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OpenPanEvapor at or 1. Aim
To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient and the economy of Open Pan Evaporator when when evap evapor orati ating ng satur saturate ated d sodi sodium um chlor chlorid idee brine.
2. Theor y
Evaporation is a process for concentrating a solution by vaporizing part or all of the solventusually water. The objective of the evaporation is to concentrate a solution consisting of a nonvolatile solute and a volatile solvent. Essentially evaporation may be considered to be a special case of heat transfer in which heat is transferred from condensing vapors from hot gases gases or directl y by radiation to a li!uid at constant temperature usually usuall y its boiling point at the operating pressure. "y far the most common evaporators are those in which heat is transferred through a metal wall from condensing steam to a boiling boiling li!uid. Evaporation differs from the drying in that the residue is a li!uid sometimes a highly viscous one rather than a solid. #t differs from the distillation in that the vapor usually is a mi$ture no attempt is made in the evaporation step to separate the vapor into fractions. #t differs from the crystallization in that emphasis placed on concentrating a solution e.g. in the evaporation of brine to produce common salt the line between evaporation and crystallization is far from the sharp. Evaporation sometimes produces slurry of crystals in saturated mother li!uor. %ormally in evaporation the thic& li!uor is the valuable va luable product and the vapor is condensed and discarded. #n one specific situation however the reverse is true. 'ineral ( bearing water often is evaporated to give a solid ( free product for boiler feed for special process re!uirements or for human consumption. This techni!ue is often called water distillation but technically it is evaporation. The vapor coming out of evaporator can be used as heating media for another evaporator which will be operating at pressure lower than the pressure in the evaporator from which vapors are issuing so as to provide sufficient temperature gradient for heat transfer in that evaporator. )hen single evaporator is put into service and vapors va pors leaving the evaporator are condensed and discarded the method is &nown as single effect evaporation. The economy of single effect evaporator is always less than one. *enerally for evaporation
of one &g of water from a solution + to +., &g of steam is re!uired.
,. Procedur e
a Prepare appro$imately ++. &g of saturated sodium chloride brine /20 1 ww. b 3harge this material to the open pan evaporator with bottom drain valve in closed position. c Open the steam supply valve and also the steam to flow to the steam jac&et collect the condensate in a separate vessel. 4lso note down the pressure indicated by the pressure gauge. d 4fter an hour stop the steam supply and measure the volume of condensate collected as well as temperature of the boiling li!uor. e Open the bottom drain valve of an evaporator and weigh the concentrate of sodium chloride. f )ash the open pan evaporator to remove any traces of sodium chloride.