar squared ed beam beam for short short rang range e navig navigati ation on < 60nm Beam width 0 = 70 x WL / antenna diameter Most Most use used d freq freque uenc ncyy is 9375M 9375MHz Hz +/+/- 30M 30MHz Hz Tilt +/- 150 Cloud height – Height Height in ft ft = (tilt (tilt - beamwi beamwidth/2 dth/2)) x range/ range/60 60 x 6070f 6070ftt
/Jacob Panduro
SSR - Picture London TMA
/Jacob Panduro
SSR - Freq and tranmissions
» Trans ransmi mits ts on on 1030 1030MH MHzz and and rec recei eive ves s on 1090MHz
/Jacob Panduro
SSR » Transmi ransmits ts on on 1030M 1030MHz Hz and and rece receive ives s on 1090MHz 1090MHz » Modes – A is is air aircra craft ft identi identific ficati ation on – C is is air aircr craf aftt heig height ht – B and and D is is stan standd-by by for for A and and C
» Ther There e are are 4096 4096 dif diffe ferrent ent code codes s (0-7 (0-7)) – 7500 7500 Unla Unlawfu wfull inter interfer feren ence ce – 7600 7600 Radi Radio o fai failu lurre – 7700 700 Eme Emerrgency ncy
» Mode Mode S (se (sele lect ctiv ive) e) e.g. e.g. TCAS TCAS » 4 mod modes es excl exclus usiive mode mode S /Jacob Panduro
TCAS
» To be be vis visiible ble hav have e “A” “A” – Only Only 2 dimen dimensio siona nall and and gives gives TA
» Also RA need “C” /Jacob Panduro
TCAS
/Jacob Panduro
TCAS Display
/Jacob Panduro
DME
» Slant ranges A 2 + B2 = C2 – Range i nm = " A 2 + B2 = C
/Jacob Panduro
DME » Slant ranges A 2 + B2 = C2 – Range i nm = " A 2 + B2 = C
» Oper Operat ates es bet betwe ween en 962 962-1 -121 213M 3MHz Hz – Always Always differ differenc ence e of +/- 63MHz 63MHz between between inter interrog rogatio ation n and responding
» Accuracy – +/- 0,2nm 0,2nm (prec (precisi ision on system systems) s) – +/- 0,25n 0,25nm m / +/- 1,25% 1,25% of range range
/Jacob Panduro
2D RNAV RNAV system - VOR/DME
» Includes – Navigation Computer Unit – Control Display Unit – Indication in form of a CDI or HSI
/Jacob Panduro
RNAV route and waypoints
» Waypo aypoin ints ts may may be be sel selec ecte ted d and programmes for – En-route navigation – Initial approach fixes – Locator Outer Markers – ILS freq - when selected it reverts to ILS mode
/Jacob Panduro
Principle of operation
- Oper Operat ates es by by rho/ rho/th thet eta a (range/position)
/Jacob Panduro
Level 4 RNAV
/Jacob Panduro
RNAV » Accuracy – B-RNA B-RNAV accur accurate ate withi within n 5nm 5nm on 95% occasio occasions ns – P-RNA P-RNAV accura accurate te within within 1nm on 95% 95% occa occasion sions s
» Types – 2D RNA RNAV V - hori horizo zont ntal al pla plane ne • Include Includes s a Navigatio Navigation n unit and and CDU and and CDI or HSI • Operates Operates by rho/th rho/theta eta (range/ (range/posi position tion)) – 3D RNA RNAV V - horizont horizontal al and and verti vertical cal plane plane – 4D RNA RNAV V - 3D RNA RNAV V + timing timing fun functi ction on
» Know Know the the RNA RNAV V sys syste tem m fr from B737 B737
/Jacob Panduro
EHSI » Inputs – IRS, FMC, VOR/DME, VOR/DME, ILS, ADF, ADF, TCAS, TCAS, AWR AWR – Fed to system system through through the symbol symbol gener generator ator (hear (heartt of EHSI) EHSI)
» Modes – Nav (full/ (full/exp) exp),, VOR/ILS VOR/ILS (full/e (full/exp), xp), MAP MAP (also (also centre centre)) and PLAN PLAN – WX and and TCAS TCAS only only display displayed ed in Expanded Expanded and MAP MAP mode mode
/Jacob Panduro
EHSI - Expanded Navigation Mode Active WP and distance
Heading (M)
ETA ET A WX = weather T = Turbulence 120 uptilt
G H D g b u k c a r T t n e s e r P
m n 5 m n 5
P k c W a t o d t r n g i r e i r u a e q b l a R u t c A
m n 5
2 n m
A/C pos
W/V Mode /Jacob Panduro
ro
EHSI - Full Navigation mode
Feet above computed descent profile
/Jacob Panduro
EHSI - Expanded VOR mode
/Jacob Panduro
EHSI - Full rose VOR mode
/Jacob Panduro
EHSI - Expanded ILS mode
/Jacob Panduro
EHSI - Full rose ILS mode
/Jacob Panduro
EHSI - MAP mode
Also shows navigational information selected on the control panel
/Jacob Panduro
EHSI - Centre MAP mode
/Jacob Panduro
EHSI - Plan mode e o d m P M A o m F r o
TRUE
to review the planned planned - Allows pilot to route using FMC/CDU LEGS page - Display centred using this page
/Jacob Panduro
GPS - 3 laws 1. A satellites orbit describes an ellipse with the earth at one of the foci
2. A satellite satellite sweeps out equal areas in equal time
3. The square of the satellites orbital period is proportional proportional to the cub of its average distance
Using these laws and given a starting point, the satellites (SV) calculate their positions at all points in their orbits. The orbital position is known as ephemeris. /Jacob Panduro
The GPS segments
/Jacob Panduro
GPS freq and codes
Civilian users
Military users Approved civilian civilian users
/Jacob Panduro
GPS positioning
/Jacob Panduro
GPS positioning
/Jacob Panduro
GPS positioning
/Jacob Panduro
GPS » Space segment – – – – – –
21 SV operat operation ion and and 3 in spar spare e - Av. Av. height height of 10.898 10.898nm nm Orbital Orbital perio period d of 12 hours hours - Inclin Inclination ation of 550 4 atomic atomic clocks clocks with with accur accuracy acy of 1 nanoseco nanosecond nd Broadc Broadcast ast Pseudo Pseudo-Ran -Random dom Noise Noise (PRN) (PRN) on 2 freq freq L1 1.574,2M 1.574,2MHz Hz broadc broadcast ast C/A C/A code (Standart (Standart Pos. Pos. Servic Service) e) L2 1.227, 1.227,6MHz 6MHz transmits transmits P code code (Precis (Precise e Pos. Service) Service)
» Control se segment – Checks Checks positio position n and clock clock time at least least every every 12 hours hours
» User segment – – – –
Sequenti Sequential al receiv receivers ers - scan scan sequenti sequentially ally Multiple Multiplex x recei receivers vers - Little Little faste fasterr than than above above Multi-ch Multi-chann annel el rece receiver ivers s - Instant Instant positio position n informat information ion Uses Uses 4 SV to con constr struc uctt 3D fix (#4 to to chec check k time) time)
/Jacob Panduro
GPS » Errors – Ephemeri Ephemeric c - Gravit Gravityy from from sun, sun, moon, moon, plane planets ts - is 2,5m 2,5m – SC Cl Clock - 1,5m – Ionosphe Ionospheric ric Propag Propagatio ation n - Most Most signi significa ficant nt - 5m 5m – Troposp ropospheri heric c Prop Propaga agation tion - 0,5m 0,5m – Recie Recieve verr Noise Noise - Intern Internal al - 0,3m 0,3m – Multi Multi Path rece receptio ption n - From From groun ground/ai d/airc rcraft raft - 0,6m 0,6m – GDOP GDOP - Geo Geometry try – Selective Selective Availab Availabilit ilityy - Withdrawn Withdrawn by Clinto Clinton n
/Jacob Panduro
GPS » Differential GPS – Air Base Based d Augme Augmenta ntatio tion n System Systems s (ABAS) (ABAS) • 6 SV SV - RAIM – Ground Ground Based Based Augme Augmentati ntation on Systems Systems (GBAS) (GBAS) • Local Local Area Area - Precis Precision ion Appro Approach ach – Space Space Based Based Augm Augmen entat tation ion Syst Systems ems (SBAS (SBAS)) • Overa Overallll accur accurac acyy
/Jacob Panduro
LORAN C » Frequency of of 10 100KHz » Uses Uses pulse pulse techni technique que to meas measur ure e time time dif differ ferenc ence e » Master Master transm transmitt itter er and up to 4 slave slave tran transmi smitte tters rs » Ground Wa Wave Range – 1200 1200nm nm over over Water ater – 900n 00nm ove overr La Land – Accuracy Accuracy better better than 0,2nm 0,2nm decrea decreasing sing to 1nm at at 1000nm 1000nm
» Skywaves – Up to 250 2500n 0nm m nig night ht and and day day – Accura Accuracy cy at 2500nm 2500nm is 10-20n 10-20nm m
/Jacob Panduro
