1
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA INDICE
1.
OBJETIVO DE la monografía LAENERGÍASOLAR
2.
2
2.1. INTRODUCCIÓN A LA ENERGÍA SOL AR --------------------------------------------- 2 2.2. SITUACIÓN SOLAR EN ESPAÑA -------------------- ----------------------------------- 3 2.3. APROVECHAMIENTO SOLAR ----------------------------------------------------------- 5 2.. E INCONVENIENTES LA ENERGÍA SOLAR--------------------- 5" 2.5. VENTA!AS CLASIFICACIÓN DE LA ENERGÍADE SOLAR ------------------------------------------LA ENERGÍA TÉRMIA!
3.
3.1. INTRODUCCIÓN A LA ENERGÍA SOLAR TÉRMICA -----------------------------3.2. TECNOLOGÍAS DE $A!A TEMPERATURA-------------------------------------------
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3.2.1. Colectores planos -----------------------------------------------------------
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3.3. TECNOLOGÍAS DE MEDIA TEMPERATURA --------------------------------------3.. TECNOLOGÍAS DE ALTA TEMPERATURA-----------------------------------------
11 12
3.4.1. Definición y tipología desistemas térmicos de Alta Temperatra 13
3.5. 3.". 3.#. 3.%.
CONE&IÓN DE UNA INSTALACIÓN SOLAR TÉRMICA INDU STRIAL------RENDIMIENTO TÉCNICO ' RENTA$ILIDAD ECONÓMICA-------------------CAMPOS DE APLICACIÓN EN EL SECTOR METAL-MEC(NI CO -----------VENTA!AS E INCONVENIENTES DE LA ENERGÍA SOLARTÉRMICA-----
.1. .2. .3. .. .5. .". .#.
LA ENERGÍA #OTOVOLTAIA22 DEFINICIÓN Y PRINCIPIO DE FUNCIONAMIENTO ----- ------------------------- 22 CELDAS O CÉLULAS FOTOVOLTAICAS ------------------------------------------ 23 PANEL FOTOVOLTAICO----------------------------------------------------------------- 25 ELEMENTOS DE UN PANEL FOTOVOLTAICO ----------------------------------- 2" TIPOS DE SISTEMAS FOTOVOLTAICOS ------------------------------------------- 2# LA INVERSIÓN EN ENERGÍA SOLAR FOTOVOLTAICA ------------------------ 3* CAMPOS DE APLICACIÓN EN EL SECTOR METAL-MEC(NI CO ------------ 31
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1" 1% 1)
21
4.!.1. "#emplo de in$ersión ----------------------- -------------------------------- 3%
.%. NUEVO MARCO LEGAL PARA LA RETRI$UCIÓN DE LA EN ERGÍA SOLAR FOTOVOLTAICA+ REAL DECRETO 15#%2**% -------------------------------------------- 35 4.&.1. 'ntrodcción ------------------------------- ------------------------------------ 3% 4.&.2. (e$o )eal Decreto -------------------------------------------------------- 3% 4.&.3. Tipos de instalaciones ------------------------------------------------------ 3* 4.&.4. +odificación )egistro de pre -----------------------------4.&.%. de asignación las tarifas y-----------------cpos de poten cia ---------------------- 3! 3!
.). VENTA!AS E INCONVENIENTES DE LA ENERGÍA SOLAR FOTOVOLTAICA -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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ONL%SIONES
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BIBLIOGRA#ÍA
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2
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
1. OBJETIVO DEL IN#ORME E /04 6 789: 6 4;<=9 789:=>?7 @>7>= 6/9 = 79<= 6=9 @9:>= B 84=>= 6>9/7 6; >7<=, 6; =>=>?7 7 = 7;69= =6 >: 6;6 /78>6 7>74776.
2. LA ENERGÍA SOLAR 2.1.
In(ro)*++,-n a la nrgía /olar
E S 6 ;7 <<=76> 9=>9 7;>=9. S 9== ;7= 79: 689= <=66= >7 ;7= :=6= 33*.*** 4>6 :=B9 ; = = T99=, 89:= 8;7=:7=:7 9 H, H9?<7 B C=9/7, 7 67 = >;= 6 9;>7 >77;=6 9=>>76 7;>=96 8;6?7, 6 >9, 9=>>76 :=7 =6 >;=6 6 ;77 6 7>6 6 :6 9?<7 =9= 89:=9 ;7 7> , /9=7 7 > 9>6 ;7= <9=7 >=7= 79<=. D = 79: >=7= 79<= ; : >76=7:7 S, ;7= =9 <= = = =:?689= 9969 7 89:= 9==>?7 6=9 . D =, ;7 9> 6 74= 7;4 = 6=> = >76>;7>= 6 9>66 989=>>?7 B 98J?7 ; 77 ;<=9 7 = =:?689= = T99=. D 6 6 9>6 96=76, ;7= =9 6 =/69/= 9 =6 67=6 >==6 =:68@9>=6 ; 9=7 </ 99;. E 96 <= 8>4=:7 = = 6;98> = T99= 9 6 4=6+ 9>=:7, 6 >9, 7>7 6/9 6 /046 ;:7=6 9 SK 79>=:7, >: 980 = 9==>?7 6=9 ; 6 =/69/= 9 4 B =9. L= 9:9= 9>/ 7:/9 9==>?7 9>= B = = 6<;7= 6 =:= 9==>?7 8;6=. P9 9 =, = 79<= := 9 S 7 <= = = T99= :=79= ;789:. V=9= 6<7 = 9= =, 6<7 = 7>7=>?7 6=>7= </ 99; 96> S, 6<7 =6 67=6 7=6 = 6 ;98> 9969, >., / = 6 :4:76 = T99= B = = =/69>?7 = 9==>?7 6=9 9 =9 = =:?689=. E7 874=, 6 = >=>;= ; = 79<= 9 ;7= : ; 9>/ S ;7= 6;98> 6;== = 74 :=9 6 ;76 1.353 4=6 9 :9 >;=9=.
3
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
2.2.
S,(*a+,-n /olar n E/0aa
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
4
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
,a cifra sperior en cada pro$incia representa la energía en / e incide por metro cadrado de sperficie oriontal en n ao y la cifra inferior el n5mero de oras de sol. Imagen 1. Mapa solar de España
Imagen 2. Superficie utilizada para energía solar
5
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
2.3.
A0ro+am,n(o /o lar
S<7 = 89:= 9><9 = 9==>?7 6=9 9:6 /79 79<= @9:>= 9=7689:=9= 7 >9>=, 77 = >7<= ;== 7 >== >=6. E >=9 6 <9= :=7 6 >==96 6=96 @9:>6, :79=6 ; = >9>=, 9 <79=, 6 >76<; = 9=4@6 6 =:=6 :?;6 84=>6. A:/6 9>66 7== 77 ; 49 79 6, 7 7 >;=7 = 6; >7<= 7 7 6; =>=>?7. A = 9= 8>;=9 ;7 6; 4=/= =/9 ; >769=9, 6/9 , 7:9 9=6 6, B= ; 6 >==96 6=9 6 /797 97:76 :;B 6;996 >;=7 6 9=B6 6 =>=7>7 89:= 9>=. P9 >79=9, =9= 6 =76 84=>6 6 /9 79 :6 7 >;7= 6 4=96 9==>?7 8;6=, 9; 66 =76 =94>=7 :;> :09 = 79<= 696=, 7>;6 7 >7>76 > >;/9.
2.".
Vn(a4a/ ,n+onn,n(/ ) la nrgía /olar
L= 79<= 6=9 6 ;7= =6 =97=4=6 79<@>=6 :6 :9=76 7 7;69 =6 89>7 ;7 <9=7 7:9 47=0=6 >: =6 ; 6 :;69=7 = >77;=>?7+ ·
U= 9>;966 7=;9=6 7=<=/6+ = ; 6.
·
E6 ;7= 79<= := ; 7 <79= :676 <=66 >7=:7=76 7 9 96;6.
·
E6 ;7= 6;>?7 = =9= 679 >9>= 7 7=6 =6==6.
·
E6 = 7>= 79<= 974=/ ; ; 76==96 = <9=7 6>== 79 =6 7=6 ;9/=7=6.
·
E 96< =>>76 6 :;B /=0 9; 7 =B :76 7 :4:7, = :=7;=>?7 79<= 7 :>= <9 =<;7 B 7 9;97 =7=6 :=77:7.
·
E7 >=6 76==>76 >7>==6 = = 9, =B 6;/47>76 />=6 B
·
9:=6 = = 9;>>?7. L6 =76 B = 69;>;9= 69 ;7 6:7=96 = 87= = 4= , ;7 9;=96.
E79 6 7>74776, 7 >:=9=/6 >7 6 =6 8;76 79<=6 >747>7=6 B :6 /7 9=6 =6 76==> 76 B =9;6 6=96, :6 :7>7=9+
6
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
·
E :=> 46;= 6 =9;6 6=96, ; 6;7 >;=9 <9=76 6;98>6 >==>?7.
·
S? 6 9;> 79<= :79=6 =B ; B 7 <9= 76=>?7.
·
E >6 =6 76==>76 6 4=, 6/9 6 6 >:=9= >7 96 =66 ;96.
·
·
E 9 =:9=>?7 = 7496?7 6 =9<, ;76 =6. E 97:7 6 /=6=7 /=0, / = = /=0= 8>7>= =6 >@;=6 6=96, 7 :;>6 >=66 7899 = 2*.
·
E : ; /7 69=9, 6<7 :=786= = A6 >=>?7 = I7;69= F4=>= ASIF, =6 ;=6 B :=7=6 76==>76 84=>=6 =9= ; =6 >:==6 @>9>=6 =6 :<;7 B >:97 6; 9;>>?7.
2.$.
la/,f,+a+,-n ) la nrgía /olar
E7 =<9=:= 6<;7 6 :;69= ;7= >=68>=>?7 = 79<= 6=9 7 8;7>?7 66:=, =94>=:7 B >7<= 9;9=. ENERGÍA SOLAR
S,/(ma A+(,o
A0ro.+3am,.n(o l5+(r,+o
S6:= P=64
A0ro.+3am,.n(o (5rm,+o Ba4a T.m0.ra(*ra
#o(ool(a,+a M),a Tm0ra(*ra
Al(a T.m0.ra(*ra
Imagen 3. Diagrama de clasificación de la energía s olar
7
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
U7 6 pasi$o =9= =94>=:7 79<@> 6 ;7 66:= ; >== = 79<= 6=9, = =:=>7= B = 69/;B 89:= 7=;9=, 67 :=>?7 :76 :>7>6. S;6 97>6 67 /=6=6 7 =6 >=9=>96>=6 6 :=9=6 :=6 B 7 = ;=>?7 87?:76 7=;9=6 >9>;=>?7 =9.
L6 66:=6 acti$os 67 =;6 ; >==7 = 79<= 6=9 :=7 :76 :>7>6. U7 66:= 6=9 =>4 9;9 = 79<= 6=9 =9= 6; 8;7>7=:7 B 9: = >==>?7 B =>;:;=>?7 >=9, =6 >: = <79=>?7 >9>= :=7 = >7496?7 84=>=. E7 = >==>?7 = 79<= 6 6 ;=7 =76 6=96, ; ;7 9=76899 >= 79<= = 8;6 >: =9, =<;= ; 96. L6 66:=6 6=96 =>46 697 6 6>96 7 6 789: B= ; 67 /0 6;. D79 6 66:=6 =>46 6 98;7=9 7 6 66:=6 =94>=:7 @9:> /=0=, := B == :9=;9=, =>7 :=B9 7>=@ 7 =6 =>=>76 6 66 :=6 /=0= B := :9=;9= B= ; 67 6 :6 ;=6 7 6>9 7;69=. P9 9 = 6 6;=9 = 79<= 84=>= =6 >: 6 =76 84=>6 B >7<= >=4 = :6:=.
3. LA ENERGÍA TÉRMIA 3.1.
In(ro)*++,-n a l a Enrgía Solar T5rm,+a
E 97> :7= 7 ; 6 8;7=:7= >;=;9 76==>?7 6=9 @9:>= 6 =94>=9 = 79<= S :=7 ;7 >70;7 >==96 B 9=76899= = ;7 66:= =:=>7=:7 ; =/=6> >76;: >;=7 6= 7>6=9. E6 :>=76: =7 67> = :6: : ; 8>=, 96;= :;B 7 :6 =>=>76, =7 7 :/ :@6> >: 7 7;69=. C=/ 6==9 =<;7=6 =6 >: =<;= >=7 =9= ;6 :@6>, =9 79<= =9= 76==>76 >=8=>>?7 9>=7=:7 8;6 7 676 9>66 7;69=6. A6, = 6/= >==9 = 79<= S 6 ;<=9 ; 6 7>6=, 0;7 >7 = >==>= 9 =:=>7=9= ;9=7 : 6;8>7 =9= 679 = >;=7 =<= 8==, 6 ; => ; 6= >7<= 6= =7 =:=:7
8
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
=>== 7 :;>=6 =96 :;7. N 7 4=7, = 7>= >79/;>?7 :/9 =9= =94>=9 6= 8;7 79<= 6 >=7==9 B 99=6=9 9>6 7=;9= ; >;99 = >== 76=7 7 = 6;98> 9969, 9 ; = 9==>?7 6=9 6 >749 7 79<= @9:>=. L= 79<= 6=9 @9:>= 6 ; 49 7 96 >=<9=6 7 8;7>?7 = :9=;9= =>=7==+ -$=0= T:9=;9=+ T %*C -M= T:9=;9=+ %*C T 25*C -A= T:9=;9=+ T Q 25*C L= =>=>?7 6 79<= 6 7 8;7>?7 74 @9:> =>=7= B 6>9 >76;: 79<@>, = B >: 6 :;69= 7 = 6<;7 =/=+
Ba4Ta6 I7;69=
C=7=:7 8;6
M),Ta6 P9;>>?7 4=9 C=7=:7 8;6
Al(Ta6 P9;>>?7 4=9
R89<9=>?7 D6=7=>?7 =<;=6 D:@6>
A<;= >=7 6=7=9=
B 694>6
C=8=>>?7
A>7>7=:7 =9
C:==>?7 6>7=6 A<9>=
I7497=96 C=7=:7 =<;= S>=96
Tala 1. !plicación de los sistemas solares t"rmico s
3.2.
T+nología/ ) 7a4a (m0ra(*ra
L6 66:=6 /=0= :9=;9= 67 =;6 ; >76<;7 :9=;9=6 9 /=0 6 %*C. E >=7=:7 8;, =9 =<;=, 6 >76<; :=7
9
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
: 6646 7:7=6 >==96 6=96 =76, ; ;7 69 4=96 6+ >;/9= 9=76=97, >;B 97> 8;7>7=:7 6 =:= 8> 7497=9K =>= =/69/9=, <79=:7 :>= B >;/9= >7 7;9= 7<9= B 6>?7 >9?7>= >=9=>96>=6 =/69/76, >. A >77;=>?7 6 ==7 6 >:776 ; 89:=7 6 97>=6 6646 @9:>6 /=0= B := :9=;9=. U7= 76==>?7 6=9 @9:>= /=0= :9=;9= 6 89:== 9 6 6<;76 :76+ •
C==9 6=9
•
A>;:;=9
•
I79>=:/=9
E 8;7>7=:7 ;7 66:= >==>?7 6=9 @9:> 6 /=6= 7 >:/7=9 8> >;9 7<9 >7 8> 7497=9 , >7 ;, 9 ;7 =, 6 >76<; =94>=9 <9=7 =9 = 9==>?7 ; <= =6= ;7= 76==>?7 6=9, B 9 9, :9 = 8;<= >=9=6 ;7= 4 <=7==6. L= 9==>?7 6=9, 7<; 7= >9=, =9=46= = >;/9= 9=76=97 7> 6/9 =/69/9 >==9, 7 =9 6 9=7689= = 8; 9=9 >=9 7 89:= 79<= @9:>=. E =/69/9 = >=7=96 : 9==>?7 7<; 7= :6 =9<= ; 7 ; 6>==9 9; = >;/9= 9=76=97 6 =>=, :7:76 =6 @9=6 =7 9 >7;>>?7 >: 9 >74>>?7. L=6 76==>76 6=96 @9:>=6 6 ;7 >=68>=9 7 6 6 97>=6+ •
D +,r+*la+,-n na(*ral o (rmo/,f-n,+a/ . E :4:7 8; 9=9 >=9
6 9;> :=7 >74>>?7. •
D +,r+*la+,-n for8a)a . E :4:7 6 94>= 9 = =>>?7 ;7= :;7=
9;>= /:/=. EJ67 7;:96=6 >78<;9=>76 =9= 6 76==>76, 4@76 =:/@7 7 6 <9;6 7 8;7>?7 ; J6= 779>=:/=9+ D,r+(a/. E 8; 9=9 >=9 =6= 9>=:7 >==9 6=9 = >76;:.
10
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
In),r+(a/. P67 ;7 79>=:/=9 ; 9== ;7= / 8;7>?7, 9 ;7 = 9: 9=76899 >=9 8; 9=9 >=9 = >76;:, B 9 9, 4= ; 6 7<=7 7 >7=>. 3.2.1. #olectores planos
L6 >>96 =76 6 >:77 =6 6<;76 =96+ *7,r(a (ran/0arn( 91:2;< C7 87 9;>9 =6 @9=6 B 9<9 = 7:9 = = 6;98> >==9=, 9 8;7=:7=:7 =9= <9=9 8> 7497=9, 6/9 =/69/7 6 >>= ;7= 6;98> 9=76=97. A;7; 6 >:9>==7 >>96 >7 :6 ;7= >;/9=, = <9=7 :=B9= 677 ;7= >;/9=, =/;=:7 49. C== 8=/9>=7 = 6; 9 9==:7K =6 >;/9=6 :=9=6 6>6 67 :76 ;==6 9 967=9 :=B9 99 >7 :. S*0rf,+, +a0(a)ora 93:";< E6 89:== 9 ;7 >70;7 ;/6, 9 6 ; >9>;= =<;= ; / 69 >=7==, B ;7= 6;98> >==>?7 6>4= ; 9=7689 = 6 ;/6 >=9 = 79<= 9>/=. E6= 6;98> / >7=9 >7 ;7 9==:7 ; >76<= ; = 9==>?7 =/69/= 6= :J:=, :=7, 7 6/, = :6?7 79<= = J99. C== 8=/9>=7 ;= 6;6 9=6 @>7>=6. A,/lam,n(o (5rm,+o 9$;< P=9= 9;>9 =6 @9=6 >=9, >>9 / >7=9 >7 =6=:7 @9:> /=0 = 6;98> >==9= B 7 6 =9=6 = :6:=. E6 >7477 ; =6=:7 7>99 ;7= :7= 98>=7 7 6; >=9= 6;99, =9= 4=9 6; >7=> B 980=9 =>= = =>= =/69/7 = 9==>?7 789=990= := 9 = :6:=. ar+a/a 9';< E6 :7 ; >789:= =7, >777 = 6 6;6 >:776, >789@7 = 9<, 6=7;= B 9667>= = = 7:9 7>6=9=6K =;7; ;7 69 9 :=9=6, :6 =/ ;= 6 ; 6=7 :>=6. E >70;7 / 69 >== =/69/9 =6 ==>76. L=6 :7676 6 =76
11
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
6=96 67 :;B 4=9=/6 6 *,5 :2 =6= :2, 6 /7 6 :=6 J76 6 7>;79=7 7 97 = 6 2 :2.
Imagen $. Es%uema de un #olector &lano
3.3.
T+nología/ ) m),a (m0ra(*ra
L6 66:=6 := :9=;9= 67 >==>6 /79 :9=;9=6 =6= 25*C. E7 66 >=66 6 7>6=9 :=9 :76 >7>79=>?7 = 9==>?7, ;, = 6; 4, 7>997 =<7 664 6<;:7 6=9, = ; 6 >=68;7 7+ 67 :4:7, 7 7 = 9==>?7 6=9 >7>79== 7> 7 6 =/69/96 ;/;=96 B >7 :4:7 7 ;7 0 7 6 06. S ;=7 6 6 6646 >==>?7 = 9==>?7+ -C>96 4=> -C>96 >7>79=>?7 '#olectores de (acío
S; 97> 8;7>7=:7 6 :6: ; 6 =76 =76K = 6;98> >==9= 6 =0= 79 ;7 ;/ 7 ; 6 = 9== 4=> ; 6 ;7 >;: = :6?7 =6=:7 @9:>, 9:7 /79 :=B96 :9=;9=6.
12
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
H=B 6 6 ;/6 4=>, ;76 ; >=7=7 =<;= 9>=:7 B 96 ; ;=7 ;7 8; 79: ; >=:/= 8=6, 4=976 B >77676 7 799 ;/. P9:7 :8>=9 = 7>7=>?7 = 6;98> >==9=, >7 =7 7 6>?7 97=, B = 97=>?7 >7 =7 7>7=K ; 8=>= 6; ===>?7 = = =9;>;9= 8>. '#olectores cilindro paraólicos )##&*
L6 >>96 >79 =9=/?>6 CCP 67 >==96 6=96 >7>79=>?7 >7 8> 7=, ; >7497 = 9==>?7 6=9 9>= 7 79<= @9:>= B ; 96;=7 ?76 =9= 9=/=0=9 79 9=7< :9=;9=6 125C-**C 7 6 >=6 6 =9:6 9897>= = 794= :9=;9=6 :=6, =9J:==:7 =6= 6 25*C. G9=>=6 = = >7>79=>?7 = 9==>?7 6=9 9>= ; 7> 6/9 =7 =9;9= >==9, 6 >76<; 89:= 8>7 4=9 = :9=;9= ;7 =6 =:7=9 9>66 7;69=6 79 9=7< = := :9=;9=. E6 >749 = CCP 7 ;7 >==9 = =9= =>=9 = ;7= <9=7 496= 9>66 7;69=6.
3.".
T+nología/ ) al(a (m0ra(*ra
L6 66:=6 @9:>6 == :9=;9= =/69/7 = 9==>?7 789=990= S =9= <79=9 79<= @9:>=, :=79= ; >=9 <79= 6 ; :=9 7 <79=9 4=9 =9= 9;>>?7 @>9>=, =9= 96 ;66.
13
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
Imagen +. Es%uema de un sistema t"rmico para la generación de energía
L=6 ==6 :9=;9=6 6 <9=7 >7 >7>79=96 6=96. E7 6<;7 ;7 6 ==7 6 96 66:=6 @9:>6 >7>79=>?7 :6 ;=6.
3.$.1. Definición , tipología de sistemas t "rmicos de !lta Temperatura
U7 >>9 6=9 >76= ;7= =>= >==9= ;, <9=>=6 = 6; <:9= B = =6 >=9=>96>=6 6; 6;98>, =/69/ 79<= 6=9 B = >749 7 >=9 >7496?7 8@9:>=. E6= 79<= 6 74== = ;7 8; 9=9 >=9 ; >9>;= 79 >>9 ;/ @9:>. L= >=9=>96>= 97>= ; 78>= = >== ;7 >>9 6=9 6 6; 8>7>=, 77= >: >==>= >7496?7 = 79<= 6=9 7>7 7 79<= @9:>=. L6 >>96 6 >=68>=7 7 6>6, >79 -=9=/?>6 B 6>-=9=/?>6+
14
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
=ol+(or/ /(>(,+o/ C>96 6=96 67 7>6= 6<;:7 6. P;7 9;>9 >=9 = :9=;9=6 :=6 =6= 15* C. A 6 <9; >>96 97>7 6 >>96 ;/6 4=>, 6 >>96 =76 4=>;=6, >>96 =76 >7 =6=:7 9=76=97 B >>96 =76 >7 >7>79=96 CPC.
Imagen -. #olector esttico
=ol+(or/ +,l,n)ro=0ara7-l,+o/ E66 >>96 B= 6 =7 >:7= 7 6 66:=6 := :9=;9=, 9 =:/@7 6 7>;B7 7 6 66:=6 == :9=;9= / = = :9=;9= :J:= ; ; =>=7=9. S 9== >>96 >7 6<;:7 6 7 ;7 0 ; 6 =7 ;= 7 <9=76 >79=6 6=96 =9= = <79=>?7 >9>=. S ;7 /79 :9=;9=6 :6 3** C >7 ;7 /;7 97:7 .
15
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
Imagen /. #olector cilindro'paraólico
=ol+(or/ ),/+o=0ara7-l,+o/ C7667 7 ;7 >70;7 606 ; 89:=7 ;7= 8<;9= 6>-=9=/?>= 89:= =77= =9=/?>= 7 >;B 8> 6 67 9>9 6=9 7 ; 6 >=7= 8;.
Imagen 0. #olector disco'paraólico
16
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
A >77;=>?7 6 >:=9=7 >== ;7 6 66:=6 @9:>6 == :9=;9= 6=>=7 =6 47=0=6 7>74776 >== ;7 6+
ol+(or /(>(,+ Vn(a4a/
C==>= =:=>7=:7 /9=>?7 $;7=6 96>4=6 8>7>=6 7 : = = ;=9 ==6 :9=;9=6
,lín)r,+o 0ara7-l,+o/
D,/+o/ 0ara7-l,+o/
T>7<= P9:9=6 :69=>76 >:9>=:7 67/ B9/== 8>;==6 C==>= =:=>7=:7 /9=>?7
P7>= =9= ==6 8>7>=6 > M;=9=
M;=9= M79 9;9:7 6; 9 7>= ; 9=6 >7<=6 6=96 D/n(a4a/
E ;6 >:9>= =4= / 69 9/=
E ;6 =>6 @9:>6 9697< = :9=;9= 9=>?7 = **C ; <79= >==6 :9==6 4=9
L6 >66 9 8=/9>=>?7 7 :=6= /7 9;>96 L= 8=/= / :09=96
Tala 2. entaas e incon(enientes de los sistemas solares de alta temperatura
3.$.
on?,-n ) *na ,n/(ala+,-n /olar (5rm,+a ,n)* /(r,al
C7 >>96 6=96 == 8>7>= 6 ; 9;>9 >=9 = :9=;9=6 =6= 15*C >7 ;7 J>7 97:7. M6 5 * = :=7= >=9 7;69= 9;9 :9=;9=6 78996 = "*C, 79 "*C - 15*C B 87=:7 79 15*C - 25*C. L= <9=7 6>== =6 76==> 76 7;69=6 9: 66:=6 :;B /=0 >6, >7 ;7= /;7= 97=/= >7?:>=. L6 >=:6 >>96 6=96 ;7 7<9=96 7 6 >6 =6 7=46 7;69=6, /7 76==96 7 ;7 997 67/.
17
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
Imagen . Disposición delos paneles solares en una frica
U7= 76==>?7 6=9 7;69= >766 7 ;7 >=: >>96 6=96 = 9=4@6 >;= >9>;= =<;= ;7= :>= =<;= B <> >9>; 9:=9. U7 66:= 9<;=>?7 >79= = >9>;=>?7 7 6 >9>;6<7 = 776= = 9==>?7 6=9 67/. A 9=4@6 ;7 79>=:/=9 >=9, = 79<= 6=9 ; 69 ;== =9= >=7=:7 ;6, >=;=6 =9 =9= = <79=>?7 4=9. E =>=:7 66:= 6=9 >7 66:= >747>7= 6;:769 >=9 6 ; 8>;=9 7 4=96 ;76 66:=+ =>=:7 9> = ;7 9>6 6>8>, 9>=7=:7 =<;= B = <79=>?7 4=9 7 66:= >79=. E7 :;>=6 7;69=6 = :=7= >=9 6 =7 4== ; 7 6 7>6=9 ;7 =:=>7=:7 = 79<= 6=9. E6 9: >769;9 66:=6 6=96 :;B /=0 >6 = :7=9 6 >66 =6>=6 = 6 66:=6 =>;:;=96.
18
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
Imagen 14. !coplamiento de un sistema solar
3.'.
Rn),m,n(o (5+n,+o @ Rn(a7,l,)a) +on-m,+a
E7 >:= :997 =99 =7;= 79<= 9 :9 >;=9= >>9 ; 69 79 3** B %** , 77 = :9=;9= = =>=>?7 B = >77;= = :=7=. P=9= 76==>76 <9=76 67 =:=>7=:7 ;7 >6 = 66:= 6=9 2
7>;= = 76==>?7 ; 69 =9J:==:7 2*-3** W: , = :=79= ; 6 /7 ;7 >6 79<@> 3* = )* WM 67 6;/47>?7 B 15 = 2 WM 77 7 >;7= 6 J676 9<9=:=6 =B;=6 />=6, 9 0: =6 89>=6 9 = A<7>= V=7>=7= = E79<= AVEN I76; =9= = D4968>=>?7 B A99 = E79<= IDAE. EJ67 7;:966 9<9=:=6 =B;=6, 6<9=4=>76 86>=6 B 8?9:;=6 87=7>=>?7 ; 7 >70;7 <=9=7=7 ;7= 7=/ 9;>>?7 :=> >7?:> 6/9 = :96=. A:6, ;7= 4 =:9== = 76 ==>?7, :96=9 ; :=9 = 9><9 /78>6+ = 79<= S 6 <9=;=.
19
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
H=B ; 79 7 >;7= ; = 76==>?7 ;7 66:= 6=9 @9:> 9967= ==7=9 =< = 79<= 8;;9= = /79 66:=, 6 >9, 6 =<= ;7= 4 = 79<= ; 6 >76;:9 7 25 =6 :6 ; 6 ; 6 >66 9=>?7 B :=77:7 67 :;B 9;>6.
3.!.
am0o/ ) a0l,+a+,-n n l /+(or m(al=m+>n,+o
L6 66:=6 79<= 6=9 @9:>= ;7 >;/99 ;7= =9 :;B >769=/ = :=7= 7;69= >=9. L=6 =>=>76 ; 77 7 6>9 :=-:>7> 67+ >=7=:7 /=6 ;6 =9= 9>66 67<9=6, >==, =4= B 868==K >=7=:7 =9 =9= 9>66 6>=K >=7=:7 =<;= =9= 66:= ACS = 7;69=K >=7=:7 =9= 66:= >:==>?7K 9>=7=:7 8;6 7 >=9=6 B = <79=>?7 4=9 /=0= 96?7 =9= ;66 4966. T=:/@7 6 7 ; >769=9 ; 6 66:=6 79<= 6=9 @9:>= 77, =:6 =6 6/6 =6>==6 = = <79=>?7 >=9 =9= = 7;69= 4=9, =>, =<;=, >., 9=6 =>=>76 >: 67 = <79=>?7 89 =9= >:==>?7 7=46 B >:=9=6 89<98>=6 >7 :;7=6 =/69>?7. T96 ;7 69 6 :46 9=76 97>=6 9 6 ; 6 > 76==9 ;7 66:= 79<= 6=9 @9:>= 7 ;7= 7;69=+ ·
L<9=9 = =;6;8>7>= 777>= 6 6;:7696 >747>7=6.
·
C79/;9 = 897=9 :=> =:/7= >76;: >:/;6/6 8?66.
·
C76<;9 ;7 /78> >7?:> =94>=7 ;7= 79<= <9=;=.
A;7; >7 J>>76, =6 6 9:9=6 =4= 7 77 6;8>7 8;9= >: =9= >76;9 9 6 6=6 ;7 6:; 6;8>7 =9= 749676=, 9 ; >: 7 = >6?7 :96=9=, /7 9 =>:===6 ;7= 9=7=/ 97=/= = 7496?7. H=6= = 8>=, =6 76==>76 79<= 6=9 @9:>= = /=0= B := :9=;9= 77 ;7 >6 :;B 4= >: =9= =>=9 @9:76 97=/= /=06. E6 6 / = ; = >7<= 66 66:=6 6=96 7 = =>=7= ;7= :=;9 6;8>7 >: =9= 0;68>=9 6; ;=>?7 7 @9:76 97=/= = >9 =.
20
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
D/:6 >769=9 ; 7 ;7= 76==>?7 79<= 6=9 =>== = ;7 9>6 7;69=, = 8>=>= B = 8>7>= 8;7>7=:7 6 ;7 8=>9 6>= 94=7>=. P=9= , / 6=96 ;7= 76==>?7 =>;== = ; 6 97 B 877 =6= : =. E >7> =6 76==>76 79<= 6=9 @9:>= 6==6 6 /=6= 7 >=7=:7 B :=77:7 ;7 4;:7 =<;= = ;7= :9=;9= #* 15*C. C7 6 4;:7 =<;= 9694= 79<@>= 6 97 6;9 =9>= =:7 >76;: >:/;6/6 8?66 =9= >=7=9 =<;= = 9 =6= = :9=;9= 6 =9= >== 9>6 9;>4. L= 4= := ;7= 76==>?7 EST 6 ;76 2* =6, =;7; =>;=:7 6 7 = 6 76==>76 >7 ;7= 4= 97= =6. E = =/;= =:9=>?7 6 79 5 B # =6. E6 99>7= ;7 :=9<7 ;76 15 =6 7 ; = 79<= 99>7== 9 = 76==>?7 6 <9=;=. E6 =, =:6, 7 = =;:7=9, = :6: : ; :09= = 8>7>= 6 ;6, 6:7;B 6; >6 B 9 =7 6 9;> = =:9=>?7. L=6 76==>76 79<= 6=9 @9:>= >79/;B7 = =99=9 79<= 7 6 66:=6 >747>7=6. E7 8;7>?7 = 6;98> = 76==>?7 6== B >==9 6>< 6 ;7 >76<;9 =996 79 3** B 25** 7==6 = = >:/;6/. S7 :/=9< 6 7>6=9 :=779 66 66:=6 >747>7=6 >: =B 7 =6 6;=>76 7 =6 ; == ;7= >:=<= =496= = 76==>?7 6=9 7 6 >== =9=9 = 79<= :=7==. L= 97>= /=999= >7>7=7 = = ; 6 7897= = =>=>?7 = E79<= S=9 T@9:>= 7 =>=>76 7;69=6 6 = 7>6= ;7= 8;9 7496?7 7>=. L= 9>;9=>?7 = 7496?7, 7 =<;76 >=66, ; <=9 = 9;99 96 : =9<6, 77 =6 >9>;76=7>=6 >== 9B>. L=6 7;69=6 ; ;=7 8;- 77 ;7 9 997 = 7496?7 % = 11 =6, :79=6 7 =6 ; ;=7 <=6- 6 @6 6 9;> = 5 " =6. C7 6 66:=6 6 ; <=9 = >;/99 ;7 #* =6 7>6=6 79<@>=6, :79=6 ; ;7 3* 9967= =9 66:= =B. E 6<;7 6;:= :;69= 6;:= 8;7>7=:7 ;7= 76==>?7 6=9 @9:>= >7 ;7= :=7= 7;69= >=9 /=0= B := :9=;9=.
21
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
Imagen 11. Es%uema de funcionamiento de una instalación solar t"rmica
3..
Vn(a4a/ ,n+onn,n(/ ) la nrgía /olar (5rm,+a
L6 <9=76 /6>;6 ; =6= =9= =7 : = =:= =>=>?7 7 = 9>>= = 79<= 6=9 @9:>= 67 6 4= 6 >66 7>=6 6; 76==>?7 B = 8== >7>:7 >=9= = />. P=9= 6;9=96 6 7>6=9 ;7 >:9:6 B ;7= =9>=>?7 9 =9 =6 A:769=>76 P/>=6. P9 9 = =6 47=0=6 7 = 79<= 6=9 @9:>= 67 :6+ -
R;>>76 :9=76 7 6 <=66 >:/;6/.
-
F> :=77:7.
-
E79<= :=.
-
A:=6 89:=6 =>=>?7+ =<;= >=7 6=7=9=, >=8=>>?7, 6=7=>?7
=<;=6, >. -
N 77>= 79<@>= 9>96.
-
P9>>?7 : =:/7.
22
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
". LA ENERGÍA #OTOVOLTAIA ".1.
Df,n,+,-n 0r, n+,0,o ) f *n+,onam,n(o
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
23
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
Imagen 12. Es%uema de funcionamiento del sistema foto(oltaico
".2.
l)a/ o + 5l*la/ f o(ool(a,+a/
S7 6646 89:=6 9 :=6 676/6 = = ; ; 6977 >976 >;=7 6 876 7>7 6/9 6. C7497 79<= ;:76= 7 79<= @>9>=. E67 89:=6 9 >@;=6 =/9==6 = /=6 6 > ;9 >7 =>?7 :;9=6 >96 :76 ;:>6, 67 >==>6 <79=9 >== ;7= 2 = A:96, = ;7 4=0 *," = *,% V, ;=7 >: :=9= 9:= = 9==>?7 6=9.
Imagen 13. #elda foto(oltaica
24
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
L=6 >=6 6=96 >:9>=6 6 8=/9>=7 >7 7<6 6> == ;9= :=9= :;B =/;7=7 7 = =97=. E 7< 6 >9= 7 89:= =>=6 <==6 =:==6 /=6. E 669 > ;6= 6 97 3** 7: *.3 ::. U7= 89=>>?7 :;B ;= = 669 97 *.5 7: 6 :9<7= >7 :6 8?689. A 6= >== 6 >7> >: -7. E 96 = /= 6 :9<7= >7 :6 / 9 B 6 89:= = >== >7>= >: -. E6=6 >==6 89:=7 ;7 >=: @>9> 4=0 797 >769; 79 = /= B >9>= = 6;98> ; 9>/ = ; 6. D> 4=0 6 9676=/ 6=9=9 = =6 >=9<=6 8<79==6 64=6 ;>6 B 7<=4=6 >976. L= >= >;7= >7 6 9:7=6 ; 6 >7>=7 = ;7 >9>; J97 =9= J9=9 = >997 @>9>= 9;>=. L= >=9= = /= J;6= = = ;, 6 ;7 790= :> :;B 87 == B =;:7, >;= >>= 6 >976 8<79=6. E6= >== >9967 = = 9:7= 7<=4=. S/9 6 790= 6 >7>= ;7 6 >7;>96 >9>; J99. L= 9= >=9= >;7= >7 ;7= >== :>=, ;6;=:7 =;:7. E6= >9 967 = = 9:7= 64= B= ; 7 = 6 =>;:;=7 =6 >=9<=6 64=6. S/9 6= >== 6 >7>= 9 >7;>9 >9>; J99. T=:/@7 = >= 6= >;/9= >7 ;7= >;= <== =79980=7 =9= 6:7;9 =6 @9=6 9 98J?7.
Imagen 1$. 5eneración el"ctrica en una celda foto(o ltaica
25
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
".3.
Canl fo(ool(a,+o
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
P=9= 79 :6 76?7 =B ; >7>=9 4=9=6 >@;=6 7 69. C7>=7 3" =6 :7676 79:=6 #," >: :9 6 /77 1% V, 76?7 6;8>7 =9= =>9 8;7>7=9 ;6 = 12V, 7>;6 >7 ;:7=>76 :;> :796 1:2. L= ;7= /6>= =6 76==>76 84=>=6 6, ;6, = =>= 84=>=, ; >77 79 2* B * >@;=6 6=96. E6=6 =>=6 6 >7>=7 79 6 7 69 B =9= =9= /79 4=0 6= 12V, 1V, >.. E6=6 >@;=6 79>7>==6 B :7==6 79 6 :7=6 49 ; =6 9<7 = 7:9 >76;B7 ; 6 7:7= ;7 :?; 84=>.
26
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
Imagen 1+. Instalación de un panel solar foto(oltai co
".".
Elmn(o/ ) *n 0anl fo(ool(a,+o
GENERADOR SOLAR< >70;7 =76 84=>6 ; >==7 79<= ;:76= B = 9=7689:=7 7 >997 >77= = / =0= 76?7. A%M%LADOR+ A:=>7= = 79<= 9;>= 9 <79=9. U7= 4 =:=>7== J67 6 >76+ S=>=9 ;7= 7= @6 =9= = 76==>?7 ;=9 :=9= B :76 >76;: @>9>. T9=7689:=9 = 9=4@6 ;7 74 969 = >997 >77;= 7 >99 7 =97=. REG%LADOR DE ARGA + S; 8;7>?7 6 4=9 6/9>=9<=6 6>=9<=6 J>64=6 = =>;:;=9, ;6 ; 6 =6 9=7 69 99496/6. D/ =6<;9=9 ; 66:= 9=/=0 6:9 7 ;7 :J:= 8>= >=. INVERSOR >7=+ S 7>=9<= 9=7689:=9 = >997 >77;= 9;>= 9 >=: 84=> 7 >997 =97=, = >;= =:7=9 9>=:7 = 6 ;6;=96.
27
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
U7 66:= 84=> 7 7 9; >76=9 6:9 66 :76, ;7 96>79 ;7 :6 @66, 77 7 >;7 = B =:= =6 >=9<=6 = =:7=9, =:6 = 7=;9== 6 9>;966 79<@>6 7 ;<=9 76==>?7.
".$. ·
T,0o/ ) /,/(ma/ fo(ool(a,+o/ Sistemas autónomos o aislados a red
Imagen 1-. Sistemas autónomos
L6 66:=6 =;?7:6 8;97 6 ; 6:;=97 = 9;>>?7 7;69= :?;6 84=>6 B 97 >9/= = = 79<= = :69=9 ; 6 = 6; >6, 67 = >?7 :6 >7?:>= 7 =<;7=6 =>=>76. L= 79<= <79== = =99 = >7496?7 84=>= 6 ;= =9= >;/99 ;6 >76;:6 @>9>6 7 :6: ;<=9 7 6 9;> = :=7=. •
E6
>=6
=>=>76
>:
=
>98>=>?7
+
447=6 =0==6 = 9 @>9>= >747>7=, /6>=:7 >98>=>?7 9;9=. ·
S94>6 B =;:/9= />+ ;:7=>?7 />= :=7 8=9=6 =;?7:=6 =9;6, >=6, :7;:76, =9==6 =;/;66, 98;<6 :7==, =;:/9= 4==6 ;/>=9=6, >.
28
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
C7 = =:7=>?7 84=>= ;:7=9=6 6 4= = 9==>?7 =70=6, >=7==>76, 7>6= =;99 9>6 =6, >7J?7 = 9 @>9>=, >. ·
A>=>76 =<9>=6 B <=7=+ /:/ =<;=, 66:=6 9<, ;:7=>?7 7497=96 B <9=70=6, 6;:769 = 66:=6 9,
·
989<9=>?7, ;9=>?7 =<;=6, >. S==>?7 B >:;7>=>76+ 7=4<=>?7 =@9= 6=6 =;9=, 6==>?7 6=6 B :=9:= 8=96, /B=6, 6==>?7 >=999=6, 4=6 899>=99, 996 B 9:696 9= B 46?7 B 87=, >=/7=6 8?7>=6 =6==6 >7 9>>?7 = 9=4@6 6=@ 996, 66:=6 9:6 >79 B :=, 6=>76 :=6 =6, ;6 66:?<>6, 6=>76 :9?<>=6, 6646 6==>?7 B ==9:=, >. E /==:7 6 ;7= =6 =>=>76 :6 J7=, ; :;69= = == 8=/= 66 ;6.
·
Sistemas conectados a la red
29
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
Imagen 1/. Sistemas conectados a la red
E7 >;=7 = =6 76==>76 >7>==6 = = 9 6 ;7 7>79=9 6 >=66+ >79=6 84=>=6, 7 =6 ; = 79<= @>9>= <79== 6 79<= 9>=:7 = = 9 @>9>=, >: 7 9= >79= >747>7= <79=>?7 @>9>= B 66:=6 84=>6 7 8>6 7;69=6, >7>=6 = = 9 @>9>=, 7 6 ; ;7= =9 = 79<= <79== 6 749 7 :6: =;>76;: 8>, :79=6 ; = 79<= J>7 6 79<= = = 9 @>9>=. T=:/@7 6 6/ 79<=9 = = 79<= = = 9 7 ;6;=9 9>/9 77>6 = 79<= @>9>= = 9 = :6:= :=79= ; >;=;9 9 =/7= = 6;:769. E66 6 :6 >=66 6 ==97 7 ==9= =6 =>=>76 =9= =6 B:6 6>9. T6 66:=6 >7>=6 = = 9 ·
Gnra)or/ ),/0r/o/ .- S7 <79=96 /=0= >==>= 1-1*X 76==6 7 7:;/6 967>=6, >:9>=6 76;>7=6.
·
E/(a+,on/ n(ral/.= S7 =7=6 <9=7 >==>= =6= 4=96 M 9==6 9 = >:== 6;:769=9=. L= 79>7J?7 >7 = 9 6:9 6 986>= / = 9=7< 7>=.
30
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
Imagen 10. Estación central
·
E/(a+,on/ ) a0oo a la r) .- S7 6:=96 = ;7= 6=>?7 >79=, 6; /04 6 99>7=9 =4 @9:> = 6;/6=>76 B 7=6 69/;>?7 ; 6 7>;797 >9>= : 6; >==>=.
".'. ·
La ,nr/,-n n n rgía /o lar fo( ool(a,+a Rn(a7l
U7= 7496?7 ; 7 7 4=9 ;7 6=> 7 9;>4, >: = >;/9= 6; 7=4 ;7 997 ; 7 97. O89> ;7= 97=/= 79 1* B 15. ·
Sg*ra
U7= 7496?7 ; <79= 7<966 9>;9976, 946/6 B <=9=7=6 9 = B 67 77<7 68;9 <6?7 9 6; =9. ·
Sn+,lla
U7= 7496?7 ; 7 7>6= =7=6 :=77:7, 67 :676 7 >76;:6, ; 8;7>7=9 7 67> ;9=7 :6 25 =6.
31
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
·
So/(n,7l
C== 9;> >7 = 76==>?7 4= = <79=>?7 :6: >7 >79=6 >7=:7=76. N 6 <79=7 :676 CO2, NOJ, SOJ.
".!.
am0o/ ) a0l,+a+,-n n l /+(or m(al=m+>n,+o
T9=>7=:7 6 79<= 6 ;=/= 97>=:7 =9= 6;:769 79<= @>9>= 7 ;<=96 7 7 9= 97=/ = 76==>?7 7=6 @>9>=6 'nstalaciones aisladas. C7 : 6; ;6 6 = 4968>=7 =6= ;7 ; =>;=:7 96;=7 <9=7 79@6 =6 76==>76 6=96 7 >7J?7 >7 = 9 @>9>=, 6>=:7 =9= =6 B:6. M6 ;7 )* 6 <79=96 84=>6 67 >7>=6 = = 9 69/; >?7 @>9>= B 497 = = 6; 9;>>?7 79<@>=. E6 4= ; =6 76==>76 7>67 /=9=6 B >76;B ;7= =>=>?7 :6 9>= B 8>7 = >7<=. Y= J67 ;7= <9=7 >=7= 76==>76 >7>==6 = 9 ; :;69=7 ; 6; >7J?7 6 @>7>=:7 8=>/ B :;B 8=/. E 79@6 =6 :96=6 7 76==9 ;7 66:= 84=> B >7>=9 = 9 47 = 9 4966 :46+ /7 =9= <=7=9 79 >7 = 47= = >9>= 6=9, =9= =99=9 >9>= 7 6 >6 :=7= /7 =9= =9 6=/= = >76;: 6 6;:769 ; 9>/7 6 76=/K :;>6 96 0;68>=7 = 7496?7 9 >7>7>= =:/7=.
Imagen 1. Instalación foto(oltaica conectada a red en na(e industrial
32
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
P=9= = >7J?7 = 9 6 ;= ;7 74969 ; >749 = >997 >77;= 6 =76 7 >997 =97=. E 74969 >;: =:6 9=6 8;7>76+ :79= 66:= B 6>7>= = 9 6 =B =<7 8;7> 7=:7 =79:=. L=6 :96=6 6>9 77 6 89:=6 >7>=96 = = 9+ -
6actración neta. L= >9>= 6=9 6 ;6= 9:9 =9= >76;: 9 B 6 J>76, 6 6 =B, 6 7B>=7 = = 9. E 66:= 84=> 6 >7>= >9>=
>7=9, 9 7 = >76;:9 9;>7 = 7>6= >:9=9 >9>=K 9 =7, 6:7;B = 8=>;9= = >:== @>9>= ; 6;:769= 6 = 79<= ; 7 =9=7 6 =76. C;=7 6 9;> ;7 J>7, 6= 9;>>?7 @>9>= 6 49 7 = 9 B ; 9>/9 = =98= 84=>= >99677. -
Tarifa foto$oltaica. E7 E6== = <6=>?7 /<= = =6 >:==6 @>9>=6 =
=>=9 = <79=>?7 ; >7>= 7 6;6 96 J67 ;7= =98= =9= 9>:76=9 9<7 84=>. E7 66 >=66 66:= 6=9 6 6; >7>=9 9>=:7 = = 9 @>9>=, : ; 6 7B>= 1** = 79<= 9;>=.
Imagen 24. 6ormas de cone7ión a red
E7 = 9>>=, =6 6 89:=6 <9=7 ; = >9 >= <79== 6= >76;:= 7 ;<=9 ; 6 9;>. S7 :/=9<, 87=7>9= B =:769=4=:7 67 6 >=66 :;B 676. E7 >=6 = 8=>;9=>?7 7=, 6 /7 ;7 =99 >76;: ;
33
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
7 >74= 77<;7= >=9<= /;9>9>=. E7 >=:/, 7 >=6 = =98= 84=>=, 6 7 ; :9 ;7= 8=>;9= B 6 7 ; 4=9 ;7= >7=/=. L=6 76==>76 84=>=6 76===6 7 =6 7=46 7;69=6, 67 ;7= 6;>?7 <79=>?7 >9>= :=79= 69/;= B= ; 967=7 = <9=7 47=0= ; 9;>7 = >9>= = 7 6 4= = >76;:9, :7=7 9=769 B =6 9=6 ; >74=. E7 ;7= 76==>?7 47= = 9, 6 9== :=9 = 9;>>?7 7 = =7;=, B 7 7;69= =;, 6 ;4= = ;7= 7>7=>?7 ?:= 3* 97=6 = 6;9. S7 :/=9<, =6;:7 ;7 6>76 7 = 9;>>?7 :76 5, :6 0;<=9 >7 ;7 :=9<7 7>7=>?7 B 97=>?7 = 6;9 /=6=7 =:, >;= => ; =6 76==>76 6 ;7 ;/>=9 7 9> >=:7 >;=;9 ;<=9. EJ6 = 6/= :=J:=9 = 9;>>?7 ;=7 6<;96 6=96, ; 67 69;>;9=6 :?46 ; 6 7>=9<=7 ; 6 :?;6 84=>6 6@7 6:9 7 ;7= 6>?7 :6 >9>=7= = = 97>;=9 6 9=B6 6. U7 6<;9 ; <9 6 = 6, B =:6 ; = 4=9=9 7<; 7>7=>?7 6 :?;6 6 06, ; =>=7=9 ;7 7>9:7 79<= 9;>=, B 7<966, =9J:==:7 ;7 3*. S7 :/=9<, =B ; 79 7 >;7= >6 =>7= 66 ;6 B ; 6;7 9;99 ;7 >9 :=77:7, 9 ; =B ; 6;=9 6; 97=/= =9= >== 9B>. P9 =>;=:7 = 79<= 6=9 84=>= 6 ;= 6/9 7 <9=76 =7=6 9;>>?7. E7 E6== 67:6 ;7= 69 B6 ; 6=/>7 6 >996 B 9;66 = =99 6 >;=6, >;=;9 967= 86>= 0;9>= ; 69 ;=9 ;7= 76==>?7 84=>= =9= 47= = 9. E Ral D+r(o 1$!2&& =:6 6>8>= 9> B >7>76 47=, =6 >: = /<=9= = >:== @>9>= >:9=, >;:7 >7 =6 6>8>=>76 @>7>=6 B 6<;9= 6=/>=6 V9 ==9= .%.. A 9==96 76==>76 @>9>=6 /=0= 76?7, /7 69 9===6 9 76==96 =;9=6, B >;:9 >7 9<=:7 >9@>7> /=0= 76?7.
34
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
$./.1. Eemplo de in(ersión
L6 >66 7496?7 :6 6<7 ASIF A6>=>?7 = I7;69= 84=>= 6>=7 79 "** W =9= 76==>76 <9=76 1** , B # W =9= 76==>76 ;=6 5 . L6 9>6 6 9897>=7 = 6 76==6, 9 7>;B7 >6 = = 76==>?7. U7= 76==>?7 1 >7 ;7= ;/>=>?7 ?:=,; 9;>9 1.5* = = 67 6 7<966 :6 ;76 "**W 9 76==. S 7>;:6 1* ;>>?7 86>= = ; 6 7 9> 9 9==96 749676 :=:/7=6, 997 = 7496?7 6 =9J:==:7 1* =6.
•
·
·
Datos para n e#emplo de in$ersión con financiación a 10 aos al 337 de interés Drante los die primeros aos los ingresos ei$alen a la de$olción del préstamo. A partir del ao 11 todo lo e ingresamos es 8eneficio.
Tala $. Eemplo de una instalación solar foto(olta ica
EJ6 = 6/= 6>=9 =B;=6 = 9=4@6 IDAE B AVEN, =;7; / = >9>7 7:9 6>;6, >== 4 6 :6 8> >76<;9=6.
35
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
L6 :?;6 84=>6 77 ;7= 4= :6 25 =6, B =>;=:7 6 8=/9>=76 <=9=7=7 ; 6;@6 25 =6, 97:7 69 = :76 %* 97:7 7>=.
"..
N*o mar+o lgal 0ara la r(r,7*+,-n ) la n rgía
/olar
fo(ool(a,+a< REAL DERETO 1$!2&& $.0.1. Introducción
E7 0; 2**% :769 I7;69= 9:? = = CNE C:6?7 N=>7= E79<= ;7 /99=9 R= D>9 6/9 79<= 84=>=. T9=6 =<;76 9;6, 6= 9;6= 6 74= 7 6:/9 = C760 E6= =9= 6; =9/=>?7. $.0.2. 8ue(o 9eal Decreto
A 87=6 2**" = 7>= 76=== 9= ;76 12* M2, 9 >=:/ 6=/> 9 RD ""12**# 7 =6 =98=6 ; = 76==>?7 <9=76 =7=6 9;>>?7 79<= 6=9 84=>= 8;9= :;B 97=/. S >:7=97 = 87=7>=9 9B>6 6/9 <9=76 6;98>6 7 6;, 89:= ; 7 =<6 2**# = CNE 789:=/= ; 6 =/= 6;9= B= %5 /04 7>=, B 6 94= ; 7 :=B 2**% = 7>= 76=== 69= =99 1*** M.
E 9/:= 6 <9=7 7>9:7, ; 9 9= =9 6 64 7 >;=7 = 9;>>?7 :676 CO 2, 6, 6<7 </97, ; >79/;B = 66=/ =9 66:= =98=9 @>9>, =>7 ; 6 7>9:7 =:= @8> =98=9.
P9 9= =9, =>;9 = RD ""12**# =9. 22, = =>=7=9 %5 /04 7>= 76===, 6 /= 80=9 ;7= 8>= 9=6 = >;= =6 7;4=6 76==>76 >/9=9=7 = 79<= <79== 6<7 9> 87= 9=9. P9 6 6;79= = ;/9= 6>9, ;< =/= ; 80=9 7;46 /046 7>= B = :6: : /;6>=9 ;7= 8?9:;= ; >9= 4;>7=9 =6 =98=6 >7 <9= 6=99 >7?<>. E6 >9, = 9=?7 ; 6 =B= 76== = >=7= 7>= 7 =7 > : 6 = <9=7 97=/=, 9 ;7= =9 /= = =;:7 =98=6 6=/>
36
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
7 RD ""12**#, B 9 9 = = :=B9 :=;9 :9>=. S9= 6/, 9 =7, ;7= /=0== =6 =98=6, ; 7>=9= 6;>76 8>4=6 B = :6: : 7 6/9>=9<=6 B= 9 6 8>=9 66:= =98=9. P=9= , = 7;4= 9<;=>?7, 6=/> 7;46 /046 7>= 76=== =7;=:7, ; ;7 7>9:7=96 6 6 6/9=6=7 6 >;6 6=/>6, 6:7;B7 7 = :6:= 99>?7 =6 =98=6. S =6;: 6= 89:= ; 76==9 :6 /04 6<78>= ; 7<> 6 97=/ B 9 =7 6 ; 6:7;9 = =98= =6= ;7 1* =7;= B =;:7=9 /04, =6= ; <; ;7 ::7 7 ; 6 6=/>. $.0.3. Tipos de instalaciones
9,: "stas de8er;n ser< -C8iertas o facadas de constrcciones fi#as cerradas ecas de materiales resistentes dedicadas a sos residencial de ser$icios comercial o indstrial y e dispongan de referencia catastral. -=8icadas so8re estrctras fi#as de soporte con so de c8ierta de aparcamiento o som8reamiento de ;reas y 8icados en parcela con referencia catastral r8ana.
Tala +. Tipos de instalaciones
S 67<;7 2 6 76==>76+ 6/9 8=>== >;/9= B 6/9 6;. L=6 9:9=6 6 47 7 ;=6 76==>76 =6= 2* B 7 <9=76 76==>76 :6 2* . L=6 7>=6 :J:=6 67 2 M 7 0= B 1* M 7 6;. E >; 7>= =9= 2**) 6 ** M. L=6 6 9>9=6 =96 2"# M =9= 0= B = 9>9= =9 133 M =9= 6;. L6 >;6 7>= =9= I 6 9=97 = 6<;7 89:=+ 1* =9= 76==>76 :76
37
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
2* B )* =9= 76==>76 :=B96. L6 >;6 6 6<;76 =6 6 >=>;=97 :=7 9897>= = 7>= /=6 >== 6;/. S 6=/>7 >;6 J9=97=96 =>7=6 7>= =9= 6; 1** M =9= 2**) B "* M =9= 2*1*. $.0.$. 9egistro de preasignación
T= =;= 76==>?7 ; ;9= 79 = 99/;>?7 >7:== 7 6 R= D>9 /9 76>9/9 9B> 7 R<69 9=6<7=>?7 99/;>?7. L=6 76>9>76 7 6 R<69 67 =6>==6 = ;7 9 :9= 9:69=. Con$ocatorias
S 6=/>7 >74>=9=6 =7;=6 =9= = 6>; 76>9>?7 7 9<69 9=6<7=>?7, ;7= 9 9:69. L=6 6 9:9=6 >74>=9=6 6 9==97 89:= 9=, = 9:9=, >99677 = 9:9 9:69 2**), 79 15 >;/9 B 15 74:/9 2**%, B = 6<;7=, >99677 = 6<;7 9:69 2**), 6 9==9 79 1" 74 :/9 B 31 79 2**). $.0.+. Modificación de las tarifas , cupos de pote ncia +odificación de las tarifas
A =99 = 6<;7= >74>=9= 76>9>?7 7 9<69 9=6<7=>?7, =6 =98=6 ;7 7>9:7=96 >9:7=96. E6 7 ; 6 =B= =>=7= 7 /04 7>= 6=/> 7 = >74>=9= =799. T7:6 3 6/=6+ = L= 7>= 9=6<7== 7 = >74>=9= =799 ;? 9 /=0 5* >; =9= =<7 6;/ 76==>?7. E7 6 >=6, 9=6 6 >74>=9=6 6;>64=6 7 =6 :6:=6 >7>76, 6 9= 7>9:7=9 = =98= 7 = :6:= 99>?7 7 ; 6 9;>9= 6 6 >;/96 >; :=7 R6;>?7 = S>9=9= G79= E79<=. P=9= 449 = 7>9:7=9 = =98= 79= ; =/9 2 7;4=6 >74>=9=6 ; ;=9=7 9 /=0 5* /04. / L= 7>= 9=6<7== 7 = >74>=9= =799 ;? 9 /=0 >;, 9 9 7>:= 5*. E7 6 >=6, = =98= 6 :=77.
38
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
> L= 7>= 9=6<7== 7 = >74>=9= =799 8; <;= 6;99 = >;. E7 6 >=6, = =98= 6 9;>, :;>7= 9 8=>9 A *,)1:, 67 : 7:9 >74>=9=6 =7;=6. S ;9=7 ;7 = 79 6 8;9=7 >;/97 6 6 >;6, 6/9=6=7 /04 7>=, = 9;>>?7 = >=/ =69= ;7 1*. S 9 >79=9 = 7>= 9=6<7== ;=9= 9 /=0 5* /04 ;9=7 ;7 = 79, 6 9= 7>9:7=9 =6= ;7 5. H=B ;7= J>>?7, B 6 ; = =98= =6 ;=6 76==>76 7 0= 6;/ I.1, :76 2* 7;7>= 9 69 7899 = = 76==>76 7 0= :6 <9=76 6;/ I.2, :6 2* . S 6< 7 :>=76: =799 6 9;09= :6, 6 <;==9= = = =98= =6 76= =>76 :6 2* . P9 9= =9, =6 =98=6 6 =>;==7 >7 IPC :76 25 =6= 2*12 B IPC :76 5* = =99 77>6 <;= ; >7 RD ""12**#. +odificación de los cpos de potencia
P=9= 6<;7 = B 6 6;>646, =6 7>=6 /=6 ;7 7>9:7=96 >9:7=96 >7 96> = =6 = =799, 7 = :6:= 99>?7 7 ; 6 =B= =>;:;= >9:7 7>9:7, 96>4=:7, =6 =98=6, 96> = =799. E6 >9, 6 6 =>=7=97 6 /046 7>= ;9=7 = =799, B 9 =7 = =98= 6 9;0 7 ;7 1*, 6 >;6 7>= =9= 7;4 =, 6 7>9:7=9=7 7 ;7 1*. Traspaso de potencia
E =7J IV 9<;= 6 6<;76 9=6=66 7>=+ −
D ;7 76==>?7 = 9, =9= = 6<;7 >74>=9=, >;=7 7 ;7= >74>=9= 7 6 >;/9= >; ;7 6 6 6 76==>76 = 7>= 7 >;/9= ;7 6 6 =6= = 9 . −
D 6 6 6 76==>76 =9= = 6<;7 >74>=9=, >;=7 7 ;7=
>74>=9= 7 6 >;/9= >; =:/6 6 76==>76.
39
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
Z D =<;7 6 6 6;/6 76==>7 6, >;=7 6 >=7>7 76==>76 76>9=6 94=:7 7 9<69 9=6<7=>?7, 7 :6: 6;/ ; 6;49= 76>9= = 76==>?7 >=7>==. E7 6 6 >=66, =6 7>=6 9=6=6==6 6 6;:=7 = =6 7>=6 /=6 >: 7>= =>7=. L= 7>= 9=6=6== = I 6 9=9 79 6 6 6;/6 6<7 6 9>7=06 =6 7>=6 /=6.
"..
Vn(a4a/ ,n +onn,n(/ ) la nrgía /olar fo(ool(a,+a
VENTA!AS MEDIO AM$IENTALES
·
N >7=:7=+ N 9;> :676 CO 2 7 96 <=66 >7=:7=76 = = =:?689=. N >76;: >:/;6/6.
·
N <79= 96;6.
·
N 9;> 9;6.
·
VENTA!AS TÉCNICO-SOCIO-ECONÓMICAS ·
S; 76==>?7 6 6:.
·
R;9 > :=77:7.
·
T77 ;7= 4= =9<= 6 =76 6=96 ;9=7 =9J:==:7 3* =6.
·
R66 >7>76 >:>=6 J9:=6+ <9=7, 4 7, :9=;9=, ;:=.
·
N J6 ;7= 77>= 6 =66 9;>96 >:/;6/6.
·
I76==>?7 7 7=6 9;9=6 [ 6=99 >7<=6 9=6.
·
S ;= 7 ;<=9 /=0 >76;: B 7 >=6=6 ;/>==6 7 =9=06 9;9=6 7 7 <= = 9 @>9>= <79=.
·
·
V7= J>76 >9>= = ;7= >:== @>9>=. T9= =;:7=9 = 7>= :=7 = 7>99=>?7 7;46 :?;6 84=>6.
INCONVENIENTES ·
E4= >6.
·
E6 :== / = 74 >76;: B 97:7.
40
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
·
E =:= 6 =76 6=96 9;9 ;7= <9=7 6;98> >==>?7.
·
I:=> 46;=.
·
E6>=6 6> 7 :9>=.
$ARRERAS PARA SU DESARROLLO ·
D >=9>9 74969+ I749676 7>=6 4== 6.
·
D >=9>9 >7?<>+ N>6= 7;46 6=996 >7?<>6.
·
D >=9>9 6>=+ F== 789:=>?7.
$. ONL%SIONES L= 79<= 6=9 6, = <;= ; 96 79<=6 974=/6, 7=<=/, :=, 96=/ >7 : =:/7 B 67=7 =6 /=66 ;7 =;=/=6>:7. A <;= ; 96 =6 79<=6 :=6, >79/;B = = 9;>>?7 :6?7 <=66 8> 7497=9 B 6>=:7 CO 2, =B;=7 = >;:9 6 >:9:66 =;96 9 P9> X B = 9<9 7;69 =7= >=:/ >:>. E6 9>6, 7 /6=7, 6==9 ; J67 =<;76 9/:=6 ; /:6 =897=9 B 6;9=9. A=9 =6 8>;=6 ; ;7= >= 79<@>= 6=9 =4=7== >74=9= 9 6 :6:=, =B ; 79 7 >;7= ; 6= 79<= 6 6:= = >77;=6 8;>;=>76 B = 4=9=>76 :6 :76 /9;6>=6. A6, 9 0:, = 9==>?7 6=9 6 :79 7 7497, 9>6=:7 >;=7 :6 = 7>6=:6.
E6 4= :9=7>= 96<;9 >7 6=99 = 7>7 >7<= >==>?7, =>;:;=>?7 B 69/;>?7 = 79<= 6=9, =7 @9:>= >: 84=>=, =9= >76<;9 =6 >7>76 ; = =<=7 874=:7 >:4=, = 6>== =7=9=.
41
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
'. BIBLIOGRA#ÍA -
E69=<= =99 B 8>7>= 79<@>= 7 E6== 2**-2*12. P=7 A>>?7
2**%-2*12. I76; =9= = D4968>=>?7 B A99 = E79<= M769 I7;69=, T;96: B C:9>. -
L=6 79<=6 974=/6 7 E6==. D=<7?6> B96>4=6. CENER. 2**".
-
M=7;= 8>7>= 79<@>=. $/>= E:96=9= C7> D=6. 2**#.
-
A99=9 79<= B 9<9 : =:/7. G;= 9>>= = OCU. 2**.
-
E8>7>= 79<@>= 7 8>6. F9=7>6> !=49 RB M=97 B EB V=6>
G?:. E9= ITES P=9=778, S.A. 2**" -
A>6= R;/, !6@. E79<= 6=9+ ;=>?7 B =94>=:7. E9=
P=9=778, 1)%3, M=9. -
M7 A. $. B M. P. A>=>76 = 79<= 6=9. E9= R49@, 1)%2,
$=9>7=. -
C79 E6;6 = E79<=. E 6, ;7 40 >7>+ 79;>>?7 = =
79<= 6=9. C79 E6;6 = E79<=, 1)%2, M=9. -
C79 E6;6 = E79<= S=9. L= 79<= 6=9+ =>=>76 9>>=6.
P9:9= G79= E6;6, 1))3, S4=. -
ATECYR. A>=>76 = 79<= 6=9 = /=0= :9=;9=. E9= I7J 1)##,
M=9. -
REAL DECRETO ""12**#, 25 :=B, 9 ; 6 9<;= = =>4=
9;>>?7 79<= @>9>= 7 9@<:7 6>=. -
REAL D>9 15#%2**%, 2" 6:/9, 99/;>?7 = =>4=
9;>>?7 79<= @>9>= :=7 >7<= 6=9 84=>= =9= 76==>76 6996 = = 8>= : :=77:7 = 99/;>?7 R= D>9 ""12**#, 25 :=B, =9= >= >7<=.
42
ENERGÍA SOLAR, TÉRMICA Y FOTOVOLTAICA
C>g,na/ F7 ) ,n(r5/ A<7>= I797=>7= = E79<= \\\.=.9< U7?7 E;9= +;9=.;6>=;6<661***.: M769 I7;69=, T;96: B C:9> +\\\.:B>.66-ESS94>6L<6=>7 +\\\.:B>.6E79<= I76; =9= = D4968>=>?7 B A99 = E79<= \\\.=.6 C:6?7 N=>7= = E79<= \\\.>7.6 C79 I746<=>76 E79<@>=6, M=:/7=6 B T>7?<>=6 \\\.>:=.6 C79 N=>7= E79<=6 R74=/6 \\\.>79.>: O8>7= E6== =9= C=:/ C:> \\\.::=.6>> O9=9 M9>= E@>9> \\\.:.6 A6>=>?7 N=>7= = I7;69= F4=>= \\\.=68.9< A6>=>?7 S=9 = I7;69= T@9:>= \\\.=6-6=9.>:
