Module No 4 of Ae (Be.mech Sem8)

4?22.4?24

BZVGNGDKEJ JIAKIJJTKIA

NGFZEJ NGFZEJ IG 6 )JEJLV )JEJLVTKL TKLBE BE \[\VJ \[\VJN N

NJLMBIKLBE JIAKIJ JIAKIJ JTKIA u Nt)Sbkdmbs S Ibk`

Bzvgngdkej Jiakijjtkia

N g fz fz ej ej i g 6 ) J ej ej l v tk t k l b e |{ |{ | v j n

2+ D b v v jt {

4+ Jejlvtg Jejlvtgikl ikl kaikvkg kaikvkgi i |{|v |{|vjn jn

<+ Lmbt Lmbtak akia ia |{| |{|vj vjn n

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F{ibng

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Bevjtibvgt

6+ \vbt \vbtvk vkia ia |{| |{|vj vjn n

DBVVJT[

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Sbkdmbs Skvmgdb Ibk`


R)28 . Fj|ltkdj Fj|ltkdj vmj dtkjc dtkjc gi vmj sbtkgz| sbtkgz| v{pj| v{pj| gc vmj dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{7 7 Bi|qj i|qjt8 t8 . DBVVJT[ 2) Dbvvjt{ k| gij gij gc gc vmj ng|v knpgtvbiv knpgtvbiv lgnpgijiv| lgnpgijiv| gc vmj vmj jivktj jivktj jejlvtklbe jejlvtklbe |{|vjn gc b sjmklej) 4) Vmj czilvkg czilvkgi| i| gc gc b dbvv dbvvjt{ jt{ btj b) Vg |vbtv |vbtv vmj jiak jiakij ij d) Vg blv b| b |vbdkekxjt |vbdkekxjt l) Vg |zppe{ |zppe{ jejlvtklb jejlvtklbee jijta{ jijta{ vg bllj||gtkj| bllj||gtkj| )

V[_J\ GC DBVVJT[ Vmj v{pj| gc dbvvjt{ btj 2) Ejbf Ejbf blkf blkf dbv dbvvj vjt{ t{ 4) Be`b Be`bekekij ij Dbv Dbvvj vjt{ t{ b) Ikl`je Ikl`je ktgi ktgi v{pj v{pj d) Ikl`je lbfnkzn lbfnkzn dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ <) Xkil Xkil.b .bkt kt dbvv dbvvjt jt{ {

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R)48 . J}pebki vmj vmj lgi|vtzlvkg lgi|vtzlvkgi i bif qgt`kia qgt`kia gc ejbf blkf blkf dbvvjt{7 dbvvjt{7

Bi|qj i|qjt8 t8 . EJBF BLKF DBVVJT[ Vmj ng|v qkfje{ z|jf dbvvjt{ k| vmj ejbf blkf v{pj) Gvmjt vmbi ejbf blkf dbvvjt{% be`bekij dbvvjt{ bif xkil bkt dbvvjt{ k| be|g z|jf) Vmj jejlvtklbe jijta{ ajijtbvjf d{ vmj lmbtakia |{|vjn k| lgisjtvjf kivg lmjnklbe jijta{ bif vmk| lmjnklbe jijta{ k| |vgtjf ki vmj dbvvjt{) Fztkia fk|lmbtakia% vmj |vgtjf |vgtjf lmjnklbe jijta{ k| lgis jtvjf kivg jejlvtklbe jijta{) Vmj nbhgt lgnpgijiv| gc b dbvvjt{ btj 2+ Lgivbk vbkijt 4+ _ebvj| <+ \jpb \jpbttbvgt bvgt| | 6+ Ljee Lgs Lgsjt :+ Jejl Jejlvt vtge ge{ {vj

2+ Lg Lgiv ivbk bkij ijt| t| b) Kv k| lgi|vtzlv lgi|vtzlvjf jf ki |kiaej |kiaej pkjlj pkjlj bif nbfj gc gc blkf tj|k|vbiv tj|k|vbiv gc mbtf tzddjt gt peb|vkl gt dkvznkigz| lgnpg|kvkgi) d) Kv k| fkskfjf fkskfjf d{ pbtvkvkgi| pbtvkvkgi| kivg kivg lgnpbtvnj lgnpbtvnjiv iv cgt kifkskfzbe kifkskfzbe ljee) ljee) l) Tkd| btj vmjtj vmjtj bv vmj vmj dgvvgn dgvvgn gc jblm jblm lgnpbt lgnpbtvnjiv) vnjiv) Vmj dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ pebvj| tj|v gi vmj|j tkd| f) Vmj |pblj |pblj djvqjji djvqjji vmj tkd btj ptgskf ptgskfjf jf gi lgeejlv lgeejlv |jfknji |jfknjiv|) v|) Vmk| nkiknkxj| vmj fbiajt gc |mgtv lktlzkv fzj vg |j fknjiv|)

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4+ Atkf Atkf| | bif bif pebv pebvj| j| b) Vmjtj btj btj vqg v{pj| v{pj| gc dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ pebvj|% vmj vmj pg|kvksj pg|kvksj bif vmj ijabvks ijabvksj) j) d) Cgt jblm pebvj vmjtj vmjtj k| b |zppgtvkia |zppgtvkia ctbnj ctbnj qgt` qgt` gt atkf atkf nbfj gc gc bi beeg{ beeg{ gc ejbf bif bivkngi{)Nbkivjibilj.ctjj dbvvjtkj| z|j bdgzv ?)2* lbelkzn ki|vjbf gc bivkngi{) l) Vmj czilvkgi czilvkgi gc atkf atkf k| vg mgef mgef vmj blvks blvksj j nbvjtkbe| nbvjtkbe| bif vg vg lbtt{ lzttjiv lzttjiv ki vmj pebvj|% pebvj|% qmklm qmklm lgi|k|v| lgi|k|v| gc mgtkxgivbe mgtkxgivbe # sjtvklbe sjtvklbe tkd|) f) Vmj blvks blvksj j nbvjtkb nbvjtkbe| e| ki vmj pg|kvks pg|kvksj j pebvj pebvj atkf atkf btj btj ejbf ejbf pjtg} pjtg}kfj kfj -_dG -_dG 4+ bif ki ijabvksj |pgia{ ejbf -_d+) j) B ig gc pg|kvk pg|kvksj sj pebv pebvj| j| btj btj ejbf ejbf dztiv dztiv vg b pg|v pg|v |vtbp |vtbp vg cgtn b pg|kvks pg|kvksj j pebvj atgzp% qmkej vmj ijabvksj pebvj pebv j atgzp lgivbki| gij pebvj ngtj vmbi vmj pg|kvksj atgzp |g vmbv dgvm |kfj| gc vmj pg|kvksj pebvj| lbi dj zvkekxjf gi qmklm atjbvjt jejlvtgi lmjnklb e blvkskv{ vb`j| peblj) peblj)

<) \jp \jpbtbvgt| gt| b) Vg bsgkf bsgkf fktjlv lgivblv lgivblv bif vmz| vmz| |mgtv |mgtv lktlzkvkia lktlzkvkia gc gc pg|kvksj pg|kvksj bif ijabvksj pebvj|% vmki |mjjv| gc |gnj |gnj igi .lgifzlvkia nbvjtkbe| btj ki|jtv ki|jtvjf jf djvqjji djvqjji vmjn) vmjn) d) Vmj|j Vmj|j |mjjv |mjjv| | btj lbeej lbeejf f |jpbtb |jpbtbvgt| vgt|)) l) Vmj|j Vmj|j btj btj nbfj nbfj ctgn ctgn vtjbvjf vtjbvjf qggf% qggf% jdgi jdgikvj% kvj% |kivjtj |kivjtjf f _SL) _SL) f) Vmj nbvjtkbe| nbvjtkbe| gc vmj |jpbtb |jpbtbvgt| vgt| nz|v nz|v dj |zccklkjive{ |zccklkjive{ pgtgz| pgtgz| gt pjtcgtb pjtcgtbvj vj vg beegq fkccz|kgi gc blkf) j) 6) Ljee lgsjt b) Ljee Ljee lgsjt lgsjt ptgsk ptgskfj| fj| b ljkek ljkekia ia cgt vmj vmj ljee| ljee|)) d) Jblm ljee ljee lgsjt lgsjt lgivbki| lgivbki| mgej| mgej| cgt vmj vmj pg|kvksj pg|kvksj bif ijabvks ijabvksj| j| pg|v| pg|v| % b sjiv bif ckeejt gpjikia|) l) Vmj sjiv sjiv beegq| vmj ab|j| ab|j| ptgfzljf ptgfzljf fztkia dbvvjt{ lmbtakia lmbtakia vg j|lbpj j|lbpj bif btj ptgskfjf ki vmj peza| vg lgsjt ckeejt gpjikia| qmklm btj be|g z|jf vg lmjl` |pjlkckl atbskv{ gc jejlvtge{vj) f) Ljee lgsjt| lgsjt| btj |jbejf |jbejf ki ki vmj lgivbkij lgivbkij t vg cgtn b ejb` ptggc ptggc hgkiv) hgkiv)

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:) Jejl Jejlvt vtge ge{ {vj b) Jejlvtge{vj Jejlvtge{vj z|jf z|jf ki ejbf ejbf blkf dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ k| b |gezvkgi |gezvkgi gc |zepmztkl |zepmztkl blkf) blkf) d) Kv lgivbki| lgivbki| bpptg} bpptg}knbvje{ knbvje{ gij pbtv pbtv gc |zepmzt |zepmztkl kl bl kf% 4 pbtv| pbtv| gc gc qbvjt d{ sgeznj) l) \pjlkckl \pjlkckl atbs atbskv{ kv{ gc vmj jejl jejlvtg vtge{v e{vj j k| `jpv zifj zifjtt lgi|k|vj lgi|k|vjiv iv gd|jts gd|jtsbvkg bvkgi i vg mbsj b ptgpjt qbvlm gsjt vmj |vbvj gc vmj dbvvjt{) Czee{ lmbtajf

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¾ Fk|lmbtajf

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Czee{ fk|lmbtajf fk|lmbtajf 8

2)22?

f) \pjlkckl atbskv{ atbskv{ be|g sbtkj| sbtkj| qkvm qkvm vjnpjtbvztj vjnpjtbvztj)) B| b tgzam tgzam azkfj% azkfj% 2= pgkiv| btj bffjf cgt jsjt{ 4:¿ j}lj|| gc vjnpjtbvztj bdgsj 2:¿L) 2:¿L)

Ngfzej Ig ?6

3



R)<8 R)<8 . Qtkvj Qtkvj b igvj igvj gi Lmbtaki Lmbtakia a |{| |{|vjn vjn Bi|qj i|qjt8 t8 . B) LMBTA LMBTAKIA KIA \[\VJN \[\VJN 2) Lmbtakia Lmbtakia |{|vjn |{|vjn k| tjrzktjf tjrzktjf vg tjlmbtaj tjlmbtaj vmj vmj dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ qmklm qmklm k| bi knpgtvbiv lgnpgijiv gc jejlvtklbe |{|vjn gc bi bzvgngdkej) 4) Lmbtakia Lmbtakia k| tjrzktjf tjrzktjf b| vmj lbpblkv{ lbpblkv{ gc b dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ vg |zppe{ |zppe{ lzttjiv lzttjiv k| k| eknkvjf vg vmj jijta{ |vgtjf ki kv ki vmj cgtn gc lmjnklbe jijta{) <) Dbvvjt{ |zppekj |zppekj| | vmj lzttjiv lzttjiv vg tzi tzi vmj |vbtvkia |vbtvkia ngvgt% ngvgt% sbtkgz| sbtkgz| ekamv| ekamv| bif mgti% jvl) 6) Vmj lmbtaki lmbtakia a |{|vjn |{|vjn ajijtbvj ajijtbvj| | jejlvtklk jejlvtklkv{ v{ vg tjlm btaj vmj dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ bif tzi gvmjt jejlvtklbe lgnpgijiv|)

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LGN_GIJIV\ GC B LMBTAKIA \[\VJN

Lmbtakia |{|vjn lgi|k|v| gc 8

2) Aj Ajijt ijtbv bvgt gt gt F{ibn F{ibng g Kv lgisjtv| njlmbiklbe jijta{ kivg jejlvtklbe jijta{)

4) Tjaz azeebvgt Kv lgivtge| lgivtge| vmj ajijtbvgt ajijtbvgt gzvpzv gzvpzv bllgtfkia bllgtfkia vg vmj ijjf) ijjf) Kv lgivtge| vmj lzttjiv gt sgevbaj)

< ) Tj e b { Kv k| z|jf vg lgivtge vmj cegq gc lzttjiv djvqjji ajijtbvgt bif dbvvjt{) Kv blv| blv| b| lktlzkv lktlzkv dtjb`jt) dtjb`jt)

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Dbvvjt{ Lmbtakia _tgljfztj 2) Lmjl` vmj jejlvtge{ jejlvtge{vj vj ejsje ki vmj dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ 4) Lgiijlv vmj pg|kvksj bif ijabvksj vjtnkibe| vg vmj tj|pjlvksj vjtnkibe gc vmj dbvvjt{ lmbtajt <) Bfhz|v vmj sbezj sbezj gc lmbtakia lmbtakia lzttjiv lzttjiv 6) @jjp b qbvlm gsjt vmj vjnpjtbvzt vjnpjtbvztj j gc vmj jejlvtge{vj jejlvtge{vj :) Tjlgtf vmj |pjlkckl atbskv{ atbskv{ bif vjnpjtbvztj mgzte{ mgzte{ 3) Ki lb|j |jsjtbe dbvvjtkj| mbsj vg dj dj lmbtajf |knzevbijgz|e{% vmj |bnj |bnj nb{ dj lgiijlvjf ki |jtkj|

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R)68 Ek|v vmj v{pj gc lmbtakia njvmgf) J}pebki vmjn7

Bi|qj i|qjt8 t8 . 

LMBTAKIA NJVMGF\ Vmj lmbtakia njvmgf| btj

B) Lmbta Lmbtakia kia njvm njvmgf| gf| 2) Lgi|vbi Lgi|vbivv sgevba sgevbaj j lmbtak lmbtakia ia 4) Lgi|v Lgi|vbi bivv lzttjiv lzttjiv lmbt lmbtak akia ia D) V{pj V{pj| | gc Lmbtak Lmbtakia ia 2) \egq \egq tbv tbvj j lmbt lmbtak akia ia 4) Rzkl` Rzkl` tbvj tbvj lmbt lmbtak akia ia <) Vtkl Vtklè èj j lmbt lmbtak akia ia 6) Ft{ Ft{ Lmb Lmbta taki kia a 2) \egq \egq tbv tbvj j lmb lmbta taki kia a b) Gtfkibt{ Gtfkibt{ dbvvjtkj| dbvvjtkj| btj btj lmbtajf lmbtajf d{ |egq |egq tbvj lmbtakia lmbtakia njvmgf) njvmgf) d) Kv vb`j| 24 vg 4? mgzt| vg lgnpejvj lgnpejvj bif vmj lmbtakia lmbtakia lzttjiv lzttjiv k| jrzbe jrzbe vg vmj izndjt gc pg|kvksj pebvj| pjt ljee)

4) Rzk Rzkl` l` tbvj tbvj lmbt lmbtaki akia a b) Ki rzkl` tbvj tbvj lmbtakia lmbtakia njvmgf% njvmgf% b mkam lmbtaki lmbtakia a lzttjiv lzttjiv -b| mkam mkam b| 2??B+ k| z|jf vkee vmj dbvvjt{ lgnj| vg bdgzv =?* gc lmbtaj ejsje) d) Vmj tjnbkiki tjnbkikia a lmbtak lmbtakia ia ptglj| ptglj|| | k| ckik|mjf ckik|mjf d{ d{ |egq |egq tbvj tbvj njvmg njvmg f)

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<) Vtkl Vtklè èj j Lmb Lmbta taki kia a b) B| vmj dbvvjtkj| dbvvjtkj| ejcv ki vmj vmj |vgtbaj |vgtbaj cgt egia egia pjtkgf| pjtkgf| gc gc vknj btj |zdhjlvjf vg |jec fk|lmbtaj% lgivkizgz| lmbtakia bv sjt{ egq eg q lmbtakia tbvj gc bdgzv :* gc igtnbe i gtnbe lmbtakia lzttjiv mb| djji jnpeg{jf cgt `jjpkia ki ptgpjt lgifkvkgi) d) Vtklèj lmbtakia lmbtakia k| igtnbee{ igtnbee{ fgij fgij gi fb{ vknj vknj gie{) gie{) 6) Ft{ Ft{ Lm Lmbt btak akia ia b) Ft{ Lmbtajf Lmbtajf Dbvvjtkj| Dbvvjtkj| fg fg igv lgivbki lgivbki bi{ bi{ jejlvtge{ jejlvtge{vj% vj% dzv vmjkt vmjkt pebvj| pebvj| btj betjbf{ lmbtajf) d) Vmj sjiv sjiv mgej| btj leg|jf leg|jf d{ peza| peza| |g |g vmbv ig ig ngk|vztj ngk|vztj jivjt| jivjt| vmj dbvvjt{) l) Vmj jejlvtge jejlvtge{vj {vj k| |zppek |zppek jf ki |jpbtbvj |jpbtbvj blkf ptggc ptggc lbtvgi|) lbtvgi|) f) Qmji vmj vmj dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ mb| vg dj z|jf% z|jf% jejlvtge{ jejlvtge{vj vj k| ckeejf ckeejf bif beegqjf beegqjf vg |vbif cgt 2 vg 4 mgzt|)

Ngfzej Ig ?6

2?



R):8 R):8 . Qtkvj Qtkvj b igvj igvj gi Dbvvjt{ Dbvvjt{ Lbpblkv Lbpblkv{ { Bi|qj i|qjt8 t8 . DBVVJT[ LB_BLKV[ 2+ Dbvvjt{ lbpblkv{ lbpblkv{ k| b njb|ztj njb|ztj gc vmj lmbta lmbta j |vgtjf |vgtjf d{ vmj vmj dbvvjt{% dbvvjt{% bif k| k| fjvjtnkijf d{ vmj nb|| gc blvksj nbvjtkbe n bvjtkbe lgivbkijf ki vmj dbvvjt{) 4+ Vmj dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ lbpblkv{ lbpblkv{ tjptj|ji tjptj|jiv| v| vmj nb}knzn nb}knzn bngziv bngziv gc jijta{ jijta{ vmbv lbi lbi dj j}vtblvjf ctgn vmj dbvvjt{ zifjt ljtvbki |pjlkckjf lgifkvkgi|) <+ Vmj ng|v lgnngi lgnngi njb|ztj gc gc dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ lbpblkv{ lbpblkv{ k| Bnpjtj Bnpjtj Mgzt| Mgzt| -Bm+% -Bm+% fjckijf b| vmj izndjt gc mgzt| cgt c gt qmklm b dbvvjt{ lbi ptgskfj b lzttjiv jrzbe vg vmj fk|lmbtaj tbvj bv vmj ignkibe sgevbaj gc vmj dbvvjt{)

R)38 R)38 . Qtkvj Qtkvj b igvj igvj gi Dbvvjt{ Dbvvjt{ Tbvkia| Tbvkia|

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DBVVJT[ TBVKIA

b) Tbvkia gc b dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ k| fjvjtnkijf fjvjtnkijf d{ d{ vmj vmj lzttjiv lzttjiv kvkv lbi ptgfzlj ptgfzlj bif bif vmj vknj cgt qmklm kv lbi |z|vbki vmk| lzttjiv )

2+ 4? Mgzt Mgzt Tbvj Tbvj Kv tjptj|jiv| vmj tbvj gc lzttjiv b dbvvjt{ lbi fjeksjt lgivkizgz|e{ cgt 4? mgzt| bcvjt qmklm vmj ljee sgevbaj |mgzef igv ftgp djegq 2)1:s

4+ 4? Nki Nkizv zvj j Tbvk Tbvkia ia Kv tjptj|jiv| vmj tbvj gc lzttjiv b dbvvjt{ lbi fjeksjt lgivkizgz|e{ cgt 4? nkizvj bcvjt qmklm vmj ljee sgevbaj igv ftgppkia djegq 2):s <+ Tj|j Tj|jts tsj j Lbpbl Lbpblkv kv{ { Kv k| vmj vknj ki nkizvj| cgt qmklm vmj dbvvjt{ lbi |zppe{ 4: Bnpjtj| bv 4:¿L qkvmgzv qkvmgz v vmj ljee sgevbaj cbeekia djegq 2)1:s

6+ Lgef Lgef Tbvk Tbvkia ia Kv tjptj|jiv| vmj lzttjiv ki bnpjtj| qmklm dbvvjt{ lbi |zppe{ lgivkizgz|e{ cgt
Ngfzej Ig ?6

22



R)18 R)18 . Qtkvj Qtkvj b igvj gi Dbvvj Dbvvjt{ t{ jcckl jccklkjil kjil{7 {7

Bi|qj i|qjt8 t8 .

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DBVVJT[ JCCKLKJIL[ Vmj jccklkjil{ gc b dbvvjt{ lbi dj lbelzebvjf jkvmjt b| vmj bnpjtj mgzt jccklkjil{ gt vmj Qbvv mgzt jccklkjil{)

Bm jccklkjil{ > -B m fk|lmbtakia'B m lmbtakia+ } 2??* * BM >P Kf Vf'KlVl^Ñ2?? Kf > Fk|lmbtakia Lzttjiv Vf >Fk|lmbtakia vknj Kl > Lmbtakia lzttjiv Vl > Lmbtakia vknj

Bv vmj 4? mgzt tbvj vmj bnpjtj mgzt jccklkjil{ lbi dj bdgzv ;? pjtljiv) Vmk| jccklkjil{ ckaztj k| ajijtbee{ j}ptj||jf b| kv| tjlkptglbe% lbeejf vmj lmbtaj cblvgt) Ki vmk| j}bnpej vmj lmbtaj cblvgt k| bdgzv 2)2)

Qbvv Mgzt Jccklkjil{>-G Jccklkjil{>-Gzvpzv zvpzv ki Qbvv mgzt'Kipzv mgzt'Kipzv ki Qbvv Mgzt+Ñ2??*

*QM >PSf Kf Vf'SlKlVl^Ñ2?? Sf>Bsjtbaj fk|lmbtakia sgevbaj Sl>Bsjtbaj lmbtakia sgevbaj Be|g *QM >BM ÑPSf 'Sl^

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R)=8 R)=8 . Qtkvj Qtkvj b igvj igvj gi Be`bek Be`bekij ij Dbvvjt{ Dbvvjt{7 7

Bi|qjt8 Bi|qjt8 BE@BEK BE@BEKIJ IJ DBVVJT[ DBVVJT[ Be`bekij Be`bekij dbvvjtkj| dbvvjtkj| btj btj gc vqg v{pj|% v{pj|% vmj vmj Jfk|gi Jfk|gi v{pj v{pj gt vmj vmj ikl` je “ ktgi v{pj v{pj bif vmj ikl`je ikl`je “ lbfnkzn lbfnkzn v{pj) Vmj lgi|vtzlvkg lgi|vtzlvkgi i gc vmj|j k| |knkebt |knkebt j}ljpv j}ljpv cgt blvksj nbvjtkbe|) Mgqjsjt% gie{ vmj ebvvjt v{pj k| |zkvbdej cgt bzvgngdkej |jtsklj)

Vmj db|kl lgi|vtzlvkgi gc be`bekij dbvvjt{ k| |knkebt vg vmbv gc ejbf blkf dbvvjt{) Ki dgvm vmj ikl`je.ktgi bif ikl`je.lbfnkzn v{pj% vmj blvksj nbvjtkbe gi pg|kvksj pebvj| k| ikl`je m{ftg}kfj) Gi ijabvksj pebvj|% kv k| njvbeekl ktgi gi ikl`je.ktgi ljee bif lbfnkzn g}kfj gi ikl`je .lbfnkzn ljee) Vmj jejlvtge{vj z|jf k| pgvb||kzn m{ft g}kfj |gezvkgi) Vmj blvksj nbvjtkbe cgt pg|kvksj b| qjee b| ijabvksj pebvj| k| lgivbkijf ki ckije{ pjtcgtbvjf |vjje vzdj|% qmklm lgndkij vg cgtn b pebvj) Fzj vg vmk| tjb|gi% jsji zifjt |jsjtj hgev|% ig blvksj nbvjtkbe k| eg|v ctgn vmj pebvj| bif bif vmz| ig |j fknjiv k| ptgfzljf)

Vmj jejlvtge{vj fgj| igv vb`j pbtv ki lmjnklbe tjblvkgi| gi lmbtakia gt fk|lmbtakia fk|lmbtakia%% ziek`j ki vmj ejbf “blkf dbvvjtkj| dbvvjtkj| )Kv| |pjlkckl |pjlkckl atbskv{ tjnbki|% tjnbki|% vmjtjcgtj% lgi|vbiv bv bdgzv 2)4?) Cgt vmk| tjb|gi% |nbeejt rzbivkvkj| gc vmj jejlvtge{vj btj tjrzktjf) Mgqjsjt fzj vg vmj |bnj tjb|gi% vmjtj k| ig kifklbvkgi gc |vbvj gc lmbtaj gc vmj dbvvjt{)

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BFSBIBVAJ\

Vmj bfsbivbaj| gc vmj be`bekij dbvvjt{ gsjt vmj ejbf blkf v{pj btj8 2+ Be`bekij Be`bekij dbvvjt dbvvjt{ { k| ekamvjt ekamvjt vmbi vmbi ejbf ejbf “blkf “blkf dbvv dbvvjt{ jt{)) 4+ Kv k| njlmbi njlmbiklb klbee{ ee{ sjt{ sjt{ |vtgi |vtgia a # lbi |vbi |vbif f sjt{ sjt{ tgzam tgzam z|j) z|j) <+ Vmj tbvj gc lmbtaki lmbtakia a lbi dj nzlm nzlm mkamjt mkamjt ki lb|j gc gc be`bekij be`bekij dbvvjt{) dbvvjt{)

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6+ Vmj fk|lmbtaj fk|lmbtaj tbvj qmji qmji ejcv |vbifkia |vbifkia k| k| sjt{ egq b| lgnpbtjf lgnpbtjf vg Ejbf Ejbf blkf v{pj% |kilj vmj blvksj nbvjtkbe| btj ki|gezdej ki vmj jejlv tge{vj )Vmjtjcgtj vmj dbvvjt{ mb| agv nzlm egiajt |mjec ekcj) :+ Lgnpbtb Lgnpbtbvks vksje{ je{ egia egiajt jt ekcj ekcj -2?.2: {jbt| {jbt| + 

FK\BFSBIVBAJ\ Vmj fk|bfsbivba fk|bfsbivbaj| j| gc vmj be`bekij dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ btj8

2+ Vmj sgevbaj sgevbaj gc jblm jblm ljee ki vmj be`bekij be`bekij dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ k| k| gie{ 2)4 b| b| lgnpbtjf lgnpbtjf vg 4 sgev| cgt b ejbf blkf ljee) ljee) Cgt vmk| tjb|gi tjb|gi cgt b 3 sgev dbvvjt{ : ljee| ljee| qkee dj tjrzktjf b| babki|v < ljee| gc vmj ejbf blkf v{pj ) 4+ Fzj vg tjebvksje{ tjebvksje{ mkamjt mkamjt kivjtibe kivjtibe tj|k|vbil tj|k|vbilj% j% vmj jccklkjil{ jccklkjil{ gc gc vmj be`bekij be`bekij dbvvjt{ k| |ekamve{ egqjt vmbi vmbv gc vmj ejbf bllznzebvg t) <+ Kikvkbe lg|v lg|v k| mkamjt mkamjt lgnpbtjf lgnpbtjf vg vmj ejbf ejbf blkf dbvvjt{) dbvvjt{)

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KAIKV KGI \[\VJN V[_J\

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Lgisjlvkgibe Kaikvkgi |{|vjn|

2+ Db|klbee{ Db|klbee{ Lgisjlvkg Lgisjlvkgibe ibe Kaikvkgi Kaikvkgi |{|vjn |{|vjn| | btj gc 4 v{pj| v{pj| 8

B) Dbvvjt{ Dbvvjt{ gt gt Lgke Kaik Kaikvkgi vkgi \{|vjn% \{|vjn% bif bif

D) Nbaijvg Nbaijvg Kaikvkg Kaikvkgi i \{|vj \{|vjn) n)

4+ Dgvm vmj|j vmj|j lgisjivkgibe% lgisjivkgibe% kaikvkgi kaikvkgi |{|vjn| |{|vjn| qgt` gi gi nzvzbe jejlvtgn jejlvtgnbaijv baijvkl kl kifzlvkgi ptkilkpej)

<+ Dbvvjt{ kaikvkgi kaikvkgi |{|vjn |{|vjn qb| qb| ajijtbee{ ajijtbee{ z|jf ki 6 .qmjjejt|% .qmjjejt|% dzv dzv igq.b.fb{| igq.b.fb{| kv k| ngtj lgnngie{ z|jf ki 4 .qmjjejt| be|g -k)j) Dzvvgi |vbtv% 4 .qmjjejt| ek`j _ze|bt% @kijvkl @kijvkl Mgifb0 Mgifb.Blvksb% Mgifb.Blvksb% \lggv{% \lggv{% Ckjtg% jvl)+) jvl)+)

Ki vmk| lb|j 3 S gt 24 S dbvvjtkj| qkee |zppe{ ijlj||bt{ lzttjiv ki vmj ptknbt{ qkifkia)

6+ Nbaijvg Nbaijvg kaikvkgi kaikvkgi |{|vjn |{|vjn k| nbkie{ nbkie{ z|jf z|jf ki 4 .qmjjejt|% .qmjjejt|% `kl` `kl` |vbtv |vbtv jiakij|) jiakij|) -J}bnpej% -J}bnpej% Dbhbh \lggvjt|% \lggvjt|% Dg}jt% Dg}jt% Sklvgt% \pejifgt% \pejifgt% _b||kgi% _b||kgi% jvl)+)

:+ Ki vmk| lb|j lb|j nbaijvg nbaijvg qkee ptgfzlj ptgfzlj bif bif |zppe{ lzttjiv lzttjiv vg vmj ptknbt{ ptknbt{ qkifkia) \g ki nbaijvg kaikvkgi k aikvkgi |{|vjn nbaijvg tjpeblj| vmj dbvvjt{)

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B) DBVVJT[ DBVVJT[ KAIKVKGI KAIKVKGI \[\VJN \[\VJN

2) Ckaztj Ckaztj |mgq| |mgq| ekij ekij fkbatb fkbatbn n gc dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ kaikvkg kaikvkgi i |{|vj |{|vjn n cgt b 6 .l{eki .l{ekifjt fjt pjvtge pjvtge jiakij) 4) Kv nbkie{ lgi|k|v| lgi|k|v| gc b 3 gt gt 24 sgev sgev dbvvjt{% dbvvjt{% bnnjvjt% bnnjvjt% kaikvkgi kaikvkgi |qkvlm% |qkvlm% Bzvg.vtbi|cgtnjt -|vjp zp vtbi|cgtnjt+% lgivblv dtjb`jt% lbpblkvgt% fk|vtkdzvgt tgvgt% fk|vtkdzvgt lgivblv pgkiv|% |pbt` peza|% jvl)

Ckaztj8 Dbvvjt{ Kaikvkgi Kaikvkgi \{|vj n

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<) Vmj kaikv kaikvkgi kgi |{|vj |{|vjn n k| fkskfj fkskfjf f kivg 4 .lktlzk .lktlzkv| v| 8

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_tknbt{ Lktlzkv8 b+ Kv lgi|k|v| lgi|k|v| gc 3 gt 24 S dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{%% bnnjvjt% bnnjvjt% kaikvkgi kaikvkgi |qkvlm% |qkvlm% ptknbt{ ptknbt{ qkifkia kv mb| 4??.
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\jlgifbt{ \jlgifbt{ Lktlzkv8 Lktlz kv8 b+ Kv lgi|k|v| lgi|k|v| gc |jlgifbt{ |jlgifbt{ qkifkia qkifkia)) \jlgifbt{ \jlgifbt{ qkifkia qkifkia lgi|k|v| lgi|k|v| gc bdgzv bdgzv 42??? vzti| gc 6? -\ QA+ Q A+ abzaj qktj) d+ Dgvvgn jif jif gc qmklm k| lgiijl lgiijlvjf vjf vg dgvvgn dgvvgn jif gc gc ptknbt{ bif vgp jif jif gc |jlgifbt{ qkifkia k| lgiijlvjf vg ljivtj gc fk|vtkdzvgt tgvgt) l+ Fk|vtkdzvgt Fk|vtkdzvgt tgvgt| tgvgt| tgvbvj tgvbvj bif nb`j nb`j lgivblv| lgivblv| qkvm qkvm lgivblv lgivblv pgkiv| pgkiv| bif bif btj lgiijlvjf vg |pbt` peza| qmklm btj ckvvjf ckv vjf ki l{ekifjt mjbf| -jiakij jbtvm+)

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Qgt`kia8

2+ Qmji vmj kaikvkgi kaikvkgi |qkvlm |qkvlm k| leg|jf leg|jf bif jiakij jiakij ki ki ltbi`jf% ltbi`jf% b| |ggi |ggi b| vmj lgivblv lgivblv dtjb`jt leg|j|% leg|j|% b egq sgevbaj sgevbaj lzttjiv qkee cegq vmtgzam vmtgzam vmj ptknbt{ ptknbt{ qkifkia) Kv k| be|g vg dj igvjf vmbv vmj lgivblv djb`jt lbn gpji| bif leg|j| vmj vmj lktlzkv 6.vknj| -cgt 6 l{ekifjt|+ l{ekifjt|+ ki gij tjsgezvkgi tjsgezvkgi)) 4+ Qmji Qmji vmj lgivb lgivblv lv dtjb`j dtjb`jtt gpji| gpji| vmj lgivb lgivblv% lv% vmj vmj nbaijv nbaijvkl kl ckjef ckjef djaki| djaki| vg lgeebp|j) Djlbz|j gc vmk| vmk| lgeebp|kia nbaijvkl ckjef% lzttjiv lzttjiv qkee dj kif zljf ki vmj |jlgifbt{ |jlgifbt{ qkifkia qkifkia bif djlbz|j gc ngtj vzti| vzti| -O 42??? 42??? vzti|+ gc |jlgifbt{% |jlgifbt{% sgevbaj sgevbaj agj| agj| zp vg 4=???.
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D) NBAIJVG KAIKVKGI \[\VJN

2) Nbaijvg Nbaijvg k| b ajijtbv ajijtbvgt gt qmklm qmklm k| ftksji ftksji d{ jiakij jiakij vg ptgfzl ptgfzlj j jejlvtkl jejlvtkl lzttjiv) Vmj nbaijvg kaikvkgi |{|vjn mb| |jec |zd|vbivkbe |gztlj gc jejlvtkl lzttjiv mjilj fg igv tjrzktj dbv vjt{) 4) B nbaijvg nbaijvg qmji tgvbvj bv mkam |pjjf d{ vmj jiakij k| k| lbpbdej lbpbdej gc ajijtbvkia mkam sgevbaj tjrzktj| vg ptgfzlj vmj |pbt`) <) Kv lgi|k|v| lgi|k|v| gc btnbvzt btnbvztj j dzkev zp zp gc ebnkibvjf ebnkibvjf gc |gcv ktgi ktgi pebvj pebvj bif qgzi qgzi qkvm ki|zebvjf ki|zebvjf lgppjt lgppjt qktj qktj bif b ebnkibvjf ebnkibvjf |gcv |gcv ktgi pgee bvvblmjf bvvblmjf vg pjtnbijiv nbaijv)

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6) Nbaijvg Nbaijvg |{|vjn |{|vjn k| gc gc vmtjj vmtjj v{pj| v{pj| b) Tgvbv Tgvbvki kia a nbai nbaijv jvg g v{p v{pj j Vmj btnbvztj k| |vbvkgibt{ bif nbaijv tgvbvj|) d) Tgvbv Tgvbvki kia a btnb btnbvzt vztj j v{pj v{pj Ki vmk| |{|vjn btnbvztj tgvbvj| djvqjji vmj pgej| gc nbaijv l) _ge _gebt v{pj v{pj Ki vmk| v{pj dgvm btnbvztj bif nbaijvg btj |vbvkgibt{ bif vmj pgej pkjlj| tgvbvj) :) Tgvbvkia nbaijvg nbaijvg v{pj kaikvkgi kaikvkgi |{|vjn |{|vjn mb| vmj vmj cgeegqkia cgeegqkia nbki nbki pbtv| pbtv| b) Bi jejlvtklbe jejlvtklbe ajijtbvgt ajijtbvgt qkvm qkvm pjtnbijiv pjtnbijiv ckjef nbaijv| nbaijv| bif bif tgvbvkia tgvbvkia btnbvztj qmklm ptgfzlj| bevjtibvkia lzttjiv) d) Bi kifzlvkgi kifzlvkgi lgke lgke qkvm ptknbt{ ptknbt{ bif |jlgifbt{ |jlgifbt{ qkifkia qkifkia qgzif gi btnbvztj) l) Lgivblv dtjb`jt dtjb`jt pgkiv| pgkiv| vg lzv lzv gcc vmj ptknbt{ ptknbt{ lktlzkv lktlzkv bif lgifji| lgifji|jt) jt) f) B fk|vtkdzvgt fk|vtkdzvgt qmklm qmklm fk|vtkdzvj| fk|vtkdzvj| mkam vji|kgi vji|kgi lzttji lzttjivv vg |pbt` |pbt` peza) peza)

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Qgt`kia gc Nbaijvg kaikvkgi |{|vjn

2+ Vmj gpjtbvkgi gpjtbvkgi gc gc vmj nba nba ijvg kaikvkgi kaikvkgi |{|vjn |{|vjn k| |bnj b| b| dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ kaikvkgi kaikvkgi |{|vjn 4+ Ki vmk| |{|vjn |{|vjn b| nbaijv nbaijv tjsgesj| tjsgesj| bif bif tbpkf lmbiaj lmbiaj gc nbaijvk nbaijvkl l cez} ki lgke vb`j| peblj) <+ Nbaijvg Nbaijvg cez} sbtkj| sbtkj| ctgn b pg|kvksj pg|kvksj nb}knzn nb}knzn vg ijabvks ijabvksj j nb}knzn nb}knzn bif dbl` babki) 6+ Vmk| tbpkf tbpkf sbtkbvkgi sbtkbvkgi gc gc nbaijvkl ckjef kifzlj| kifzlj| b lzttjiv lzttjiv ki ptknbt{ ptknbt{ qkifkia qkifkia gc vmj lgke) :+ Qmji lgivblv lgivblv dtjb`jt dtjb`jt pgkiv pgkiv btj gpjijf gpjijf vmj vmj nbaijvkl nbaijvkl cez} lgeebp| lgeebp|j| j| ptgfzlkia mkam sgevbaj |pbt` ki |pbt` peza) 3+ Vmj lgivblv lgivblv dtjb`jt dtjb`jt pgkiv| pgkiv| btj gpjijf gpjijf bif bif leg|jf qkvm qkvm vmj mjep mjep gc lbn)

Ngfzej Ig ?6

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FTBQDBL@\ -FK\BFSBIVBAJ\+ GC LGISJIVKGIBE KAIKVKGI \[\VJN\ Cgeegqkia btj vmj ftbqdbl`| gc lgisjivkgibe kaikvkgi |{|vjn|8

2+ Djlbz|j Djlbz|j gc btlkia% btlkia% pkvvkia gc gc lgivblv dtjb`j dtjb`jtt pgkiv bif bif qmklm qkee qkee ejbf vg tjazebt nbkivjibilj ptgdejn|)

4+ _ggt |vbtvk |vbtvkia8 ia8 Bcvjt Bcvjt cjq vmgz|b vmgz|bif| if| gc `kegnjv `kegnjvjt| jt| gc tziiki tziikia% a% vmj vknkia vknkia djlgnj| kibllztbvj% qmklm tj|zev| kivg pggt |vbtvkia -\vbtvkia vtgzdej+)

<+ Bv sjt{ mkam mkam jiakij jiakij |pjjf% pjtcgtn pjtcgtnbilj bilj k| pggt pggt djlbz|j djlbz|j gc kijtvkb kijtvkb jccjlv| gc vmj ngskia pbtv| ki vmj |{|vjn)

6+ \gnjvknj| \gnjvknj| kv k| igv igv pg||kdej pg||kdej vg pt pt gfzlj |pbt` |pbt` ptgpjte ptgpjte{ { ki cgzejf cgzejf |pbt` |pbt` peza|)

Ki gtfjt vg gsjtlgnj vmj|j ftbqdbl`| Jejlvtgikl Kaikvkgi |{|vjn k| z|jf) 

BFSBIVBAJ\ GC JEJLVTGIKL KAIKVKGI \[\VJN Cgeegqkia Cgeegqkia btj vmj bfsbivbaj| bfsbivbaj| gc jejlvtgikl kaikvkgi kaikvkgi |{|vjn 8

2+ Ngskia Ngskia pbtv| pbtv| btj btj bd|jiv bd|jiv.|g .|g ig nbki nbkivji vjibil bilj) j) 4+ Lgivblv Lgivblv dtjb`jt dtjb`jt pgkiv| btj bd|jiv bd|jiv.|g .|g ig ig btlkia) btlkia) <+ \pbt` peza peza ekcj kiltjb| kiltjb|j| j| d{ :?* :?* bif vmj{ vmj{ lbi lbi dj z|jf z|jf cgt bdgzv bdgzv 3???? `n qkvmgzv bi{ ptgdejn) 6+ Djvvjt lgndz| lgndz|vkgi vkgi ki lgndz|vkgi lgndz|vkgi lmbndjt% lmbndjt% bdgzv bdgzv ;? ;? .;:* gc gc bkt czje czje nk}vztj nk}vztj k| dztiv dztiv lgnpbtjf lgnpbtjf qkvm qkvm 1?.1:* qkvm lgisji lgisjivkgibe vkgibe kaikvkgi kaikvkgi |{|vjn) :+ Ngtj Ngtj pgqj pgqjtt gzv gzvpzv pzv)) 3+ Ngtj Ngtj czje czje jcckl jccklkj kjil il{) {)

Ngfzej Ig ?6

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V[_J\ GC JEJLVTGIKL KAIKVKGI \[\VJN

Jejlvtgikl Kaikvkgi \{|vjn k| b| cgeegq 8

2+ Lbpblk Lbpblkvbi vbilj lj Fk|lmbt Fk|lmbtaj aj Kaikvkgi Kaikvkgi |{|vj |{|vjn n

4+ Vtbi| Vtbi|k| k|vg vgtk tkxj xjf f |{|v |{|vjn jn

<+ _kjxg.je _kjxg.jejlvt jlvtkl kl Kaikvkgi Kaikvkgi |{|vjn |{|vjn

6+ Vmj Vj}blg Vj}blg Kaikvkg Kaikvkgi i |{|vj |{|vjn n

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B) Lbpblkv Lbpblkvbil bilj j Fk|lmbt Fk|lmbtaj aj Kaikvkgi Kaikvkgi \{|vjn \{|vjn -LFK+ -LFK+

2+ Kv nbk nbkie{ ie{ lgi| lgi|k| k|v| v| gc gc b+ 3.24 3.24 S dbvvjt dbvvjt{% {% kaik kaikvkgi vkgi |qkvlm |qkvlm d+ FL vg vg FL lgi lgisj sjtv tvgt gt l+ Lmbt Lmbtak akia ia tj|k tj|k|v |vbil bilj j f+ Vbi` Vbi` lbpb lbpblk lkvg vgtt j+ \keklgi \keklgi Lgiv Lgivtgee tgeejf jf Tjlvk Tjlvkckjt ckjt -\LT+ -\LT+ c+ \LT.vtkaajtkia \LT.vtkaajtkia fjsklj a+ \vjp \vjp zp zp vtb vtbi| i|cg cgtnj tnjtt m+ \pbt \pbt` ` peza peza|) |)

Ckaztj8 Lbpblkv{ Fk|lmbtaj Kaikvkgi \{|vjn

4+ B 3.24 sgev dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ k| lgiijlv lgiijlvjf jf vg FL vg FL lgisjtvj lgisjtvjtt k)j) pgqjt pgqjt lktlzkv vmtgzam vmj kaikvkgi |qkvlm% qmklm k| fj|kaijf vg aksj gt kiltjb|j vmj sgevbaj sgevbaj vg 4:?.<:? 4:?.<:? sgev|) sgev|) <+ Vmk| mkam mkam sgevb sgevbaj aj k| z|jf z|jf vg lmbta lmbtaj j vmj vbi` vbi` lbpblkv lbpblkvgt gt -gt lgifji lgifji|jt |jt++ vg vmk| sgevbaj vmtgzam vmj lmbtakia tj|k|vbilj)

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6+ Vmj lmbtakia lmbtakia tj|k|vbilj tj|k|vbilj k| be|g be|g |g fj|kaijf fj|kaijf vmbv vmbv kv lgivtge| lgivtge| vmj vmj tjrzktjf tjrzktjf lzttjiv ki vmj \LT) :+ Vmj lgifji|j lgifji|jtt k| fk|lmbtaj fk|lmbtaj qmji \LT vtkaajtkia vtkaajtkia fjsklj fjsklj |jif| |jif| b pze|j bif mkam sgevbaj |pbt` k| ptgfzljf ki vmj v mj |pbt` peza) 3+ Fjpjifkia Fjpjifkia zpgi zpgi vmj jiakij jiakij cktkia gtfjt% gtfjt% qmjijsj qmjijsjtt vmj \LT vtkaajtkia vtkaajtkia fjsklj% |jif| b pze|j% vmji vmj lzttjiv cegqkia vmtgzam v mj ptknbt{ qkifkia qkifkia k| |vgppjf) bif b if vmj nbaijvkl nbaijvkl ckjef djaki| djaki| vg lgeebp|j) 1+ Vmk| lgeebp| lgeebp|kia kia nbaijvkl nbaijvkl ckjef ckjef qkee qkee kifzlj gt |vjp |vjp zp mkam mkam sgevbaj sgevbaj lzttjiv lzttjiv ki vmj |jlgifbt{% qmklm qmkej hznpkia hzn pkia vmj |pbt` peza abp ptgfzlj| vmj |pbt`% bif vmj lmbtaj gc bkt czje nk}vztj k| kaikvjf)

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Bfsbivbaj gc LFK |{|vjn 2) Kv bsgkf| bsgkf| vmj vmj lgivblv lgivblv dtjb`jt dtjb`jt pgkiv bif kv| nbkivjibilj) nbkivjibilj) 4) Djvvj Djvvjtt lge lgef f |vb |vbtv tvkia kia)) <) _jtcgtn _jtcgtnbil bilj j kiltjb| kiltjb|j| j| qkvm qkvm vmj |pjjf |pjjf)) 6) Kv ptgskfj| ptgskfj| vmj vmj lgi|vbiv lgi|vbiv sgevbaj sgevbaj bltg|| bltg|| vmj |pbt` |pbt` peza) peza) :) \jlgifbt{ \jlgifbt{ sgevbaj sgevbaj tjnbki| lgi|vb lgi|vbiv iv qkvm vmj vmj |pjjf |pjjf gc jiakij) jiakij) 3) Jeknkib Jeknkibvj| vj| vmj lmbil lmbilj j gc nk|cktki nk|cktkia) a)

Ngfzej Ig ?6

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D) Vtbi|k| Vtbi|k|vgtk vgtkxjf xjf b||k|v b||k|vjf jf lgivb lgivblv lv -VBL -VBL |{|vjn |{|vjn++ ”

Ckaztj8 Vtbi|k|vg Vtbi|k|vgtkxjf tkxjf B||k|vjf B||k|vjf Lgivblv -VBL |{|vjn+ |{|vjn+ ”

2) Vmj lgiijlvjf lgiijlvjf pgkiv| btj lgiijlvjf lgiijlvjf vg db|j db|j gc vtbi|k|vg vtbi|k|vgt% t% qmklm k| cztvmjt lgiijlvjf vg vmj ptknbt{ qkifkia gc kaik vkgi lgke vmtgzam vmj dbeeb|v tj|k|vgt) 4) Vmj lgeejlvgt lgeejlvgt gc vtbi|k|vg vtbi|k|vgtt k| lgiijlv lgiijlvjf jf vg vmj vmj dbvvjt{) dbvvjt{) <) Qmji lgivblv lgivblv dtjb`jt dtjb`jt pgkiv pgkiv gpji|% gpji|% vmj db|j db|j lktlzkv lktlzkv k| fk|vtkdzvjf fk|vtkdzvjf bif bif lzttjiv ki vmj ptknbt{ lzttjiv fjlb{| lbz|kia vmj igtnbe kifzlvkgi% qmklm ptgfzlj| ptgfzlj| |pbt` |pbt` ki vmj |pbt` |pbt` peza) peza)

Bfsbivbaj| 2) Vmj egq dtjb` dtjb`jt.lzt jt.lzttji tjivv ji|ztj| ji|ztj| egiaj egiajtt ekcj) 4) Vmj |nbeejt |nbeejt abp bif ekamvjt ekamvjt pgkiv pgkiv b||jnde{ b||jnde{ kiltjb|j kiltjb|j fqjee fqjee vknj nkiknkxj nkiknkxj lgivblv dgzilkia bif knptgsj tjpjbvbdkekv{ gc |jlgifbt{ sgevbaj) <) Vmj egq ptknbt ptknbt{ { kifzlvb kifzlvbilj ilj tjfzl tjfzlj| j| ptknbt{ ptknbt{ kifzlvb kifzlvbilj ilj tjfzl tjfzlj| j| ptknbt ptknbt{ { lzttjiv ftgp.gcc bv mkam |pjjf|) Ngfzej Ig ?6

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Fk|bfsbivbaj| 2) B| ki vmj lgisj lgisjivkgib ivkgibee |{|vjn% |{|vjn% njlmbiklbe njlmbiklbe dtjb`j dtjb`jtt pgkiv| btj ijlj||bt{ cgt vknkia vmj |pbt`) 4) Vmj lg|v lg|v gc vmj vmj kaikvkgi kaikvkgi |{|vjn |{|vjn k| kiltjb|jf) kiltjb|jf) <) Vmj sgevb sgevbaj aj tk|j.vknj tk|j.vknj bv bv vmj |pbt` |pbt` peza peza k| bdgzv bdgzv vmj vmj |bnj b| djcgt djcgtj) j)

L) _kjxg.jej _kjxg.jejlvt lvtkl kl Kaikvkgi Kaikvkgi \{|vj \{|vjn n 2+ Vmj fjsjegpnj fjsjegpnjiv iv gc |{ivmjvkl |{ivmjvkl pkjxg .jejlvtkl .jejlvtkl nbvjtkbe| nbvjtkbe| ptgfzlkia ptgfzlkia bdgzv bdgzv 44 `S d{ njlmbiklbe egbfkia gc b |nbee lt{|vbe tj|zevjf ki |gnj kaikvkgi |{|vjn| cgt |kiaej l{ekifjt jiakij|) 4+ Dzv fzj vg fkccklzevkj| gc mkam njlmbi njlmbiklbe klbe egbfkia egbfkia ijjf ijjf gc vmj vmj gtfjt gtfjt gc :?? à vknje{ lgivtge bif bdkekv{ vg ptgfzlj |zccklkjiv sgevbaj% vmj|j |{|vjn| mbsj igv djji bdej vg lgnj zp)

F) Vmj Vj}b Vj}blg lg Kaikv Kaikvkgi kgi \{|vj \{|vjn n 2+ Fzj vg vmj kiltjb|j kiltjb|jf f jnpmb|k| jnpmb|k| gi j}mbz|v j}mbz|v jnk||kgi jnk||kgi lgivtge% lgivtge% vmj tj mb| mb| djji b |zffji kivjtj|v ki j}mbz|v ab| tjlktlzebvk gi |{|vjn| bif ejbi czje.bkt nk}vztj|) 4+ Vg bsgkf vmj vmj ptgdejn| ptgdejn| gc dztikia dztikia gc ejbi nk}vztj nk}vztj|% |% vmj Vj}blg Vj}blg Kaikvkgi Kaikvkgi |{|vjn mb| djji fjsjegpjf) <+ Kv ptgskf ptgskfj| j| b |pbt` |pbt` gc gc lgivtge lgivtgeejf ejf fztb fztbvkgi vkgi qmkl qmklm m njbi| njbi| vmbv vmbv vm j |pbt` |pbt` fztbvkgi ki ltbi` biaej fjatjj| lbi dj nbfj lgi|vbiv bv bee jiakij |pjjf|) 6+ Kv k| b BL |{|vjn) |{|vjn) Vmk| |{|vjn |{|vjn lgi|k|v| lgi|k|v| gc gc vmtjj db|kl db|kl zikv|% zikv|% b pgqjt pgqjt zikv% b lgivtge zikv bif b fk|vtkdzvgt |ji|gt) :+ Vmk| |{|v |{|vjn jn lbi lbi aksj aksj |vbdej |vbdej kaikvk kaikvkgi gi zp vg B'C tbvkg| tbvkg| b| b| mkam mkam b| 46 46 8 2)

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4:



LMBTAKIA \[\VJN

R)28 . J}pebki vmj ptkilkpej ptkilkpej gc gpjtbvkgi gpjtbvkgi gc gc F{ibng7 F{ibng7 Bi|8 Bi |8 .F[IB .F[IBNG NG 2) B f{ibng f{ibng k| b nblmkij nblmkij z|jf z|jf vg lgisjtv lgisjtv njlmbik njlmbiklbe lbe z|jf z|jf vg lgisjtv lgisjtv njlmbiklbe jijta{ kivg jejlvtklbe jijta{) 4) Qmji Qmji kv k| ftksj ftksji i d{ vmj jiak jiakij ij kv ptgfz ptgfzlj| lj| jejlvt jejlvtklkv klkv{ { cgt tziik tziikia ia bee bee vmj jejlvtklbe lktlzkv| gc vmj bzvgngdkej bif `jjp| vmj dbvvjt{ ki lmbtajf lgifkvkgi) <) Vmk| Vmk| k| k| vmj vmj czil czilvk vkgi gi gc gc f{ib f{ibng) ng)

_tkilkpej gc F{ibng

―Qmji b lgifzlvgt ngsj| ki b nbaijvkl c kjef% lzttjiv k| ptgfzljf ki kv) Vmj fktjlv fktjlvkgi kgi gc lzttji lzttjivv k| fjvjtnki fjvjtnkijf jf d{ Cejnki Cejnkia‛ a‛ | tkamv tkamv mbif mbif tzej„) tzej„) Cejnkia‛| Tkamv Mbif Tzej ―Kc vmznd% cgtj ckiajt bif nkffej ckiajt gc tkamv mbif btj |vtjvlmjf |g vmbv vmbv vmj{ btj nzvzb nzvzbee{ ee{ pjtpj pjtpjifkl ifklzebt zebt vg jblm jblm gvmjt% gvmjt% kc vmj cgtj cgtj ckiajt ckiajt kifklbvj| vmj fktjlvkgi gc nbaijv kl ckjef bif vmj vmznd |mgq| vmj fktjlvkgi fktjlvkgi gc ngvkgi gc vmj lgifzlvgt% lgifzlvgt% vmji nkffej ckiajt ckiajt qkee kifklbv j vmj fktjlvkgi fktjlvkgi kifzljf kifzljf lzttjiv)„ lzttjiv)„ Vmk| k| lbeejf lbeejf Cejnkia‛| tkamv mbif tzej) tzej ) B nbaijvkl ckjef blv| djvqjji igtvm bif |gzvm pgej| gc nbaijv|) Vmjtj btj ekij| gc cgtlj| djvqjji vqg pgej|) Qmji vmj lgifzlvgt ngsj| |zlm vmbv ekij| gc cgtlj btj lzv% lzttjiv k| kifzljf ki vmj lgifzlvgt) Vmk| lzttjiv lbi dj z|jf vg tzi bi{ jejlvtklbe lgnpgijiv|% j)a) ekamv| bif lmbtakia |{|vjn% jvl) Vmj lzttjiv kifzljf ki vmj lgifz lgifz lvgt fjpjif| zpgi b) Vmj tbvj tbvj bv qmklm qmklm cgtlj cgtlj ekij| ekij| btj lzv lzv bif bif d) \vtji \vtjiav avm m gc nba nbaij ijvkl vkl ckjef ckjef%% jvl jvl))

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43



4) J}pebki J}pebki lgi|v lgi|vtzlv tzlvkgi kgi bif bif qgt`kia qgt`kia gc F{ibn F{ibng7 g7 Bi|8.F[IBNG Lgi|vtz Lgi|vtzlvkg lvkgi i gc F{ibng F{ibng 2) F{ibng F{ibng lgi|k| lgi|k|v| v| gc b tgzi tgzif f gzvjt gzvjt lb|ki lb|kia a qkvm qkvm vqg |vbvkgi |vbvkgibt{ bt{ jejlvtgnbaijv jejlvtgnbaijv| | ìgq| b| ckjef ckjef nbaijv| % gppg|kvj gppg|kvj vg jblm gvmjt) gvmjt) 4) Djvq Djvqjj jji i vmj vmj nbaij nbaijv|% v|% btnb btnbvz vztj tj k| pebl pebljf jf ajij ajijtb tbeeee{ { lgi|k lgi|k|v |vki kia a 4= |jpbtbvj |jpbtbvj lgke| gc qktj) <) Vmj jif| jif| gc jblm jblm lgke lgke btj btj hgkijf hgkijf vg lgpp lgppjt jt |janj |janjiv| iv| vmbv vmbv nb`j nb`j zp zp lgnnzvbvgt) 6) Vmj btnbvz btnbvztj tj k| ngzi ngzivjf vjf gi djbt djbtkia kia bif k| ftks ftksji ji d{ d{ cbi cbi djev) djev) :) Ki lgivbl lgivblvv qkvm qkvm lgnnz lgnnzvbv vbvgt gt k| k| |vbvkgibt |vbvkgibt{ { lbtd lbtdgi gi dz|m dz|mj| j| btj btj z|jf z|jf))

Qgt`kia Qgt`kia gc F{ibng F{ibng 2) Qmji |nbee |nbee bngziv bngziv gc lzttjiv lzttjiv k| k| pb||jf pb||jf vmtgzam vmtgzam vmj |vbvkgibt{ |vbvkgibt{ ckejf ckejf qkifkia|% qkifkia|% vmj nbaijvkl nbaijvkl ckjef k| kifzljf kifzljf)) 4) B| btnb btnbvzt vztj j tjsges tjsgesjf jf kifz kifzlj ljf f nb aijv aijvkl kl ckjef% ckjef% lzt lzttj tjiv iv k| ajij ajijtb tbvj vjf f ki vmj vmj btnb btnbvzt vztj j qkif qkifki kia) a) <) Vmk| FL lzttji lzttjivv ejbsj| ejbsj| vmj qkifki qkifkia a vmtg vmtgzam zam vmj lgnnzv lgnnzvbvg bvgtt bif bif vmj lbtdgi dtz|mj| ki lgivblv qkvm kv) 6) Gij dtz| dtz|m m tjl tjljk jksj sj| | pg|kv pg|kvks ksj j lmbt lmbtaj aj bif bif gvm gvmjt jt ijab ijabvks vksj j lmbt lmbtaj aj)) :) Vmj Vmj bngz bngziv iv gc vmj vmj lzt lzttj tjiv iv ajij ajijtb tbvj vjf f fjpj fjpjif if| | gi gi |pj |pjjf jf bv qmkl qmklm m vmj vmj btnbvz btnbvztj tj k| vzti vztikia kia bif |vtjiav |vtjiavm m gc ckje ckjef f nbaijv|) nbaijv|) 3) Qmji Qmji F{ib F{ibng ng k| lmbt lmbtak akia ia egq egq sgev sgevba baj j dbvv dbvvjt jt{ { gt qmji qmji mjbf mjbf ekam ekamvv bif bif gvmjt mkam mkam lzttjiv lzttjiv lgi|znki lgi|znkia a lgnpgijiv| lgnpgijiv|%% kv lbi vb`j vb`j ngtj vmbi vmbi mbec mbec gc M_)

Ngfzej Ig ?6

41



R)<8 . J}pebki J}pebki vmj ptkilkp ptkilkpej ej gc gc gpjt gpjtbvkg bvkgi i gc Bevjtib Bevjtibvgt7 vgt7 Bi|8 . BEVJTIB BEVJTIBVGT VGT GT BL BL AJIJTBVGT AJIJTBVGT CZILVKG CZILVKGI I ―Bi bevjtibvgt ajijtbvj| bevjtibvkia lzttjiv -BL+ ziek`j b f{ibng qmklm ajijtbvj| fktjlv lzttjiv -FL+„) Ngfjti bzvgngdkej| qmklm tjrzktj ngtj jejlvtkl egbf| btj ckvvjf qkvm bevjtibvgt| bevjtibvgt| ki|vjbf ki|vjbf gc f{ibng|) f{ibng|) Vmj|j sjmkl sjmkl ej| tjrzktj tjrzktj ngtj jejlvtklbe jejlvtklbe pgqjt djlbz|j vmj{ mbsj pgqjt |vjjtkia% pgqjt qkifgq|% jejlvtklbe jej lvtklbe |{|vjn cgt bzvgngdkej vtbi|nk||kgi% jvl) B tjlvkckjt k| tjrzktjf vg lgisjtv BL vg FL b| bee jejlvtklbe jrzkpnjiv| z|j FL) _TKILK_EJ Vmj ptkilkpej gc qgt`kia gc bevjtibvgt fkccjt| ctgn vmbv gc f{ibng ki vmj nbiijt ki qmklm vmj lgifzlvgt lgifzlvgt bif nbaijvkl nbaijvkl ckjef ngsj tjebvksj vg jblm gvmjt) Ki bi bevjtibvgt vmj lgifzlvgt tjnbki| |vbvkgibt{ dzv vmj nbaijvkl ckjef k| tgvbvjf) Mgqjsjt% lgifzlvgt tgvbvj| bif nbaijvkl ckjef tjn bki| |vbvkgibt{ ki lb|j gc b f{ibng) Ki bi bevjtibvgt% b tgvbvkia dbt nbaijv ptgfzlj| nbaijvkl ckjef qmklm k| lzv d{ b |vbvkgibt{ |vbvkgibt{ lgifzlv lgifzlvgt) gt)

Ckaztj |mgq| vmj qgt`kia qgt`kia ptkilkpej ptkilkpej gc bi bevjtibvgt) Vmj igtvm pgej gc tgvbvkia tgvbvkia nbaijv nbaijv k| |mgqi |mgqi bv vgp bif bif |gzvm pgej pgej bv vmj dgvv dgvvgn gn ki Ckazt Ckaztj j -b+) -b+) Kc vmk| nbaijv k| tgvbvjf d{ mbec tjsgezvkgi |zlm vmbv igtvm pgej lgnj| fgqi bif |gzvm pgej vb`j| zppjt pg|kvkgi) Fztkia vmk| vmk| vmj lzttjiv lzttjiv ki vmj zppjt eja gc gc lgifzlvgt lgifzlvgt cegq| cegq | ki gij fktjlvkgi) fktjlvkgi)

Ngfzej Ig ?6

4=



Ckaztj -d+ |mgq| |mgq| vmj igtvm pgej gc nbaijv nbaijv bv dgvvgn dgvvgn bif |gzvm |gzvm pgej bv vgp) vgp) Qmji vmj nbaijv k| igq tgvbvjf d{ bigvmjt mbec tjsgezvkgi% vmj fktjlvkgi gc lzttjiv ki vmj qktj k| tjsjt|jf) Vmjtjcgtj% qkvm vmj tjsgezvkgi gc nbaijv% vmj lzttjiv tjsjt|j| kv| fktjlvkgi bcvjt jblm mbec tjsgezvkgi) Vmz|% bi bevjtibvkia lzttjiv cegq|) Vmk| k| vmj ptkilkpej ptkilkpej gc qgt`kia qgt`kia gc gc bi bevjtibvgt bevjtibvgt))

Ngfzej Ig ?6

4;



R)68 . Qmbv btj vmj lgnpgijiv| lgnpgijiv| gc Bevjtibv Bevjtibvgt7 gt7 Bi|8 .LGN_GIJIV\ .LGN_GIJIV\ GC BEVJTIBVGT\ BEVJTIBVGT\ Bevjtibvgt lgi|k|v gc vmj cgeegqkia 2) Ctbnj 8 b) Vmj ctbnj gc mgz|kia mgz|kia k| nbfj nbfj zp gc gc lb|v beznkizn beznkizn ki ki vqg pkjlj| pkjlj| qmklm jileg|j| vmj lgnpejvje{ b||jnde{ gc bevjtibvgt) d) Vmj ctgiv ctgiv pbtv gc gc ìgq b| ftksj jif jif mb| dbee djbtkia djbtkia bif bif dbl` pbtv k| ìgqi b| jif ctbnj mb| tgeejt djbtkia)

4) Tgvgt 8 b) Nbaijvk Nbaijvkxjf xjf Tgvgt Tgvgt vzti| vzti| ki|k ki|kfj fj vmj vmj |vbvgt |vbvgt)) Kv k| be|g be|g lbeejf lbeejf Btnbvzt Btnbvztj) j) d) Kv k| ngzivjf ngzivjf gi vmj vmj djbtkia djbtkia bif pebljf ki|kfj vmj vmj |vbvgt) |vbvgt) l) Vmj nbki pbtv| gc tgvgt tgvgt btj Tgvgt Tgvgt lgke% lgke% kivjtegl` kivjtegl`kia kia ckiajt ckiajt bif |ekp tkia|) f) Vmj tgvgt lgivbki lgivbki| | bi ktgi lgtj lgtj btgzif btgzif vmj tgvgt tgvgt |mcbv)Nbi{ |mcbv)Nbi{ vzti| vzti| gc vmj lgppjt qktj lgbvjf qkvm sbtik|m btj qgzif gsjt vmj lgtj) j) Vmjkt jif| jif| gc vmj vmj qktj btj btj lgiijlvjf lgiijlvjf vg vqg |jpbtbv |jpbtbvj j |ekp tkia|) tkia|) c) Vmj lzttjiv lzttjiv ftbqi vmj dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ pb||j| pb||j| vmtgza vmtgzam m vmj |ekp tkia| vg vmj lgke bif ki vzti kivg nbaijv) a) Gij gc vmj vmj jif| jif| djl djlgn gnj| j| Igtv Igtvm m _gej bif bif gvmj gvmjtt jif jif djlg djlgnj nj| | \gzvm _gej)

<) \vbvgt 8 b) \vbvgt k| kivjtibe kivjtibee{ e{ |egvvjf% |egvvjf% ebnkibvjf ebnkibvjf ktgi ktgi lgtj) lgtj) d) Vmtjj |jv |jv gc qkifkia| qkifkia| btj btj z|zbee{ z|zbee{ qgzif qgzif btgzif btgzif vmj |vbvgt lgtj) lgtj) l) Jblm qkifkia qkifkia mb| gij gij gc kv| jif lgiijlvjf lgiijlvjf vg vmj lgnngi lgnngi { hzilvkgi) f) _g|kvksj _g|kvksj fkgfj tjlvkckjt tjlvkckjt bif ijabvksj ijabvksj fkgfj fkgfj tjlvkckjt tjlvkckjt k| lgiijlvjf lgiijlvjf vg jblm gc kv| jif lgisjtv| BL lzttjiv vg FL lzttjiv)

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6) Tjlvkckjt kjt b) Kv lgi lgisj sjtv| tv| BL kiv kivg g FL) FL) d) Bevjtibvgt Bevjtibvgt lmbiaj| lmbiaj| lktlzkv lktlzkv |k} |keklgi fkgfj tjlvkckjt tjlvkckjt| | btj z|jf z|jf vg lmbiaj BL lzttjiv vg FL) l) Bi ki|zebv ki|zebvjf jf fkj lb|v lb|v beznk beznkizn izn m gefjt gefjt ìgqi ìgqi b| mjbv mjbv |ki` |ki` k| lgiijlvjf vg vmtjj pg|kvksj pgebtkvkj|) f) Vmj pg|kvksj pg|kvksj tjlvkckjt| tjlvkckjt| btj hgkijf hgkijf vg vmj vmj dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ vjtnkibe| vjtnkibe| gc vmj ajijtbvgt)

:) Dtz|mj| Kv k| z|jf vg nb`j lgivblv qkvm |ekp tkia|)

3) _zee _zeej{ j{ Qmjj Qmjjee Kv k| ftksji d{ cbi djev vg ftksj tgvgt)

1) Gzvjt Lb|j Kv k| ptgvjlvksj lgsjtkia ki qmklm bee vmj lgnpgijiv btj mgz|jf)

Ngfzej Ig ?6

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R):8 R):8 . J}peb J}pebki ki vmj vmj qgt`k qgt`kia ia ptkilk ptkilkpe pej j # lgi|v lgi|vtz tzlv lvkg kgi i gc gc vmj vmj bevj bevjti tibv bvgt gt)) J}pebki J}pebki tjlvkck tjlvkcklbvk lbvkgi7 gi7 Bi|8 .LGN_GIJIV\ .LGN_GIJIV\ GC GC BEVJTIBVGT BEVJTIBVGT 2 ) Bi bevjtibvgt k| bi jejlvtgnjlmbiklbe fjsklj vmbv lgisjtv| njlm njlmbi bikklbe jij jijta{ vg jejl jejlvt vtkl klb be jij jijta{ ta{ ki vmj vmj cgt cgtn gc bevjt evjtib ibvvkia kia lzttjiv) 4) Ng|v bevjtibvgt| z|j b tgvbvkia nbaijvkl ckjef dzv ekijbt bevj bevjti tib bvgt| vgt| btj btj gllb gllb|k |kgi gibe bee{ e{ z|jf z|jf)) < ) Ki ptkilkpej% bi{ BL jejlvtklbe ajijtbvgt lbi dj lbeejf bi bevjtibvgt% dzv z|zbee{ vmj nblmkij|

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QGT@KIA QGT@KIA _TKILK_EJ. _TKILK_EJ.

2) Bevjtibvgt| ajijtbvj jejlvtklkv{ d { vmj |bnj ptkilkpej b| FL ajijtbvgt|%

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lgifzlvgt lmbiaj|% b lzttjiv k| kifzljf ki vmj lgifzlvgt) V {pklbee{% b tgvbvkia nbaijv lbeejf vmj tgvgt vzti| qkvmki b |vbvkgibt{ 4) \jv gc lgifzlvgt| qgzif ki lgke| gi bi ktgi lgtj% lbeejf vmj |vbvgt) Vmj ckjef lzv| bltg|| vmj lgifzlvgt|% ajijtbvkia bi kifz kifzlj ljf f JNC% JNC% b| vmj vmj njlm njlmbi bikl klbe be kipz kipzvv lbz| lbz|j| j| vmj vmj tgvg tgvgtt vg vzti vzti)) <) Vmj tgvbvkia nbaijvkl ckjef kifzlj| bi BL sgevbaj ki vmj |vbvgt qkifkia|) Gcvji vmjtj

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b

$dtz|mej||$ bevjtibvgt+% d{ pjt pjtnbijiv nbaijv| -ki sjt{

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sgevbaj d{ sbt{kia vmj lzttjiv ki vmj tgvgt ckjef qk qkifki a) _jtn _jtnbi biji jivv nbai nbaijv jv nblm nblmki kij| j| bsgk bsgkf f vmj vmj eg|| eg|| fzj fzj vg nbaij nbaijvk vkxk xkia ia lzttj ttjiv ki vmj vmj tgvgt vgt% dzv btj btj tj|vtk vtklvjf vjf ki |kxj% gqkia kia vg vmj lg|v g|v gc vmj nbaijv nbvjtkbe) \kiljvmj pjtnbijiv nbaijv ckjef k| lgi|vbi vbiv% vmj vmj vjtnk jtnki ibe sgevba evbaj j sbtk btkj| fktj ktjlve{ ve{ qkvm vmj vmj |pjjf jjf gc vmj ajijtbvgt) Dtz|mej|| BL ajijtbvgt| btj z|zbee { ebtajt nblmkij| nblmkij| vmbi vmbi vmg|j vmg|j z|jf z|jf ki bzvg bzvgngvksj ngvksj bppeklbv bppeklbvkgi kgi|) |) :) Bllg Bllgtf tfki kia a vg vmj vmj lgi| lgi|vt vtzl zlvkg vkgi i gc tgvgt tgvgt bevjt bevjtib ibvgt vgt| | btj btj leb| leb||k |kckj ckjf f kivg vqg v{pj|) 2+ \bekj \bekjiv iv pgej pgej bevj bevjtib tibvg vgtt 4+ L{ekift L{ekiftklb klbee pgej bevjtibv bevjtibvgt-I gt-Igi gi |bekjiv |bekjiv pgej pgej bevjtib bevjtibvgt vgt++

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Lgi|vtzlv Lgi|vtzlvkgi kgi gc |vbvgt |vbvgt88 2) B |vb |vbvg vgtt cgt cgt b f{ib f{ibng ngje jejl jlvt vtkl kl nblm nblmki kij% j% lgnp lgnptk tk|ki |kia8 a8 b |vbv |vbvgt gt lgtj lgtj mbsk mbskia ia b ajijt ajijtbe bee{ e{ l{eki l{ekift ftklb klbee |mbpj |mbpj%% vmj vmj |vbv |vbvgt gt lgtj lgtj mbskia mbskia b peztb peztbekv ekv{ { gc lktlzncjtjivkbee{ |pbljf |egv|% b |vbvgt qkifkia kilezfkia b peztb peztbekekv{ v{ gc lgif lgifzl zlvg vgt| t|%% jblm jblm lgif lgifzl zlvg vgtt mbsk mbskia ia b pezt peztbe bekv{ kv{ gc |vtb |vtbka kamv mv |janjiv |janjiv| | kivjtlgii kivjtlgiijlvk jlvkia ia b peztbekv{ peztbekv{ gc jif eggp eggp |janjiv| |janjiv| 4) Vmj peztbekv{ gc lgifzlvgt| gtabikxjf kivg bv ejb|v b ckt|v ckebt bif b |jlgif ckejt% vmj peztbekv { gc lgifzlvgt| gtabikxjf kivg nzevkpej pmb|j| fjckijf d{ b lktlzncjtjivkbe pkvlm% jblm pmb|j mbskia b lgif gifzlvgt ki vmj ckt|v ckebt bif b lgifzlv zlvgt ki vmj |jlgif cke ckebt0 vmj peztbekv{ peztbekv{ gc lgifzlv lgifzlvgt| gt| gtabikx gtabikxjf jf kivg eb{jt| eb{jt|

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TJLVKCKLBVKGI.

2) B tjlvkck vkckj jt k| bi jejl jejlvvtklbe fjsklj klj vmb vmbv lgisjtv jtv| bevj bevjttibvki vkia lztt zttjiv jiv -BL+ BL+ vg fktjlv lzttjiv - FL FL+% b ptglj|| ìgqi b| tjlvkcklbvkgi) 4) Tjlvkckjt| mbsj nbi{ z|j| kilezfkia b| lgnpgijiv| gc pgqjt |zppekj| bif b| fjvjlvgt| gc tbfkg |kaibe|) <) Tjlvkckjt| nb{ dj nbfj gc |gekf |vbvj fkgfj|% sblzzn vzdj fkgfj|% njtlzt njtlzt{ { btl btl sbes sbesj| j|%% bif bif gvmj gvmjtt lgnpg lgnpgiji ijiv| v|)) 6) B fjsklj qmklm pjtcgt cgtn| vmj gppg|kvj czilvkgi -lgisjtvkia FL vg BL+ k| ìgq ìgqi i b| bi kisjtv kisjtvjt) jt) :) Qmj Qmji gie{ gij fkgfj k| z|jf vg tjlvkc{ BL -d{ degl`kia vmj ijabvksj gt pg|kvk kvksj pgtvkgi kgi gc vmj qbsjc bsjcgt gtn+ n+%% vmj vmj fkcc fkccjt jtj jilj djvqj vqjji vmj vjtn jtn fkgfj

bif vmj vjtn

tjlvkckjt fj|l fj|ltk tkdj dj| |

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vmbv k| dj djkia z|jf vg lgisjtv BL vg FL)

3) Beng|v bee tjlvkckjt| lgnptk|j b izndjt gc fk fkgfj| ki b |pjlkckl bttb bttbia iajn jnj jiv cgt cgt ngtj ngtj jcck jccklk lkj jive{ ive{ lgis lgisjt jtvk vkia ia BL vg FL vmbi vmbi k| pg|| pg||kd kdej ej qkvm gie{ ie{ gij gij fkgf kgfj) Djc Djcgtj gtj vmj fjsje jsjegp gpn njiv gc |kek keklgi |jnkl nklgif gifzlv zlvgt tjlvkckjt|% sblzzn vzdj fkgfj| bif lgppjt-K+ -K+ g}kfj gt |jejikzn tjlvkc tjlvkckj kjtt |vbl` |vbl`| | qjtj qjtj z|jf z|jf))

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R)38 R)38 . \mgtv \mgtv igvj| igvj| gi Bevjtibv Bevjtibvgt|7 gt|7 Bi|8 .BEVJTIB .BEVJTIBVGT\ VGT\ 2) Ki Bevjti Bevjtibvg bvgt|% t|% bevjt bevjtibv ibvgt gt mb| |vbvkgi |vbvkgibt{ bt{ |gcv |gcv ktgi ktgi tkia tkia ìgqi ìgqi b| |vbvg |vbvgtt bif btnbvztj gt tgvgt k| ngzivjf gi djbtkia ki|kfj vmj |vbvgt% ftksji d{ cbi djev) 4) Vmj btnbv btnbvztj ztj lgiv lgivbki bki| | gij qkifk qkifkia ia gc lgke mbs mbskia kia kv| kv| jif| lgiij lgiijlvj lvjf f vg vmj |ekp tkia) <) Vmj lzttjiv lzttjiv k| cjf vg |ekp |ekp tkia vmtgzam vmtgzam |vbvkgibt{ |vbvkgibt{ lbtdgi dtz|m b if qmji lzttjiv cegq| vmtgzam vmj btnbvztj lgke kv ajv nbaijvkxjf cgtnkia gij igtvm pgej bif gvmjt |gzvm vmtgzam vmj btnbvztj lgke kv ajv nbaijvkxjf cgtnkia gij igtvm pgej| bif gvmjt |gzvm pgej|) 6) Kv| vztikia vztikia nbaijv ajijtbvj| ajijtbvj| lzttjiv lzttjiv ki bevjtibvgt| bevjtibvgt| |vbvkgib |vbvkgib t{ qkifkia) qkifkia) B| btnbvztj gt tgvgt tgvbvj| vmj lzttjiv ptgfzljf k| bevjtibvkia lzttjiv ) :) Bevjtib Bevjtibvgt vgt lgi| lgi|k|v k|v gc gc vmj cgeeg cgeegqki qkia a B) \vbvgt b) \vbvgt \vbvgt lgi|k lgi|k|v| |v| gc ebnkib ebnkibvjf vjf |gcv |gcv ktgi lgtj lgtj gi qmkl qmklm m qkifkia qkifkia| | btj qgzif) d) B pg|kvksj pg|kvksj fkgfj fkgfj tjlvkckjt tjlvkckjt bif bif ijabvksj ijabvksj fkgfj tjlvkckj tjlvkckj t k| lgiijlvjf lgiijlvjf vg jblm gc kv| jif| vg lgisjtv BL vg FL)

D) Tgvgt b) Nbaijvkxjf Nbaijvkxjf Tgvgt vzti| ki|kfj vmj |vbvgt) |vbvgt) d) Vmj nbki pbtv| gc gc tgvgt btj btj Tgvgt lgke% lgke% kivjtegl` kivjtegl`kia kia ckiajt ckiajt bif |ekp |ekp tkia|) L) Tjlv Tjlvkc kckj kjtt “ lgis lgisjt jtv| v| BL BL kivg kivg FL FL b) Bevjtibvgt Bevjtibvgt lmbiaj| lmbiaj| lktlzkv |k} |keklgi |keklgi fkgf j tjlvkckjt| tjlvkckjt| btj z|jf z|jf vg lmbiaj BL lzttjiv vg FL) d) Bi ki|zebvjf ki|zebvjf fkj fkj lb|v lb|v beznkizn beznkizn mgefjt mgefjt ìgqi b| mjbv mjbv |ki` |ki` k| lgiijlvjf vg vmtjj pg|kvksj pgebtkvkj|) l) Vmj pg|kvksj pg|kvksj tjlvkckjt tjlvkckjt btj hgkijf vg vmj vmj dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ vjtnkibe| vjtnkibe| gc vmj ajijtbvgt)

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F) Dtz|mj| mj| d) Kv k| z|jf z|jf vg vg nb`j nb`j lgivblv qkvm qkvm |ekp |ekp tkia|) tkia|)

J) _zee _zeej{ j{ qm qmjj jjee b) Kv k| ftks ftksji ji d{ cbi djev djev vg vg ftksj ftksj tgvgt tgvgt))

C) Gzvjt lb lb|j b) Kv k| ptgvjlvks ptgvjlvksj j lgsjtkia lgsjtkia ki qmklm qmklm bee vmj vmj lgnpgijiv lgnpgijiv btj mgz|jf) mgz|jf)

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R)18 R)18 . \mgt \mgtvv igvj igvj| | gi LZV LZV GZ GZV7 V7

Bi|8 Bi |8 .LZV .LZV GZV GZV LZV GZV k| bi bzvgnbvkl |qkvlm lgiijlvjf djvqjji vmj ajijtbvgt bif dbvvjt{)

Czilvkgi b) Kv ji|ztj| ji|ztj| vmj vmj lgttjlv lgttjlv lgzpekia lgzpekia gc dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ bif ajijtbvg ajijtbvgt) t) d) Kv lgiijlv| lgiijlv| vmj vmj dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ gie{ qmji vmj ajijtbvgt ajijtbvgt |pjjf |pjjf k| |zlm |zlm vmbv vmbv kv| sgevba sgevbaj j k| ngtj ngtj vmbi vmbi vmbv vmbv gc dbvvjt dbvvjt{ { bif k| k| lbpbde lbpbdej j gc lmbtak lmbtakia ia vmj dbvvjt{% dbvvjt{% gvmjtqk|j gvmjtqk|j kv qkee gpji bif fk|lgiijlv fk|lgiijlv vmj vqg zikv| qmji ajijtbvgt sgevbaj cbee| djegq vmbi vmbv gc dbvvjt{)

Lgi|vtzlvkgi 2) Kv lgi|k|v| lgi|k|v| gc b pbkt gc lgivblv lgivblv mjef mjef d{ |ptkia |ptkia bif bif lbi dj dj leg|jf leg|jf nbaijvklbee{) 4) Vmj lgivblv lgivblv |mgzef |mgzef gpji qmji qmji jiakij jiakij k| |vbvkgib |vbvkgibt{ t{ gt tziikia tziikia |egqe{ |egqe{)) <) Kv lgi| lgi|k|v k|v gc vqg vqg qkifkia qkifkia| | ibnje{ ibnje{ b) \mziv \mziv qkifk qkifkia ia gc nbi{ nbi{ vzti| vzti| gc gc ckij qktj qktj)) d) \jtkj| qkifkia qkifkia gc lgnpbt lgnpbtbvksje{ bvksje{ cjq vzti| vzti| gc |pjb`j |pjb`jtt qktj) qktj)

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6) \mziv qkifkia qkifkia k| lgiijlvjf lgiijlvjf bltg|| ajijtbvgt ajijtbvgt vjtnkibe vjtnkibe bif bif |j tkj| qkifkia k| lgiijlvjf vg dbvvjt{ vjtnkibe) :) \mziv qkifkia qkifkia lgivtge| lgivtge| vmj ajijtbvg ajijtbvgtt jnc bif bif dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ lktlzkv) lktlzkv) Vmj kiltjb|j| gc ajijtbvgt |pjjf kiltjb|j| vmj cegq gc lzttjiv vmtgzam vmj |mziv qkifkia bif bv b pbtvklzebt ngnjiv% vmj lgivblv pgkiv leg|j) 3) B| vmj ajijtbvgt ajijtbvgt |pjjf |pjjf fjltjb fjltjb|j| |j| kv| gzvpz gzvpzvv cbee| fgqi fgqi vg b sbezj sbezj ej||jt vmbi dbvvjt{ sgevbaj) 1) B tjsjt|j tjsjt|j cegq lzttjiv lzttjiv ctgn vmj dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ vg |mziv |mziv qkifkia qkifkia qjb`ji| qjb`ji| vmj vmj nbaijvkl nbaijvkl ckjef bif bif lgivblv lgivblv pgkiv| pgkiv| gpji| gpji| vg |vgp |vgp vmj cegq cegq gc tjsjt|j tjsjt|j lzttjiv)

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R)18 R)18 . Lgnpbtj Lgnpbtj gt Fkccjtj Fkccjtjilj ilj djvqjji djvqjji vmj Bevjtib Bevjtibvgt vgt bif f{ibng7 f{ibng7

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Ig Bevjtibvgt

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Kv k| k| igv sj sjt{ tgdz|v)

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Egq gzvpzv qjkamv tbvkg)

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Vmj ajijtbvgt fgj| igv lmbiaj

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R)=8 . J}pebki qkvm vmj vmj ijbv |`jvlm gc djifk} djifk} ftksj7 ftksj7 Bi|8 .DJIFK] .DJIFK] FTKSJ FTKSJ 2+ Djifk} Djifk} ftksj ftksj k| |vbtvk |vbtvkia ia |{|vj |{|vjn n fjbe| fjbe| qkvm |vbtv |vbtvkia kia vmj vmj jiakij jiakij d{ ltbi`k ltbi`kia ia bif fk|lgiijlv vmj |{|vjn qmji jiakij |vbtv| kfekia) kfek ia) Djifk} ftksj k| z|jf vg jiabaj bif fk|jiabaj vmj |vbtvkia ngvgt| qkvm jiakij ce{qmjje) 4+ Igq qmji vmj jiakij mb| mb| |vbtvjf |vbtvjf kv k| ijlj||bt ijlj||bt{ { vg fk|lgiijlv fk|lgiijlv vmj vmj ngvgt| gvmjtqk| gvmjtqk|j j jiakij qkee tgvbvj tgvbvj qkvm sjt{ mkam |pjjf|) |pjjf|) Ftksj mjbf k| z|zbee{ `j{jf vg vmj jif gc btnbvztj |mbcv)

<+ Qmji lzttjiv lzttjiv k| pb||jf pb||jf vg vmj vmj ngvgt% btnbvzt btnbvztj j |vbtv| tgvbvkia tgvbvkia qkvm qkvm czee |pjjf) Vmk| vztikia jccjlv k| vtbi|nkvvjf vmtgzam vmj mjbf bif |ptkia vg vmtjbfjf |ejjsj) 6+ _kikgi| vzti| |egqe{ vkee jiabajf jiabajf ce{qmjje) ce{qmjje) Qmji Qmji vmj vmj pkikgi pkikgi |vtk`j| |vtk`j| vmj lgeebt% kv |vbtv| tgvbvkia qkvm |bnj |pjjf gc btnbvztj |mbcv) Qmji jiakij |vbtv| tziikia |vbtvkia ngvgt fk|jiabaj|)

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\VBTVKI \VBTVKI A \[\VJN R)28 R)28 . Qtkvj Qtkvj b igvj igvj gi \vbtv \vbtvkia kia |{|v |{|vjn7 jn7 Bi|8 .\VBTVKI .\VBTVKIA A \[\VJN Vmj |vbtvkia |{|vjn gc bi bzvgngdkej k| z|jf vg |vbtv vmj kivjtibe lgndz|vkgi jiakij) Dgvm \K bif LK jiakij| lbiigv |vbtv d{ kv|jec) Vmj|j jiakij| ijjf vg dj ltbi`jf d{ b |vbtvkia ngvgt) Vmk| ngvgt k| be|g lbeejf b |vbtvjt |vbtvjt gt ltbi`kia ltbi`kia ngvgt) ngvgt) Ltbi`kia Ltbi`kia gc bi{ jiakij njbi| tgvbvkia tgvbvkia kv| ltbi` |mbcv) Tgvbvkgi gc ltbi` |mbcv lbz|j| vmj pk|vgi vg tjlkptglbvj) Qmji pk|vgi tjlkptglbvj|% |zlvkgi% lgnptj||kgi% j}pbi|kgi bif j}mbz|v |vtg`j| gc jiakij btj lgnpejvjf) Vmz|% jiakij lgnpejvj| kv| qgt`kia l{lej bif kv |vbtv| tziikia) \vbtvkia ngvgt ptgfzlj| ijlj||bt{ vgtrzj vg tgvbvj vmj jiakij qmjje -ltbi` |mbcv+vmtgzam b |zkvbdej ajbt -gij pkikgi gi ngvgt bif gvmjt tkia ajbt btgzif jiakij qmjje+)

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2+ \vbtvkia |{|vjn |{|vjn k| vmj mjbtv mjbtv gc jejlvtkl jejlvtklbe be |{|vjn |{|vjn ki bzvgngdkej bzvgngdkej |) Kv lgi|k|v| gc dbvvjt{% |vbtvjt ngvgt% |gejigkf% ijzvtbe |bcjv{ |qkvlm bif kaikvkgi |qkvlm) 4+ Qmji vmj `j{ `j{ k| ki|jtvjf ki|jtvjf vg kaikvkgi kaikvkgi |qkvlm |qkvlm bif vztijf vztijf vg |vbtv |vbtv pg|kvkgi pg|kvkgi %b |nbee bngziv gc lzttjiv k| pb||j| vmtgzam vmj ijzvtbe |bcjv{ |qkvlm vg |vbtvjt tjeb{ gt |vbtvjf |vbtvjf |gejigkf |gejigkf)) <+ \vbtvjt |gejigk |gejigkf f beegq| mkam mkam lzttjiv| lzttjiv| vg cegq vmtgzam vmtgzam vmj vmj dbvvjt{ dbvvjt{ lbdej| lbdej| vg vmj |vbtvjt ngvgt) 6+ Vmj |vbtvjt |vbtvjt ngvgt vmji vmji ltbi`| ltbi`| vmj jiakij jiakij |g vmbv vmbv vmj pk|vgi pk|vgi ngskia ngskia fgqiqbtf lbi ltjbvj b |zlvkgi vmbv ftbq| bkt czje nk}vztj kivg vmj l{ekifjt) D{ ltjbvkia |pbt` d{ kaikvkgi |{|vjn% nk}vztj k| kaikvjf) :+ Kc vmj lgnptj||kgi lgnptj||kgi ki jiakij jiakij k| k| mkam jigzam jigzam bif bee vm k| mbppji| mbppji| bv vmj tkamv vknj% vmj jiakij qkee |vbtv) 

LGN_GIJIV\ GC \VBTVKIA \[\VJN \vbtvkia |{|vjn lgi|k|v gc vmj cgeegqkia lgnpgijiv|) 2) \vbtkia |{|vjn 8 \vbtkia ngvgt vg ptgfzlj vmj tgvbvkgi gc ltbi`|mbcv)

4) Ftksj njlmbik|n 8 Ftksj njlmbik|n vg vtbi|cjt tgv bt{ ngvkgi gc |vbtvjt vg vmj ltbi` |mbcv gc vmj jiakij)

<) Kaikvkgi |qkvlm8 Vmj kaikvkgi| |qkvlm vg |vbtv vmj ngvgt)

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Module No 4 of Ae (Be.mech Sem8)

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