By Hill Gendoet Hartono
Alur diskusi :
Pendahuluan Tectonic Setting
Regim Tektonik
Generasi Magma
Diagram ase
Klasifikasi Mid Test Rock orming Mineral Kimia Mineral Pem!entuk Batuan Petrologi Batuan Beku Petrologi Batuan Gununga"i #$aluasi
Pustaka : The e$olution of the igneous igneous rocks% &'(' &'(' By: H)S) *oder% +r) ,#d)Basic analytical "etrology% &'.' By: P)/) Ragland 0gneous "etrogenesis: "etrogenesis: a glo!al tectonics a""roach% &'.' By: M) 1ilson 2sing geochemical geochemical data: e$aluation% "resentation% inter"retation% &''3 By: H)R) Rollinson
Batuan gununga"i
Kimia4i Batuan Gununga"i
Seri gununga"i
Petrografi
Kimia4i Kristal ,klino"iroksen-
Seri gununga"i
5ingkungan Tektonik
Studi "etrologi gununga"i Penun6ang lingkungan tektonik
785/A90SM AT P5AT# T#/T890/ B829DAR0#S
Volcanism at divergent and convergent plate margins. Courtesy of USGS.
D0STR0B2T089 8 A/T07# 785/A98#S
World map showing plate boundaries (blue lines), the distribution of recent earthquakes (yellow dots) and active volcanoes (red triangles). Courtesy of NASA.
Crust 0 to 40 km 0°C
Upper Mantle 40 to 670 km 1,000°C
Lower Mantle 670 to 2,890 km 2,000°C
Outer Core 2,890 to 5,150 km 3,700°C
nner Core 5,150 to 6,370 km 4,300°C
+)ere "s a )"erar#) to t)e elements o' -eolo. (lements #om&"ne to 'orm t)e natural #ompoun%s!
$atural #ompoun%s an% elements #om&"ne to 'orm m"nerals! !
M"nerals make up ro#ks!
*o#ks make up t)e (art)!
S#R0 B81#9 7S M09#RA5 P#MB#9T2K BAT2A9
+)e
*o#k C #le epla"ns
)ow *o#ks an% $atural ro#esses *o#ks are relate% weat)er"n.
/e%"mentar
Metamorp)"#
t a e ) , e r u s s e r p
m e l t " n .
.neous
Bo4ens reaction series ; The igneous rock forming minerals
oli$in
"iroksin
horn!lende
!iotit
"lagioklas
musko$it
kuarsa
MAGMA /8MP8S0T089 A9D R8/K T*P#S
Si! "#$%#$
&'&' $*%
V+"'#" -"
/012
&afic
3asalt
/412
ntermediate
'ndesite
/402
5elsic (low Si)
6acite
/712
5elsic (high Si)
-hyolite
/89TR85S 89 #
Si!
&'&' $*%
$%&*%-'$8-%
/012
mafic
/412 /712
VS"S$
'S "#$%#$
%-8*$# S$+%
/9911
low
low
none:plosive
intermediate
/9111
intermediate
intermediate
intermediate
felsic
/;11
high
high
e:plosive
(centigrade)
MA09 785/A98 T*P#S V+"'# $*%
V+"'# S<'*%
S"-' "#% Straight sides with steep slopes= large summit crater S<%+6 V+"'#
"&*S$#
%-8*$# $*%
3asalt tephra= occasionally andesitic
Strombolian
3asalt lava flows
Very gentle slopes= conve: upward
S$-'$V+"'#
*linian
Bas="lot
/o>="lot
0r$ine="lot
"iroksin
Ga!ro
Dott% &'?@
Pem!undaran
Maturity
4ent4orth
By Hill Gendoet Hartono &
Alur diskusi :
Pendahuluan Tectonic Setting
Regim Tektonik
Generasi Magma
Diagram ase
Klasifikasi Mid Test Rock orming Mineral Kimia Mineral Pem!entuk Batuan Petrologi Batuan Beku Petrologi Batuan Gununga"i #$aluasi
Pustaka : The e$olution of the igneous rocks% &'(' By: H)S) *oder% +r) ,#d)Basic analytical "etrology% &'.' By: P)/) Ragland 0gneous "etrogenesis: a glo!al tectonics a""roach% &'.' By: M) 1ilson 2sing geochemical data: e$aluation% "resentation% inter"retation% &''3 By: H)R) Rollinson
Batuan gununga"i
Kimia4i Batuan Gununga"i
Seri gununga"i
Petrografi
Kimia4i Kristal ,klino"iroksen-
Seri gununga"i
5ingkungan Tektonik
Studi "etrologi gununga"i Penun6ang lingkungan tektonik
785/A90SM AT P5AT# T#/T890/ B829DAR0#S
Volcanism at divergent and convergent plate margins. Courtesy of USGS.
D0STR0B2T089 8 A/T07# 785/A98#S
World map showing plate boundaries (blue lines), the distribution of recent earthquakes (yellow dots) and active volcanoes (red triangles). Courtesy of NASA.
By hill gendoet hartono
Alur diskusi :
Pendahuluan Tectonic Setting
Regim Tektonik
Generasi Magma
Diagram ase
Klasifikasi Mid Test Rock orming Mineral Kimia Mineral Pem!entuk Batuan Petrologi Batuan Beku Petrologi Batuan Gununga"i #$aluasi
G#9#RAS0 MAGMA 7S 785KA90SM#
+)e
*o#k C #le epla"ns
)ow *o#ks an% $atural ro#esses *o#ks are relate% weat)er"n.
/e%"mentar
Metamorp)"#
t a e ) , e r u s s e r p
m e l t " n .
.neous
Crust 0 to 40 km 0°C
Upper Mantle 40 to 670 km 1,000°C
Lower Mantle 670 to 2,890 km 2,000°C
Outer Core 2,890 to 5,150 km 3,700°C
nner Core 5,150 to 6,370 km 4,300°C
Magmatic System/ Magma Plumbing System Includes source of melt (melting anomaly)
Magma conduits and chambers (reservoirs)
Geothermal zone
Volcanic products
Physical "ro"ertiePhysical "ro"erties of magma Magma: melt C crystals C gas) Melt: Tem"erature .=&3 EF% "ressure &3 =&=&MPa% 7iscosity & =&& Pas) /rystals: sie &=(=&=& m% num!er density u" to &&(m=3% fraction u" to ' I) Gas: H8 = ?='% /8= =3I% mass fraction )&=( I) Ascend $elocity: 7 J&=@= Lc) S"ecial features: high $iscosity% strongly de"endent on chemical com"osition and tem"erature% gas solu!ility and diffusion% com"licated crystal gro4th kinetics)
7iscosity de"ends on: chemical com"osition = more Si8 = more $iscous Tem"erature = higher tem"erature = less $iscous 1ater content = higher 4ater content = less $iscous /rystal content = higher crystal content = more $iscous
MAGMA /8MP8S0T089 A9D R8/K T*P#S
Si! "#$%#$
&'&' $*%
V+"'#" -"
/012
&afic
3asalt
/412
ntermediate
'ndesite
/402
5elsic (low Si)
6acite
/712
5elsic (high Si)
-hyolite
MA09 785/A98 T*P#S V+"'# $*%
V+"'# S<'*%
S"-' "#% Straight sides with steep slopes= large summit crater S<%+6 V+"'#
"&*S$#
%-8*$# $*%
3asalt tephra= occasionally andesitic
Strombolian
3asalt lava flows
Very gentle slopes= conve: upward
S$-'$V+"'#
*linian
509GKARA9 AP0
By hill gendoet hartono 3
Alur diskusi :
Pendahuluan Tectonic Setting
Regim Tektonik
Generasi Magma
Diagram ase
Klasifikasi Mid Test Rock orming Mineral Kimia Mineral Pem!entuk Batuan Petrologi Batuan Beku Petrologi Batuan Gununga"i #$aluasi
S#R0 B81#9 7S M09#RA5 P#MB#9T2K BAT2A9
Bo4ens reaction series ; The igneous rock forming minerals
+)ere "s a )"erar#) to t)e elements o' -eolo. (lements #om&"ne to 'orm t)e natural #ompoun%s!
$atural #ompoun%s an% elements #om&"ne to 'orm m"nerals! !
M"nerals make up ro#ks!
*o#ks make up t)e (art)!
oli$in
"iroksin
horn!lende
!iotit
"lagioklas
musko$it
kuarsa
By Hill Gendoet Hartono @
Alur diskusi :
Pendahuluan Tectonic Setting
Regim Tektonik
Generasi Magma
Diagram ase
Klasifikasi Mid Test Rock orming Mineral Kimia Mineral Pem!entuk Batuan Petrologi Batuan Beku Petrologi Batuan Gununga"i #$aluasi
Arc $olcanics are usually calc-alkaline suites 4ith the differentiation seNuence !asalt– andesite–dacite–rhyolite) 7ariants de"end on K 8 content) 5o4=K continental arc assem!lages can instead follo4 a seNuence ga!!ro–ga!!rodiorite– tonalite–lo4=K granodiorite) High=K island arcs generate trachy!asalt=trachyandesite–"honolite seNuence) Broadly s"eaking there is a time "rogression in the e$olution of an island arc from lo4=K ,tholeiitic-% to medium=K ,calc=alkaline-% to high=K ,shoshonitic-)
/om"ositions of ty"ical Arc $olcanic rocks
OuartG
•
This is best understood as an increase in the extent of contamination and of new primary magmas by assimilation of older rocks of the same arc.
Low-K, normal, High-K
Quartz-rich granitoids Alkali Feldspar Granite (Rhyolite) Granite (Rhyolite)
Quartz Alkali Feldspar Syenite (Trachyte)
Alkali Feldspar Syenite (Trachyte)
Alkali
Tonalite Trondhjemite Plagiogranite Granodiorite (Dacite)
Quartz Syenite
(Quartz Trachyte)
Quartz Monzonite
(Quartz Latite)
Quartz Monzodiorite (Andesite)
Syenite(Trachyte) Monzonite(Latite) Monzogabbro
Quartz Diorite (Quartz Andesite) Diorite (Andesite), Anorthosite, Gabbro, Norite (Basalt)
Plagioclase
rocks
Ty"ically% the lo4=K ,or calcic or tholeiitic- series is dominated !y !asalt and !asaltic andesite) 5o4=K dacites and rhyolites are rare) This seNuence is common in 6u$enile island arcs% i)e) isolated $olcanic islands !uilt directly on oceanic crust) The calc=alkaline suite is dominated !y andesite% although the 4hole seNuence from !asalt to rhyolite is usually found) This suite dominates during the !uilding of mature island arcs like +a"an and 0ndonesia% 4here the islands ha$e 6oined together and !uilt a continuous arc of "roto=continent a!o$e sea= le$el) /alc=alkaline andesites also dominate continental margin arcs like the Andes and /ascades)
•
When the arc is mature, or subduction stops, high-K series become common. These are dominated again by more mafic rocks, basalt to basaltic andesite.
• Aside: what is wrong with the Press and Siever cartoons of subduction?
/om"ositions of ty"ical Arc $olcanic The freNuency of eru"tion of rocks at $arious stages of differentiation% as 4ell the occurrence of the different series% is !est thought of in terms of density rocksas filtering)
0t is difficult for magma to rise though less dense country rock) Broadly s"eaking the density of rock decreases 4ith increasing Si8 content or decreasing e8CMg8 content) 1hen the o$erlying "late consists only of !asaltic oceanic crust% it is "ossi!le for arc=related !asalts to rise directly and eru"t 4ith little differentiation to high Si8 content and 4ith little o""ortunity to gain K 8 !y assimilation)
Thus% early in the life of an arc% the lo4=K series occurs and is dominated !y mafic mem!ers) As the crust !ecomes richer in !asaltic andesite and andesite% it !ecomes harder for !asalt to rise through it) 0nstead "rimary !asalts from the mantle are likely to "ond at the !ase of the crust and undergo differentiation and assimilation) The result is calc=alkaline andesite% dacite% and e$entually rhyolite) High=K and shoshonite series "resuma!ly "ond for long times and undergo e>tensi$e assimilation% !ut eru"tion of mafic mem!ers of the series is "ro!a!ly "romoted !y e>tensional tectonics that set in as su!duction slo4s)
!asal
!asal "orfiri
andesit
andesit "orfiri
dasit
riolit
"umis
skoria
o!sidian
te"hra
/o>="lot
S#5AMAT B#5A+AR DA9 M#9#MP2H M0D T#ST
By hill gendoet hartono
Alur diskusi :
Pendahuluan Tectonic Setting
Regim Tektonik
Generasi Magma
Diagram ase
Klasifikasi Mid Test Rock orming Mineral Kimia Mineral Pem!entuk Batuan Petrologi Batuan Beku Petrologi Batuan Gununga"i #$aluasi
BAHA9 S#T#5AH M0D T#ST
Bas="lot
0r$ine="lot
"iroksin
Ga!ro
Dott% &'?@
Pem!undaran
Maturity
4ent4orth