Makalah Language n Society

SOCIOLINGUISTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY

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PRE6ACE

 T&e 7$ite$ 7ould 7ould li3e li3e to deli8e$ &e$ &e$ dee(l- t&a"3 to Alla& SWT a"d P$o(&et P$o(&et #u&ammad t&at !a8e &ealt& a"d t$e"!t& to u a"d ou$ famil- t&at 7e 'ould

a$$a"!e t&i (a(e$ i 7ell% T&e (a(e$ title i 9Relatio"&i( bet7ee" la"!ua!e a"d o'iet-: 7a e;($el- 7e a$$a"!e a a (ilot boo3 fo$ 3"o7led!e about t&e Relatio"&i( bet7ee" la"!ua!e a"d o'iet- a"d lea$"i"! all about o'ioli"!uiti'% Of 'ou$e all tateme"t of 'o"te"t t&i (a(e$ &a ad8a"ta!e a"d diad8a"ta!e< o t&at 7e &o(e 'omme"t a"d u!!etio" f$om $eade$ fo$ (e$fe'tio" 'o"te"t of t&i (a(e$ a"d a (ilot fo$ u< u"til 7e 'a" a$$a"!i"! t&e (a(e$ i (e$fe'tl- i" t&e futu$e%

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ABSTRAC

Abt$a't% Huma" i o'ial '$eatu$e t&at 'a">t li8e i"di8iduall-< $at&e$ t&e- &a8e to i"te$a't 7it& t&ei$ (ee$% So t&at t&e &uma" ued la"!ua!e fo$ tal3 a"d i"te$a't% La"!ua!e i ou"d i!" -tem i a$bit$e$ 7a ued fo$ 7o$3 ame< i"te$a't< a"d elf  ide"ti'atio"% So'ioli"!uiti' i li"!uiti' b$a"'& 7a e;ami"e $elatio"&i( bet7ee" la"!ua!e a"d o'iet-% Ge"e$all- o'ioli"!uiti' &a di'ued about $elatio"&i( bet7ee" la"!ua!e a"d la"!ua!e "a$$ato$ a 'ommu"it-%

 T&i (a(e$ ui"! t&eo$- about $elatio"&i( bet7ee" la"!ua!e a"d o'iet-% T&e $eea$'& &a ea$'& $elatio"&i( bet7ee" la"!ua!e a"d o'iet- t&$ou!& i"te$"et a''e a"d ome boo3% I" o'iet-> life la"!ua!e fu"'tio" t$aditio"all- 'a" be aid a mea" of 8e$bal 'ommu"i'atio" ued b- t&e o'iet- to 'ommu"i'ate% C&ae$ ?/442).@ aid t&at fu"'tio" t&at be'ome a o'ioli"!uiti' ($oblem i f$om t&e (ea3e$< lite"e$< to(i'< 'ode< a"d tetame"t ide% T&e$e a$e 1 fa'to$ i" o'ioli"!uiti'< t&e- a$e o'ial fa'to$< o'ial dime"io"< a"d e;(la"atio" fa'to

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%$ TABLE O6 CONTENT

PRE6ACE 

i

ABSTRAC %

ii

CHAPTER I I"t$odu'tio" % .%

Ba'3!$ou"d of t&e tud- %%%%%

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Stateme"t of ($oblem % .

CHAPTER II Relatio"&i( bet7ee" la"!ua!e a"d o'iet- %% / CHAPTER III Cloi"! %%

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Su!!etio" % @ BIBLIOGRAPHY %%

CHAPTER I



INTRODUCTION

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Ba'3!$ou"d of t&e tud-

We a$e 3"e7 t&at la"!ua!e a"d o'iet- i u"e(a$able t7o 'u$$e"'- ide% No (eo(le 7it&out 'ou"t$- a"d "o 'ou"t$- 7it&out (eo(le% Ho7e8e$ 7&ile t&e time i $u""i"! i" a la"!ua!e 'a" &a((e"ed di(la'eme"t% T&e matte$ 7a &a((e"ed 'aued i"ue"'ed b- e8e$-t&i"! a follo7 'ie"'e a"d te'&"olo!- de8elo(me"t% So li3e 7e 3"e7 t&at fu"'tio" of la"!ua!e i" !e"e$al a o'ial 'ommu"i'ati8e% La"!ua!e i a 8e&i'le to i"te$a't 7it& ot&e$ (eo(le% T&u e8e$- (eo(le of 'ou$e &ould o7" a"d ue t&e o'ial mea" of 'ommu"i'atio"% T&e$e a$e "o (eo(le 7it&out 'ou"t$- a"d "o 'ou"t$- 7it&out (eo(le% W&ile t&e 'ie"'e a"d te'&"olo!- i $u""i"!< o la"!ua!e e;(e$ie"'e t$a"itio" i 8e$- i!"i'a"t% La"!ua!e $eall- 'ould "ot a(a$t f$om e8e$- (eo(le% T&i t7o 'ae mutual i"te$$elated< o did 7it& i"do"eia" la"!ua!e $aied f$om mela-u la"!ua!e 7a '&a$a'&te$iti' li"!ua f$a"'a% So'ioli"!uiti' i tud- t&e $elatio"&i( bet7ee" la"!ua!e a"d o'iet- ?Holme< ./).< +$idala3a"a< /44F)//@% T&e o'ioli"!uiti' deal 7it& e;(lai"i"! 7&- 7e (ea3 die$e"tl- i" die$e"t o'ial 'o"te;t a"d fa'to$ u'& a< 'la< et&"i'it-< a!e< a"d e;% T&i tud- i 'o"'e$"ed 7it& t&e ide"tif-i"! t&e o'ial fu"'tio" of la"!ua!e a"d t&e 7a- it i ued to 'o"8e- o'ial mea"i"!% So'ioli"!uiti' i alo t&e tud- about diale't< la"!ua!e i" 'o"ta't< la"!ua!e a"d edu'atio"< a"d la"!ua!e i" ue ?6$om3i"< /4..) 214% C&ae$ ?/442)/ e;(lai" t&at o'ioli"!uiti' i 9t&e tud- about o'iolo!- a"d li"!uiti'% I" 8i'e 8e$a< Wa$d&ou!& tate t&at o'ioli"!uiti' a"d t&e o'iolo!- a$e die$e"t tud-% 9T&e o'ioli"!uiti' 7ill be 'o"'e$"ed 7it& i"8eti!ati"! t&e $elatio"&i( bet7ee" la"!ua!e a"d o'iet- 7it& t&e !oal of bette$ u"de$ta"di"! of t&e t$u'tu$e of la"!ua!e a"d of &o7 la"!ua!e fu"'tio" i" 'ommu"i'atio" t&e eui8ale"t !oal i" t&e o'iolo!- of la"!ua!e 7ill be to di'o8e$ &o7 o'ial t$u'tu$e 'a" be bette$ u"de$tood t&$ou!& t&e tud- of la"!ua!e< e%!%< &o7 'e$tai" li"!uiti' featu$e e$8e to '&a$a'te$iJe (a$ti'ula$ o'ial a$$a"!eme"t: ?.F)./% /%

Stateme"t of ($oblem

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La"!ua!e a"d (ea3

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Commu"it-

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La"!ua!e a"d le8el

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Relatio"&i( bet7ee" la"!ua!e a"d o'iet-

CHAPTER II RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY

La"!ua!e i 'e"t$al to o'ial i"te$a'tio" i" e8e$- o'iet-< $e!a$dle of lo'atio" a"d time (e$iod% La"!ua!e a"d o'ial i"te$a'tio" &a8e a $e'i($o'al $elatio"&i() la"!ua!e &a(e o'ial i"te$a'tio" a"d o'ial i"te$a'tio" &a(e la"!ua!e% La"!ua!e i a tool fo$ i"te$a't 7it& ot&e$ &uma"% So la"!ua!e 'a">t e(a$ated 7it& &uma"% T&$ou!& la"!ua!e 7e 'a" $elated a"d i"te$a't 7it& ot&e$ &uma" a"d '$eated 'ommu"i'ati8e i" t&e 'ommu"itSo'ioli"!uiti' i t&e tud- of t&e 'o""e'tio" bet7ee" la"!ua!e a"d o'iet- a"d t&e 7a- (eo(le ue la"!ua!e i" die$e"t o'ial ituatio"% It a3 t&e uetio"< Ho7 doe la"!ua!e ae't t&e o'ial "atu$e of &uma" bei"!< a"d &o7 doe o'ial i"te$a'tio" &a(e la"!ua!eM It $a"!e !$eatl- i" de(t& a"d detail< f$om t&e tud- of  diale't a'$o a !i8e" $e!io" to t&e a"al-i of t&e 7a- me" a"d 7ome" (ea3 to ea'& ot&e$ i" 'e$tai" ituatio"%  T&e bai' ($emie of o'ioli"!uiti' i t&at la"!ua!e i 8a$iable a"d e8e$'&a"!i"!% A a $eult< la"!ua!e i "ot u"ifo$m o$ 'o"ta"t% Rat&e$< it i 8a$ied a"d i"'o"ite"t fo$ bot& t&e i"di8idual ue$ a"d 7it&i" a"d amo"! !$ou( of (ea3e$ 7&o ue t&e ame la"!ua!e% Peo(le ad,ut t&e 7a- t&e- tal3 to t&ei$ o'ial ituatio"% A" i"di8idual< fo$ i"ta"'e< 7ill (ea3 die$e"tl- to a '&ild t&a" &e o$ &e 7ill to t&ei$ 'olle!e ($ofeo$% T&i o'ioituatio"al 8a$iatio" i ometime 'alled $e!ite$ a"d de(e"d "o o"l- o" t&e o''aio" a"d $elatio"&i( bet7ee" t&e (a$ti'i(a"t< but alo o" t&e (a$ti'i(a"t> $e!io"< et&"i'it-< o'ioe'o"omi' tatu< a!e< a"d !e"de$% O"e 7a- t&at o'ioli"!uit tud- la"!ua!e i t&$ou!& dated 7$itte" $e'o$d% Tⅇami"e bot& &a"d7$itte" a"d ($i"ted do'ume"t to ide"tif- &o7 la"!ua!e a"d o'iet- &a8e i"te$a'ted i" t&e (at% T&i i ofte" $efe$$ed to a &ito$i'al o'ioli"!uiti') t&e tud- of t&e $elatio"&i( bet7ee" '&a"!e i" o'iet- a"d

'&a"!e i" la"!ua!e o8e$ time% 6o$ e;am(le< &ito$i'al o'ioli"!uit &a8e tudied t&e ue a"d f$eue"'- of t&e ($o"ou" t&ou i" dated do'ume"t a"d fou"d t&at it $e(la'eme"t 7it& t&e 7o$d -ou i 'o$$elated 7it& '&a"!e i" 'la t$u'tu$e i" .t& a"d .=t& 'e"tu$- E"!la"d% So'ioli"!uit alo 'ommo"l- tud- diale't< 7&i'& i t&e $e!io"al< o'ial< o$ et&"i' 8a$iatio" of a la"!ua!e% 6o$ e;am(le< t&e ($ima$- la"!ua!e i" t&e U"ited State i E"!li&% Peo(le 7&o li8e i" t&e Sout&< &o7e8e$< ofte" 8a$- i" t&e 7a- t&e- (ea3 a"d t&e 7o$d t&e- ue 'om(a$ed to (eo(le 7&o li8e i" t&e No$t&7et< e8e" t&ou!& it i all t&e ame la"!ua!e% T&e$e a$e die$e"t diale't of E"!li&< de(e"di"! o" 7&at $e!io" of t&e 'ou"t$- -ou a$e i"% So'ioli"!uit tud- ma"- ot&e$ iue a 7ell% 6o$ i"ta"'e< t&e- ofte" e;ami"e t&e 8alue t&at &ea$e$ (la'e o" 8a$iatio" i" la"!ua!e< t&e $e!ulatio" of li"!uiti' be&a8io$< la"!ua!e ta"da$diJatio"< a"d edu'atio"al a"d !o8e$"me"tal (oli'ie 'o"'e$"i"! la"!ua!e%

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Di'uio"

I" o'iet-> life la"!ua!e fu"'tio" t$aditio"all- 'a" be aid a mea" of 8e$bal 'ommu"i'atio" ued b- t&e o'iet- to 'ommu"i'ate% But t&e la"!ua!e fu"'tio" i "ot me$el- a mea" of 'ommu"i'atio"% C&ae$ ?/442).@ aid t&at fu"'tio" t&at be'ome a o'ioli"!uiti' ($oblem i f$om t&e (ea3e$< lite"e$< to(i'< 'ode< a"d tetame"t ide%  T&e mea" f$om t&e tateme"t t&at t&e (oi"t i t&at la"!ua!e i die$e"t if 7e ee f$om die$e"t a(e' a me"tio"ed abo8e% E;(la"atio" f$om la"!ua!e fu"'tio" a follo7 ) .%

Lite"e$ ide

6$om lite"e$ ide< la"!ua!e fu"'tio" di$e'ti8e% La"!ua!e i "ot ,ut ma3e lite"e$ do omet&i"!< but do a"-t&i"! 'o"fo$m 7&at (ea3e$ 7a"t% /%

S(ea3e$ ide

6$om (ea3e$ ide< la"!ua!e fu"'tio" (e$o"all- o$ i"di8iduall-% It mea" t&at (ea3e$ e;(lai" about &i attitude to 7&at &e (ea3% 1%

To(i' ide

6$om to(i' ide< la"!ua!e fu"'tio" $efe$e"'e% I" t&i matte$ t&e la"!ua!e fu"'tio" a i"t$ume"t fo$ e;(lai" about ob,e't o$ &a((e"i"! i" t&e o$$ou"di"! (ea3e$ o$ i" t&e 'ultu$e% 2%

Code ide

6$om 'ode ide< la"!ua!e fu"'tio" metali"!ual o$ metali"!uiti'%It> la"!ua!e ued to tal3 about la"!ua!e itelf% @%

#ea!e ide

6$om t&e (ee'& ide t&at> !i8e< la"!ua!e fu"'tio" ima!i"ati8e% It> t&e la"!ua!e 'a" be ued to 'o"8e- t&i"3< idea< a"d feeli"!% I" 8e$bal $e(o$tai$e &a o'iet-> o7"< o'iet- la"!ua!e &a die$e"t b- t&$ee< t&ea$e ) .%

#o"oli"!ual o'iet- ?O"e la"!ua!e

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Bili"!ual o'iet- ?T7o la"!ua!e

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#ultili"!ual o'iet- ?#o$e t&a" t7o la"!ua!e

I" t&i (a$t of t&e di'uio"< t&e 7$ite$ 7ill de'$ibe o'ioli"!uiti' fa'to$< t&e diale't< la"!ua!e i" 'o"ta't< la"!ua!e a"d edu'atio"< a"d la"!ua!e ue ?Holme< ./ 6$om3i"< /4..% .% So'ioli"!uiti' fa'to$ a% So'ial fa'to$  T&e o'ial fa'to$ a$e i"'ludi"! t&e ue$< (a$ti'i(a"t< o'ial etti"! a"d fu"'tio"%  T&e ue$ di8ide 97&o i tal3i"! to 7&om ?e%!% 7ife&uba"d< tea'&e$tude"t% T&e etti"! a"d o'ial 'o"te;t a$e alo $ele8a"t u'& a< at &ome< &o(ital a"d 'la%  T&e fu"'tio" de'$ibe 97&- a$e t&e- (ea3i"!: a"d a"ot&e$ fa'to$ i to(i' 7&i'& de'$ibe 97&at a$e t&e- tal3i"! about:% b% So'ial dime"io"  T&e $elatio"&i( bet7ee" t&e (a$ti'i(a"t i o"e of t&e fa'to$ of t&e o'ial dime"io"% T&e fa'to$ li3e t&e o'ial dita"'e ?i"timate&i!& olida$it-< tatu 'ale ?&i!&lo7 tatu< t&e tatu< fo$malit- ?fo$mali"fo$mal a"d fu"'tio"al 'ale ?to(i' of i"te$a'tio" a$e $eall- i"ue"'ed t&e o'ioli"!uiti'% '% E;(la"atio" fa'to$  T&i fa'to$ i to ide"tif- 'lea$l- t&e li"!uiti' 8a$iatio" u'& a< 8o'abula$-< ou"d< !$ammati'al 'o"t$u'tio"< diale't< la"!ua!e a"d t&e die$e"t o'ial 7&i'& lead t&e (ea3e$ to ue o"e fo$m $at&e$ t&a" a"ot&e$ u'& a< (a$ti'i(a"t< etti"! o$ fu"'tio" of t&e i"te$a'tio"% /% Diale't

All (ea3e$ 'a" tal3 to ea'& ot&e$ a"d ($ett- mu'& u"de$ta"d ea'& ot&e$% Bet7ee" o"e a"d a"ot&e$ do "ot (ea3 ali3e% It 'a" be i"ue"'ed b- a!e< e;< o'ial ituatio" a"d 7&e$e a"d 7&e" t&e la"!ua!e 7a lea$"ed% T&e la"!ua!e of a" i"di8idual (ea3e$ 7it& it u"iue '&a$a'te$iti' i $efe$$ed to a t&e (ea3e$> idiole't% W&e" t&e$e a$e -temati' die$e"'e i" t&e 7a- !$ou( (ea3 a la"!ua!e< it a- t&at ea'& !$ou( (ea3 a diale't of t&at la"!ua!e% C&ambe$ ?.F4)@ "oti'ed t&at diale't o" t&e ot&e$ &a"d< $efe$ to 8a$ietie 7&i'& a$e !$ammati'all?a"d (e$&a( le;i'all- a 7ell a (&o"olo!i'all- die$e"t f$om ot&e$ 8a$ietie% T&e e;am(le 7&e" t&e t7o (ea3e$ a$e a- I do"e it lat "i!&t a"d I did it lat "i!&t< t&e- a$e a-i"! die$e"t diale't% 1% La"!ua!e i" 'o"ta't Sometime t&e ue$ of la"!ua!e "d t&e (ea3e$ of la"!ua!e t&at (ea3 die$e"t la"!ua!e% It 'a" be ee" 'lea$l- i" ome (a$t of t&e 7o$ld t&at t&e (ea3e$ of bili"!ual 'ommu"itie< -ou ma- "ot &a8e to t$a8el 8e$- fa$ at all to "d t&e la"!ua!e di'o""e't% To ma3e t&e ue$ u"de$ta"d about t&i ituatio"< t&e- "eed a la"!ua!e t&at 'a" 'ommu"i'ate ea'& ot&e$% I" t&i (a$t< li"!ua f$a"'a< bili"!ualim< (id!i" a"d '$eole< a$e t&e 3i"d of la"!ua!e i" 'o"ta't% T&e detail a$e e;(lai"ed belo7% Li"!ua 6$a"'a i t&e la"!ua!e t&at i ued b- 'ommo" a!$eeme"t of t&e (eo(le 7&o (ea3 di8e$e la"!ua!e% E"!li& &a bee" 'alled li"!ua f$a"'a of t&e 7&ole 7o$ld% Pid!i" a"d C$eole Pid!i" i a mi;ed la"!ua!e t&at a$ie i" ituatio" 7&e$e (ea3e$ of die$e"t la"!ua!e a$e u"able to u"de$ta"d ea'& ot&e$> "ati8e la"!ua!e a"d< t&e$efo$e "eed to de8elo( a 'ommo" mea" of 'ommu"i'atio" ?Buma"< .F)4@% Pid!i" i ued to 'ommu"i'ate amo"! t&e (eo(le 7&o &a8e "o 'ommo" la"!ua!e ?Todd< .=2).% C$eole i de"ed a a la"!ua!e &a e8ol8ed i" a 'o"ta't ituatio" to be'ome t&e "ati8e of !e"e$atio" of t&e (ea3e$ ?6$om3i"< /4..)2@F% It 'a" be aid t&at '$eole a$e t&e (id!i" t&at &a a "ati8e (ea3e$% Bili"!ualim i t&e abilit- to (ea3 t7o o$ mo$e la"!ua!e< eit&e$ b- a" i"di8idual (ea3e$< i"di8idual bili"!ualim< o$ 7it&i" a o'iet-< o'ietal bili"!ualim% T&e 3i"d of bili"!ualim i 'ode7it'&i"! 7&i'& i de'$ibed a t&e a (ee'& t-le u"iue to bili"!ual< i" 7&i'& ue"t (ea3e$ 7it'& la"!ua!e bet7ee" o$ 7it&i" e"te"'e o$ i" 7&ole 'ode% 2% La"!ua!e a"d Edu'atio" Se'o"dLa"!ua!e Tea'&i"! #et&od &a t7o a(($oa'&e) t&e -"t&eti' a(($oa'& ?tea'&i"! !$ammati'al< le;i'al< (&o"olo!i'al< a"d t&e fu"'tio"al u"it of la"!ua!e

te( b- te( a"d a"al-ti' a(($oa'& ?to(i'< te;t o$ ta3 7&i'& &a 'o"'e$" i" 'o"te"t baed i"t$u'tio"% @% La"!ua!e i" Ue  T&e la"!ua!e i" ue 'a" be de'$ibed i" t-le a"d ,a$!o"% St-le i t&e 8a$iou la"!ua!e t&at a$e ued b- t&e (ea3e$ i" t&e ituatio" diale't% E8e$-bod- &a at leat fo$mal a"d i"fo$mal t-le% I" a" i"fo$mal t-le< t&e $ule of 'o"t$u'ti"! a$e ued mot ofte"< t&e -"ta'ti' $ule of "e!atio" a"d a!$eeme"t ma- be alte$ed< a"d ma"- 7o$d a$e ued t&at do "ot o''u$ i" t&e fo$mal t-le% 0a$!o" i t&e la"!ua!e t&at i ued b- t&e 'o"'eible 'ie"'e< ($ofeio"< t$ade< a"d o''u(atio" ue (e'i' la"! te$m% T&e e;am(le of li"!uiti' ,a$!o" fo$ I"t$odu'tio" to Li"!uiti' a$e (&o"eme< mo$(&eme< le;i'o"< (&$ae t$u'tu$e $ule a"d o o"%

CHAPTER III CLOSING .%

Co"'luio"

So'ioli"!uiti' i t&e tud- of t&e $elatio" bet7ee" la"!ua!e a"d o'iet-% T&e$e a$e ome o'ioli"!uiti' fa'to$ u'& a< o'ial fa'to$< o'ial dime"io"< a"d e;(la"atio" fa'to$% E8e$- (e$o" &a a u"iue 7a- of (ea3i"! 'alled a idiole't< a"d diale't 7&i'& a$e !$ammati'all- ?a"d (e$&a( le;i'all- a 7ell a (&o"olo!i'all- die$e"t f$om ot&e$ 8a$ietie% T&e la"!ua!e i" 'o"ta't 'o"it of Li"!ua 6$a"'a< Bili"!ualim< Pid!i" a"d C$eol% T&e la"!ua!e edu'atio" 'a" be ee" i" e'o"dla"!ua!e tea'&i"! met&od% La"!ua!e i" ue i"'lude t-le a"d ,a$!o"% /%

Su!!etio"

E8e$- (e$o" mut be $elated a"d tal3 ui"! la"!ua!e 7ell< $e(e'tful< 7ie< a"d &a8e et&i' i" (ea3< e(e'iall- 7&e" a$e i" t&e 'ommu"it-% S(ea3e$ &a8e to 'a" ada(ti"! &i la"!ua!e 7&e" a$e i" t&e omet&i"! (la'e% Bot& i" fo$mal 'i$'le a"d i"fo$mal 'i$'le%

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Al7aila&< A C&aeda$% .1% Pe"!a"ta$ Soiolo!i Ba&aa% Ba"du"!) A"!3aa% Ali"da