Introduccion Al Derecho Penal

CKCNHLIC J@GC^@ Khftr` nh Hstuni`s pcrc jc [hburincn Qÿgjikc y Qrivcnc KHF^W@[ HF [HTIJJC, EXHJTC Y ^HFHWIDH

CKCNHLIC K@JCG@WCN@WC NH J@[ TI OXHB@[ HXW@QH@[

IF^W@NXKKI@F CJ NHWHKE@ QHFCJ QCW^H I

CX^@W? Cft`fi` J`gct`. Nirhkt`r shburincn. Krilifûj`b` y Hxphrt` hf [hburincn Qÿgjikc y Qrivcnc ^@N@[ J@[ NHWHKE@[ WH[HWTCN@[. FI JC ^@^CJINCN FI QCW^H NH H[^H JIGW@ QXHNHF WHQW@NXKIW[H @ ^WCF[LIÎW[H Q@W FIFBßF QW@KHNILIHF^@ HJHK^WÛFIK@ @ LHKÃFIK@, IFKJXYHFN@ D@^@K@QIC, BWCGCKIÛF LCBFÉÎKC, KXCJSXIHW CJLCKHFCLIHF^@ NH IFD@WLCKIÛF Y [I[^HLC NH WHKXQHWCKIÛF [IF QHWLI[@ H[KWI^@ NHJ CX^@W Y HNI^@W.

IFNIKH

QÃBIFC

QHFCJ…………………………………….1; ^HLC 3.- IF^W@NXKKIÛF CJ NHWHKE@ QHFCJ…………………………………….1;

^HLC 7.- WHJCKIÛF NHJ NHWHKE@ QHFCJ K@F J@[ NHLÃ[ [HK^@WH[ NHJ @WNHFCLIHF^@ OXWÌNIK@………………… OXWÌNIK@………………………………………… …………………………………………… ……………………..14 QHFCJ…………………………………………..19 ^HLC ;.- QWIFKIQI@[ NHJ NHWHKE@ QHFCJ………………………………………… QHFCJ……………………………………………..3> ^HLC >.- DXHF^H[ NHJ NHWHKE@ QHFCJ……………………………………………..3>

^HLC 8.- JC F@WLC QHFCJ. K@FKXW[@ CQCWHF^H NH JHYH[…………………..32 ^HLC 4.- JC JHY QHFCJ Y [X[ JÌLI^H[ NH TIBHFKIC……………………………….73 QH FCJ HF HJ H[QCKI@…………………… H[QCKI@………………………………………… …………………………7> ……7> ^HLC 2.- JC JHY QHFCJ

^HLC 5.- ^H@WÌC OXWÌNIKC NHJ NHJI^@ NHJI^@ KXH[Î@FH[ BHFHWCJH[ HF ^@WF@ C JC ^H@WÌC NHJ NHJI^@ 72 QHFCJH[……………………………………….;1 ^HLC 9.- KJC[H[ NH IFDWCKKI@FH[ QHFCJH[……………………………………….;1

^HLC 31.- KJC[H[ NH ÎQ@[ QHFCJH[. N@J@ H ILQWXNHFKIC. K@FKHQ^@[…;;

7

J`gct` [hburincn | ^hjéd`f`? 432 >21 ;44

ifdÀj`gct`shburincn.k`l | www.j`gct`shbur www.j`gct`shburincn.k`l incn.k`l

Jc s`kihncn sh `rbcfizc hf t`rf` c jcs f`rlcs ourìnikcs, t`n` j` quh eckhl`s duhrc y nhftr` nh fuhstrc kcsc hs nhrhke`, yc shc kivij, cnlifistrctiv`, y tclgiéf t`n`s fuhstr`s k`lp`rtclihft`s ifkinhf hf hj nhrhke` phfcj. Hj k`fouft` nh jcs f`rlcs ourìnikcs quh rhbujc fuhstrc cktivincn sh jh jjclc . Hj @rnhfclihft` Ourìnik` tihfh vcri`s shkt`rhs, yc quh sh nivinh nh tcj d`rlc quh ufc pcrth hs hj Nhrhke` Kivij, `tr` hs hj Nhrhke` Cnlifistrctiv`, y tclgiéf f` p`nhl`s `jvincr hj Nhrhke` Qhfcj, hj kucj, rhbujc hj hstcgjhkilihft` nh j`s nhjit`s y jcs k`fshkuhfkics ourìnikcs quh nh hjj`s sh nhrivc, jcs phfcs y jcs lhnincs nh shburincn. [h nhf`lifc cj Nhrhke` Qhfcj quh hs ufc k`fstitukiûf fhbctivc p`rquh prèìgh j` quh f` sh puhnh eckhr. HJ Nhrhke` Qhfcj hs cj lisl` tihlp` k`fkhgin` nhsnh ufc tripjh phrsphktivc? 3) ? Yc quh hs ufc rclc nhj scghr quh sh hfkcrbc nhj nhscrr`jj` nh jcs f`rlcs ourìnikcs quh quhncf prèigincs ` quh k`ftihfhf ehke`s prèigin`s hf su rhcjizckiûf, y quh cj shr rhcjizcn`s hs`s ehke`s, k`f jjhvcf k`fshkuhfkics ourìnikcs. Jc prilhrc k`fsinhrckiûf nhj Nhrhke` Qhfcj hs shr ufc kihfkic, ufc rclc nhj scghr kihftìdik`. 7) Hs hj , y hstcgjhkhf sus k`rrhsp`fnihfths k`fshkuhfkics ourìnikcs, phfcs y lhnincs nh shburincn. ;) @trc ckhpkiûf nhj Nhrhke` Qhfcj, hs k`l`? , c hst` sh jh nhf`lifc " Ius Qufihfni", (dckujtcn nhj Hstcn` nh ilp`fhr phfcs). Cj ecgjcr nhj Nhrhke` Qhfcj, ecy quh scghr hf quh ckhpkiûf hstcl`s, c kucj nh hjjcs f`s rhdhril`s. Q`nhl`s tclgiéf nhkir, quh ecy quh nidhrhfkicr hftrh hj Nhrhke` Qhfcj [ustcftiv` y hj Nhrhke` Qhfcj Qr`khscj. Hj Nhrhke` Qhfcj sustcftiv` nhthrlifc j` quh ec nh hfthfnhrsh p`r nhjit`, nhthrlifc p`r tcft`, quh k`fnuktcs ecf sin` tipidikcncs p`r hj jhbisjcn`r k`l` ;



prèigin`, y tclgiéf rhbujc jcs k`fshkuhfkics ourìnikcs quh nh hsc vujfhrckiûf sh rhcjizc. Nhftr` nh jc F`rlc Qhfcj (` ijìkit` phfcj) thfhl`s J`s Nhjit`s y jcs Dcjtcs. Hj Nhrhke` Qhfcj [ustcftiv`= nhskrigh j`s ijìkit`s phfcjhs, y sus k`fshkuhfkics ourìnikcs, hs j` quh p`sitivclhfth hj jhbisjcn`r kcstibc hf kcnc l`lhft`. l`lhft`. Hj Nhrhke` Qhfcj Qr`khscj, hf kclgi`, nhthrlifc hj kcukh pcrc eckhr hdhktiv` cfth j`s ^rigufcjhs hj Nhrhke` Qhfcj [ustcftiv`. Nhftr` nhj Nhrhke` Qhfcj [ustcftiv`, thfhl`s trhs jigr`s? ? Whbujc j`s k`fkhpt`s nhj Nhrhke` Qhfcj k`l` `kurrh k`f hj crtikuj` 7> quh nhskrigh jc "cut`rincn ` Dufki`fcri` Qugjik`". Qugjik`". Cnhlãs nh j`s j`s k`fkhpt`s sh rhbujcf ufc shrih nh rhbjcs quh sirvhf pcrc cpjikcr j`s nhjit`s y jcs dcjtcs nh d`rlc k`rrhktc. Y pcrc thrlifcr, nhftr` nh hsth Jigr` I, tclgiéf sh rhbujcf uf`s prifkipi`s, y sh hstcgjhkhf vcj`rhs quh vcf c prhsinir t`nc jc cpjikckiûf nhj Nhrhke` Qhfcj. Hsth Jigr` I sh nhf`lifc Qcrth Bhfhrcj. ? Whbujc j`s nhjit`s. ? Whbujc jcs dcjtcs. Ifthrhsc nhdifir ` thfhr kjcr` quh hs hj Nhrhke` Qhfcj= hj kucj ` j` p`nhl`s nhdifir k`l` "Cquhj k`fouft` nh f`rlcs ourìnikcs quh d`rlcf pcrth nhj @rnhfclihft` Ourìnik` pr`khnhfths nhj p`nhr pufitiv` nhj hstcn`, y rhbujcn`rcs nh j`s nhjit`s y dcjtcs, y nh sus rhsphktivcs kcuscs ourìnikcs, lhnicfth jc cpjikckiûf nh phfcs y lhnincs nh shburincn.(Diburc 3)

>



^clgiéf jjclcn` Nhrhke` [ugohtiv`, sh nhskrigh k`l` ufc dckujtcn ` p`nhr ` p`thstcn nh ilp`fhr phfcs y lhnincs nh shburincn c j`s ifdrckt`rhs nh jcs f`rlcs phfcjhs quh jcs hstcgjhkhf. Ecy quh nhkir, quh hs cquhj p`nhr quh hstã ifstcurcfn` y rhbujcn` p`r jhy, y p`r hj nhrhke`, y k`l` tcj, s`lhtin` c j`s Qrifkipi`s K`fstituki`fcjhs, hs nhkir, hj Hstcn` tihfh hj p`nhr nh kcstibcr, y hst` sh hohrkh lhnicfth j`s ^rigufcjhs nh Oustikic. Hj p`nhr nh kcstibcr s`j` j` tihfh hj Hstcn`, phr` f` nh kucjquihr d`rlc, si f` k`f jiliths, yc quh hj Ius Qufihfni quhnc jilitcn` p`r j`s prifkipi`s k`fstituki`fcjhs pr`khnhfths nhj Hstcn` nh nhrhke`. Cj Hstcn` jh k`rrhsp`fnh trhs fivhjhs nh cktuckiûf hf rhjckiûf c jcs f`rlcs phfcjhs? 3) Hf shnh nhj Q`nhr Jhbisjctiv` k`rrhsp`fnh krhcr cquhjj`s ehke`s quh sh vcf c k`fsinhrcr nhjit`s ` dcjtcs. 7) Hf shnh ounikicj= c trcvés nh j`s ^rigufcjhs nh Oustikic, cj Hstcn` jh k`rrhsp`fnh cpjikcr jcs phfcs y lhnincs nh shburincn cj shr ifdrifbincs jcs f`rlcs phfcjhs. ;) Hf shnh nhj Q`nhr Hohkutiv`= hj Hstcn` eckh hdhktiv` hj kulpjilihft` nh jcs phfcs c trcvés nhj sisthlc phfithfkicri`.

8



Hj @rnhfclihft` Ourìnik` hs hj k`fouft` nh t`ncs jcs f`rlcs ourìnikcs y hj nhrhke` phfcj hs uf shkt`r nh nike` `rnhfclihft`. Hlphzcl`s k`f jcs nidhrhfths rhjcki`fhs?

Jc rhjckiûf hs dufnclhftcj, nh ehke`, jc k`fstitukiûf hspcó`jc KH nikh p`r hohlpj` quh t`n`s thfhl`s nhrhke` c jc vinc, y hj Nhrhke` Qhfcj j` quh eckh hs pr`thbhrj`, p`r hs` kcstibc hj cshsifct` p`r hohlpj`. HJ gihf ourìnik` pr`thbin` p`r hj Nhrhke` Qhfcj fckh ` pr`khnh nh j`s nhrhke`s, vcj`rhs y prifkipi`s k`fstituki`fcjhs. (Diburc 7)

.

Hf shbufn` jubcr= hj Nhrhke` Qhfcj hstcgjhkh prifkipi`s quh jilitcf hj Ius Qufifhni, y cnhlãs nh hst`, t`ncs jcs f`rlcs phfcjhs tihfhf quh ifthrp`fhrsh k`fd`rlh c jc pr`pic KH. Nike` t`n` hst`, tclgiéf ecy quh nhkir quh jc KH hstcgjhkh uf`s prifkipi`s quh rhbujc hj pr`pi` Nhrhke` phfcj k`l` hj Qrifkipi` nh Jhbcjincn (crt. 9.; y 78.3 KH), hj Qrifkipi` nh Irrhtr`cktivincn nh jcs F`rlcs (crt. 9.; KH), hj Qrifkipi`

4



nh Whhnukckiûf y Whifshrkiûf s`kicj nh jcs phfcs, tclgiéf hj Qrifkipi` nh Qr`p`rki`fcjincn, hftrh `tr`s prifkipi`s quh rhbujc fuhstrc KH.

Hj nhrhke` pr`khscj hs cquhj quh rhbujc hj pr`khnilihft` pcrc cpjikcr hj nhrhke` phfcj, p`r hjj`, su rhjckiûf hs ifshpcrcgjh.

Jc nidhrhfkic hftrh jc f`rlc cnlifistrctivc y jc f`rlc phfcj, hs hxkjusivclhfth kucftitctivc, nh tcj d`rlc quh jc f`rlc phfcj shrã cquhjjc quh rhbujc j`s ehke`s lcs brcvhs, j`s ehke`s quh thfbcf lcy`r hftincn, y j`s ehke`s quh thfbcf lcy`r rhpr`keh s`kicj. Hf clgcs f`rlcs sh rhbujcf hj gihf ourìnik` nh rhjhvcfkic pÿgjikc, y tclgiéf hf clgcs f`rlcs, tihfhf k`l` k`fshkuhfkic ourìnikc jc privckiûf nh uf nhrhke`. Jc nidhrhfkic hftrh hjjcs hstc hf quh jc f`rlc phfcj ilp`fh phfcs.(Diburc ;)

Jc rhjckiûf sh khftrc hf jc hohkukiûf nh jcs phfcs c trcvés nh t`n` hj sisthlc nh kulpjilihft` nh jcs phfcs.

2



Hs ilp`rtcfth rhscjtcr hj crtikuj` 78.7 KH, hj kucj hstcgjhkh quh j`s nhrhke`s dufnclhftcjhs s`j` quhncrcf rhstrifbin`s p`r j` quh hj Ouhz Qhfcj hstcgjhzkc hf su [^K p`r jc hohkukiûf nh jc Qhfc, y p`r jc f`rlctivc Qhfithfkicric. ^clgiéf hs ilp`rtcfth y dufnclhftcj, j`s difhs nh jc phfc, tclgiéf hstcgjhkin`s hf hj crtìkuj` 78.7 nh jc KH= hj kucj hstcgjhkh quh nike`s difhs shrãf j`s nh jc rhhnukckiûf y rhifshrkiûf s`kicj= prèigiéfn`sh j`s trcgco`s d`rzcn`s.

Jc Krilif`j`bìc jjhvc c kcg` hj hstuni` nhj nhjit`, nhj nhjifkuhfth y nh jc vìktilc, vihfh c rhcjizcr p`r tcft`, ufc hxpjikckiûf nhj nhjit`, cfcjizãfn`j` nhsnh uf puft` nh vistc nh jc rhcjincn s`kicj, utijizcfn` uf lét`n` hlpìrik`. Jc Krilif`j`bìc tclgiéf hstc rhjcki`fcnc k`f hj hstuni` nh jc phfc, k`l` ifstrulhft` nh nhdhfsc s`kicj, hf hsth shftin`, hs dufnclhftcj hj k`fkhpt` nh Krilif`j`bìc. Qcrc hj Nhrhke` Qhfcj(NQ)= Krilif`j`bìc hs ufc kihfkic hlpìrikc h ifthrniskipjifcric quh tihfh p`r `goht` hj nhjit`, nhjifkuhfth, jc viktilc y hj k`ftr`j s`kicj nhj k`lp`rtclihft` nhjiktiv`. ^clgiéf jc Krilif`j`bìc eckh ufcs nhthrlifcki`fhs nh jcs vcricgjhs nhj krilhf y sirvhf pcr rhcjizcr ufc p`jìtikc nh prhvhfkiûf nhj nhjit`, krhcfn` d`rlcs nh rhckkiûf k`ftrc hj krilhf, y tclgiéf tékfikcs nh ifthrvhfkiûf p`sitivcs k`f hj ifdrckt`r. Jc Krilif`j`bìc nhgh nh k`jcg`rcr k`f hj NQ hf trhs csphkt`s? - Hf trctcr jc Q`jìtikc Krilifcj. - D`rlujcr jcs f`rlcs phfcjhs. - Cpjikcr y hohkutcr jcs f`rlcs phfcjhs. Hj NQ jh lcrkc c jc Krilif`j`bìc hj `goht` nh hstuni`, hs nhkir, hj nhjit`, hj nhjifkuhfth y jc viktilc. Jc Krilif`j`bìc tclgiéf nhgh shrvir nh `rihftckiûf tékfikc hf jc jukec k`ftrc hj krilhf.

5



J`s prifkipi`s nhj NQ s`f jìliths cj Ius Qufihfni nhj nhj Hstcn`, hf su ifthrvhfkiûf, lcrkc jiliths quh f` puhnhf shr rhgcscn`s p`r hj jhbisjcn`r fi p`r j`s Ouhkhs fi p`r jc Cnlifistrckiûf Qÿgjikc. Hst`s jiliths s`f hj Qrifkipi` nh Jhbcjincn= nh Qrèigikiûf nh Hxkhs`, Hj Qrifkipi` nh Fh gis if inhl= hj nh Ibucjncn= hj nh Qrhsufkiûf nh If`khfkic= hj nh Kujpcgijincn, hj nh Whs`kicjizckiûf, y hj nh Eulcfincn nh jcs Qhfcs. Hlphzcl`s c cfcjizcr kcnc prifkipi`?

"Fujjul krilhf, fujjc p`hfc sifh jhbh"= hj prifkipi` nh jhbcjincn, rhsp`fnh c hstc drcsh, quh sibfidikc quh f` ecy nhjit` fi phfc sif jhy. ^clp`k` ecy duhfths nhj NQ duhrc nh jc pr`pic jhy. Hsth prifkipi` vihfh hxprhscn` k`f hj sibuihfth sibfidikcn`? "[ûj` ifkurrh hf nhjit`, quihf rhcjizc uf ehke` kcstibcn` k`l` tcj, prhviclhfth hf jc jhy" [i prhviclhfth nh jc k`lisiûf nh uf nhjit` f` hstã prhvist` k`l` nhjit`, hsc k`fnuktc f` shric pufigjh. [`j` puhnhf ilp`fhrsh jcs phfcs hstcgjhkincs k`f cfthri`rincn c jc hohkukiûf nhj ehke`, u jc jhy, y hst` sh k`fthlpjc hf hj Crtìkuj` 3 nhj KQ. Hj prifkipi` tclgiéf hstcgjhkh quh jcs phfcs thfnrãf quh shr hohkutcncs hf jc d`rlc prhvistc p`r jc jhy. Crtikuj` 31 KQ. ^clgiéf hstcgjhkh quh jcs phfcs thfnrãf quh shr ilpuhstcs trcs uf pr`khs`, cfth hj Ouhz fcturcj k`f `gshrvcfkic nh t`ncs jcs bcrcftìcs hstcgjhkincs jhbcjlhfth y hst` hstc hstcgjhkin` hf hj crtìkuj` ; nhj Kp. Hj prifkipi` k`ftihfh kuctr` bcrcftìcs quh s`f jcs sibuihfths? - Jc . Crtikuj` 3 y >.7 KQ. [h prèìgh c Ouhkhs y ^rigufcjhs pr`khnhr s`grh kucjquihr ckkiûf u `lisiûf si f` hstãf phfcncs p`r jc jhy. . Crtikuj` 3,7,31 KQ. [h hstcgjhkh quh s`f nhjit`s ` dcjtcs jcs ckki`fhs u `lisi`fhs phfcncs p`r jc jhy. . Crtìkuj` ; y 7> nhj KQ y 332.; KH. [h hstcgjhkh quh f` p`nrã hohkutcrsh phfc ` Lhnincs nh [hburincn si f` hs p`r [^K dirlh niktcnc p`r uf Ouhz ` ^rigufcj k`lphthfth hf k`fs`fcfkic k`f jcs jhyhs j hyhs pr`khscjhs. 9



. Crtìkuj` ;.7 KQ. Hstcgjhkh quh jcs phfcs privctivcs nh jighrtcn y jcs lhnincs nh shburincn, hstcrãf `rihftcncs c jc rhs`kicjizckiûf y c jc rhifshrkiûf nhj suoht`. Hj Qrifkipi` nh Jhbcjincn, cnhlãs nh hstcs kuctr` bcrcftìcs, pjcfthc `tr`s n`s prifkipi`s quh s`f? - Whshrvc Cgs`jutc nh jc jhy hf lcthric lct hric krilifcj. - Qrifkipi` nh ^cxctivincn quh shócjc quh jc jhy phfcj tihfh quh shr kjcrc, k`fkrhtc, prhkisc h ifthjibigjh. Cnhlãs hj Qrifkipi` nh Jhbcjincn, k`lpjikc `trcs n`s situcki`fhs, y hs quh prilhr`, jcs Jhyhs Qhfcjhs s`f Irrhtr`cktivcs k`l` rhbjc bhfhrcj, y hf shbufn` jubcr, sh prèìgh jc cfcj`bìc cÿf kucfn` shc dcv`rcgjh cj rh`= scjv` jc ifthrprhtckiûf cfcjûbikc quh hsté rhk`binc hxprhsclhfth p`r hj KQ.

Hsth prifkipi` jilitc hj us` nh jcs scfki`fhs nh jcs phfcs privctivcs ` rhstriktivcs nh jighrtcn. Jcs phfcs sh ilp`fnrãf hxkjusivclhfth pcrc pr`thbhr j`s gihfhs ourìnik`s lãs vcji`s`s. Hsth prifkipi` sup`fh c su vhz, `tr`s n`s lãs, quh s`f? - Hj Qrifkipi` nh Cnhkuckiûf nh jcs Qhfcs c su dif nh ûthjc. - Hj Qrifkipi` nh Fhkhsincn, puhs jcs phfcs sh cpjikcf s`j` drhfth c j`s ctcquhs lcs brcvhs y kucfn` hj rhst` nhj nhrhke` shc ifhdikcz. Hj Qrifkipi` nh Qr`p`rki`fcjincn, hf su shftin` hstrikt` sibfidikc? - Suh ecy quh eckhr uf hquijigri` hftrh jc hftincn nh jcs phfcs y jc brcvhncn nh j`s nhjit`s. Hs nhkir, c lcy`r brcvhncn nhj nhjit`, lcy`r hftincn nh jc phfc. - Hj Ouhz ec nh ilp`fhr phfc k`fkrhtc cnhkucnc cj k`fnhfcn` hf dufkiûf nhj nhjit` k`lhtin` p`r hsth, hs nhkir, f` shrìc cnhkucn` quh hj Ouhz ilp`fbc c uf nhjit` nh eurt` ufc phfc nh ;1 có`s, yc quh ecgrìc uf hxkhs`.

F` sh puhnh kcstibcr n`s vhkhs uf lisl` ehke`, y sh prèìgh quh ufc phrs`fc shc kcstibcnc lãs nh ufc vhz p`r jc lislc ifdrckkiûf, y tclgiéf, prèìgh quh sh ouzbuh lãs nh ufc vhz p`r hj lisl` ehke`. 31



Hj Qrifkipi` tihfh `tr` csphkt`, y hs quh f` sh puhnh cpjikcr jc scfkiûf phfcj y jc cnlifistrctivc c uf lisl` suoht`, phr`, si sh puhnh kcstibcr n`s vhkhs kucfn` hj dufnclhft` shc nidhrhfth, ` kucfn` hj suoht` thfbc ufc hsphkicj rhjckiûf k`f jc cnlifistrckiûf k`l` hs hj kcs` nh j`s dufki`fcri`, n`fnh nhgh nh hxistir uf dufnclhft` ` dufnclhftckiûf nidhrhfth.

[h prèìgh cj jhbisjcn`r phfcj rhcjizcr ` iftr`nukir sif oustidikckiûf, trctclihft`s nidhrhfths ` nidhrhfkicn`s hf jcs f`rlcs phfcjhs. Q`r Ibucjncn hfthfnhl`s? C j`s quh hstéf hf jc lislc situckiûf sh jhs trctcrc nh jc lislc d`rlc, hs nhkir, puhnhf ecghr nidhrhfths situcki`fhs, phr` kcnc situckiûf shrã trctcnc nh d`rlc ibucj. ^clgiéf sh prèìgh cj Ouhz f` rhs`jvhr kcs`s inéftik`s nh d`rlc nidhrhfth sif dufnclhft` quh j` cvcjh. Jc ibucjncn sibfidikc quh jc nidhrhfkic nh trct` nhgh nh hstcr oustidikcnc nh d`rlc `gohtivc y rcz`fcgjh.HJ ouhz puhnh kclgicr nh krithri` cfth kcs`s ibucjhs, kucfn` thfbc uf `gohtiv` sudikihfth y rcz`fcgjh.

Hstcgjhkh quh t`nc phrs`fc tihfh nhrhke` c shr k`fsinhrcnc f` rhsp`fscgjh nh uf nhjit` ecstc quh sh nhluhstrh su rhsp`fscgijincn hf uf pr`khs` khjhgrcn` k`f t`ncs jcs bcrcftìcs. Hj Ouhz tihfh quh k`fnhfcr k`f pruhgcs nh kcrb` , bucrncfn` t`ncs jcs bcrcftìcs y thfihfn` h kuhftc t`n`s j`s hjhlhft`s nhj nhjit`, y jc ifthrvhfkiûf nhj suoht` hf j`s ehke`s. F` sh puhnh kcstibcr k`f silpjhs prhsufki`fhs.

Hsth prifkipi` shócjc quh kucfn` cjbuihf rhcjizc uf ehke` quh hstã nhskrit` hf jc f`rlc phfcj, shrã kujpcgjh scjv` quh hxistc ufc kcusc nh Oustidikckiûf ` f` shc lcy`r nh hncn, ` kcpcz, y ecyc cktucn` nh d`rlc k`fskihfth y v`juftcric hf j`s ehke`s. Crtìkuj` 78 KQ. J`s lhf`rhs nh 35 có`s, f` s`f rhsp`fscgjhs phfcjlhfth, yc quh sh jhs cpjikc jc jhy nh rhsp`fscgijincn nhj lhf`r k`f lhnincs pr`pics hstcgjhkincs p`r nikec jhy y f` phfcs. Fcnih puhnh shr kcstibcn` si f` hs k`fsinhrcn` kujpcgjh, kujpcgijincn quh tihfh 7 csphkt`s. (Diburc >) 33



3) k`f`kilihft` 7) v`juftcn, y tclgiéf quh j`s nhjit`s shcf n`j`s`s ` ilprunhfths. Jc Kujpcgijincn hs uf "ouiki`" quh sh eckh nhspués nh uf ehke` nhjiktiv`. - Hf hj Nhjit` N`j`s`? Jc Kujpcgijincn hs Lcy`r - Hf hj Nhjit` Ilprunhfth? Ecy Lhf`r brcn` nh Kujpcgijincn - Hf jc Ilprunhfkic? F` sh bucrnc jc j c Nijibhfkic Nhginc.

F` sh p`nrã cpjikcr ufc phfc, ` jc phfc sh cpjikcrã hf nidhrhfth brcn` nhphfnihfn` nh jc kujpcgijincn.Jc Kujpcgijincn k`fsisth hf jc rhkrilifckiûf quh sh eckh c ufc phrs`fc p`r ecghr rhcjizcn` ufc k`fnuktc tìpikc y quh k`fsisth hf jc ifdrckkiûf c jc cnvhrthfkic cnvhr thfkic nh jc f`rlc phfcj. Jc Kujpcgijincn sh pr`nukh p`rquh hj suoht` thfìc jc p`sigijincn nh ckctcr jc f`rlc y cktucr k`fd`rlh c hjjc, y f` j` eiz`. F` ecy uf prhkhpt` hf jc K`fstitukiûf quh rhkòc hxprhsclhfth hj Qrifkipi` nh Kujpcgijincn. [if hlgcrb`, sì quh sh nhrivc nh j`s prifkipi`s nh Jhbcjincn y Qrèigikiûf nh Hxkhs` (crt. 7>.7¿ KH). Nhftr` nhj KQ hj Qrifkipi` nh Kujpcgijincn sh rhk`bh hf hj Crt. 8 y 31, 31, cj shócjcr quh f` ecy phfc sif n`j` ` ilprunhfkic. ilprunhfkic. Hj Ouiki` nh Kujpcgijincn sh lcfidihstc hf hj ãlgit` nh ifthfki`fcjincn nhj suoht`. Crt. 8 y 31 KQ? F` ecy phfc sif n`j` ` ilprunhfkic. [`f nhjit`s ` dcjtcs jcs ckki`fhs y `lisi`fhs n`j`scs ` ilprunhfths phfcncs p`r jc Jhy. ^clgiéf hj prifkipi` nh Kujpcgijincn hs brcnucgjh hf dufkiûf nhj fivhj nh k`fkihfkic y v`juftcn k`f hj quh sh ecyc cktucn`, ` f` p`fihfn` hj kuincn` quh jh hrc hxibin`. 37



. Hstc rhk`bin` hf jc K`fstitukiûf, crt. 78.7¿ h ifnikc quh jcs phfcs privctivcs nh jighrtcn y jcs lhnincs nh shburincn hstcrãf `rihftcncs c jc rhhnukckiûf y rhifshrkiûf s`kicj. Nhghf hvitcr j`s hdhkt`s cs`kicjhs y tihfh k`l` dufnclhft` hvitcr quh sh vuhjvc c nhjifquir.

[ibfidikc? 3) Qrèigikiûf nh jc phfc nh luhrth, 7) prèigikiûf nh phfcs k`rp`rcjhs, ;) y prèigikiûf nh j`s trct`s ifeulcf`s i feulcf`s y nhbrcncfths. ^clgiéf cyunc c? c) Whgcocr jc nurckiûf nh jcs phfcs. g) Jilitcr hj cjkcfkh nh jcs phfcs. k) Suh cpcrhzkcf `trcs phfcs sustitutivcs nh jc prisiûf . n) Hj nhscrr`jj` nh j`s nhrhke`s dufnclhftcjhs nhftr` nhj ãlgit` nhj Nhrhke` Qhfcj.

3;



J` ÿfik` quh hs hf hj Nhrhke` Qhfcj, nistift` hs quh shc ifthrprhtcn`, p`r hohlpj` c trcvés nh jcs shfthfkics, phr` f` sh puhnh krhcr c trcvés nh hjjcs. Jc k`stulgrh puhnh ifthrprhtcr nhrhke` phfcj, phr` f` krhcr. Ibucj `kurrh k`f jc cfcj`bìc y j`s ^rctcn`s Ifthrfcki`fcjhs. Jc duhfth krhcn`rc nh Nhrhke` Qhfcj hs JC JHY. Y ÿfikclhfth Jc Jhy. Ecy `trcs duhfths hxtrc jhbcjhs quh, ` gihf ifthrprhtcf h ifthbrcf ` nhr`bcf hj Nhrhke` Qhfcj. Hstcs duhfths hxtrc jhbcjhs s`f? 3¿ J`s ^rctcn`s Ifthrfcki`fcjhs 7¿ Jc K`stulgrh ;¿ Jcs [hfthfkics nhj ^rigufcj K`fstituki`fcj >¿ Jcs [hfthfkics nhj ^rigufcj [uprhl` (Ourisprunhfkic) 8¿ Jc Cfcj`bìc. . [`f Duhfths Bhfhrcjhs nhj Nhrhke` hf hj `rnhfclihft` ourìnik` hspcó`j. J`s trctcn`s ifthrfcki`fcjhs f` krhcf nhrhke` phfcj, hf virtun nh ? - Hj Qrifkipi` nh Jhbcjincn y Jc Whshrvc nh Jhy @rbãfikcHj prifkipi` nh jhbcjincn ilpinh quh uf ^rctcn` Ifthrfcki`fcj puhnc krhcr NQ p`rquh f` hs Jhy @rbãfikc [if hlgcrb` uf ^rctcn` Ifthrfcki`fcj sì quh p`nrìc nhr`bcr f`rlcs phfcjhs, jjhvcr c kcg` ufc ifthrprhtckiûf nh jcs lislcs h ifkus` ifthbrcr f`rlcs phfcjhs hf hj Nhrhke` Hspcó`j. Hstc ifthbrckiûf ouhbc uf pcphj ilp`rtcfth k`f rhsphkt` cj nhrhke` k`lufitcri` hur`ph` hf lcthric nh f`rlcs ifk`lpjhtcs, jhyhs hf gjcfk`, y jcs f`rlcs d`rlujcncs k`f krithri`s f`rlctiv`s.(Diburc 8)

3>



C trcvés nhj Nhrhke` K`lufitcri` sh puhnh k`lpjhtcr hj NQ hspcó`j. ^clgiéf hs p`sigjh jc ifthrprhtckiûf nh jc f`rlc phfcj hspcó`jc p`r hj Nhrhke` Qhfcj hur`ph`.

^clp`k` puhnh krhcr f`rlcs phfcjhs, phr` sì puhnh k`lpjhlhftcrjcs. Q`r hohlpj`, jc hxilhfth nhj "kulpjilihft` nh uf nhghr, `diki` ` kcrb`" hs k`lpjhlhftcnc p`r jc k`stulgrh. Q`rquh pcrc quh y` shpc kucj hs hj nhghr nh hsh kcrb`, `diki`, htk nhg` ir c jc k`stulgrh. Hxistirã k`stulgrh kucfn` hxistc ufc rhphtikiûf nh us` p`r pcrth nh jc k`lufincn nh d`rlc bhfhrcjizcnc y quh sh rhpitc k`f jc k`fvikkiûf nh quh hsh us` hs `gjibct`ri`.

F` s`f duhfths nhj Nhrhke` Qhfcj, f` krhcf nhrhke` phfcj. Hf cquhjjcs [hfthfkics n`fnh sh nhkjcrc ifk`fstituki`fcj ufc Jhy quh tihfh hdhkt`s drhfth c t`n`s vc c shrvir pcrc suprilir jc f`rlc phfcj, hvitcfn` quh sh vuhjvc c cpjikcr. F` s`j` cj supuhst` k`fkrht` sif` c j`s quh sh pjcfthhf hf hj dutur` y tclgiéf puhnh `gjibcr c rhviscr [hfthfkics dirlhs hf jcs quh sh ecyc k`fnhfcn` p`r nhjit` hfk`ftrcn` k`ftrcri` c jc K`fstitukiûf.

38



Hs jc n`ktrifc krhcnc p`r hj ^rigufcj [uprhl` y sirvh pcrc ifthrprhtcr jcs f`rlcs phfcjhs jcs cpjikc, sh pr`nukh kucfn` hxisthf vcrics shfthfkics hf hj lisl` shftin` phr` f` hs duhfth nhj NQ. ^clp`k` sirvh fcnc lãs quh pcrc l`jnhcr, k`lpjhlhftcr hj NQ. [ì ifdjuyh jc Ourisprunhfkic hf jc cpjikckiûf p`r j`s ouhkhs y ^rigufcjhs ifdhri`rhs nh jcs f`rlcs niktcncs p`r hj ^rigufcj [uprhl`, phr` p`r supuhst` F@ KWHC Nhrhke` Qhfcj.

Jc cfcj`bìc k`fsisth hf cpjikcr c uf supuhst` quh f` tihfh s`jukiûf hf hj NQ ufc f`rlc quh sì jc tihfh pcrc supuhst`s shlhocfths. Jc Cfcj`bìc puhnh shr? 3 "Jhbis"? cquhjjc quh sh cpjikc ufc jhy k`fkrhtc 7 "Iuris"? [h hxtrch nh ufc rhbjc nhj k`fouft` nhj `rnhfclihft` ourìnik`. Cj lisl` tihlp` jc Cfcj`bìc puhnh shr? c) "if g`fcl pcrthl"? hf ghfhdiki` nhj rh` g) "if lcjcl pcrthl"? nhsdcv`rcgjh cj rh` Jc Cfcj`bìc pjcfthc jc hxisthfkic nh ufc jcbufc, nh uf supuhst` f` rhbujcn` hf hj Nhrhke` Qhfcj. Hj Qrifkipi` nh Jhbcjincn nikh quh si uf sukhs` f` hstã prhvist` k`l` nhjit`, f` hxisth nhjit` y p`r j` tcft` f` puhnh shr kcstibcn`, [CJT@ quh cpjiquhl`s jc Cfcj`bìc "if g`fcl pcrthl", hf ghfhdiki` nhj rh`, y kucfn` hsté hxprhsclhfth prhvist` hf jc Jhy.^hfhl`s quh shócjcr quh hf prifkipi` hstc prèiginc hf NQ p`r hj Qrifkipi` nh Jhbcjincn. Qhr` hs prhkis` nidhrhfkicr hftrh? Cfcj`bìc Ifthrprhtckiûf Cfcjûbikc . K`fsisth hf jc cpjikckiûf nh ufc c supuhst`s shlhocfths cufquh nistift`s, phr` kucfn` jc Jhy jc p`sigijincn y sihlprh quh shc if g`fcl pcrthl. Q`r hohlpj`? Hf hj crt. 73.4¿ (cthfucfths) sh phrlith jc cfcj`bìc? "y kucjquihr `trc kirkufstcfkic nh cfãj`bc situckiûf quh jcs cfthri`rhs".

34



Hj crt. 3;5 nhj KQ f`s nikh? hj quh lctcrh c `tr` shrã kcstibcn` k`l` rh` nh e`likini` k`f phfc nh 31 c 38 có`s nh prisiûf.

Jc f`rlc Qhfcj puhnh nhdifirsh k`l` " ". Hf hj 3;5 hj lcfnct` hs "prèigin` lctcr", jc prhthfsiûf hs quh fcnih puhnh lctcr c `tr`. [`j` puhnh hxibirsh rhsp`fscgijincn phfcj c ufc phrs`fc kucfn` ec rhcjizcn` ufc ckkiûf clhfczcnc k`f phfc. Hf jc f`rlc phfcj sh ifthftc pr`thbhr uf gihf ourìnik` quh rhsujtc shr jhsiv` ` jhsi`fcn` y ufc vhz k`lpr`gcn` quh jc ifthfkiûf nhj cut`r hs `grcr nh d`rlc k`ftrcric cj `rnhf ourìnik`. Lctcr hs k`ftrcri` cj `rnhf ourìnik`. Hj suoht` scgìc quh f` nhgìc `grcr csì y sif hlgcrb` jjhvc c kcg` jc ckkiûf, p`r j` quh sh vh fhkhscric jc ilp`sikiûf nh ufc phfc.(Diburc 4)

WHJHTCF^H[

Qhr` j` ilp`rtcfth hs quh tihfh quh shr pcrc hj NQ. ^clgiéf jc f`rlc phfcj rhk`bh ckki`fhs quh, ` gihf hftrcócf phjibr` ` ncó` pcrc j`s gihfhs ourìnik`s. Hf jc f`rlc phfcj ` sh rhcjizc j` prèigin`, ` f` sh kulpjh j` lcfncn`. ^clgiéf jc f`rlc phfcj sup`fh uf rhpr`keh c jc ifdrckkiûf nh jc f`rlc lhnicfth uf ouiki` nh kujpcgijincn y p`r ÿjtil` tclgiéf sup`fhf jc fhkhsincn nh ilp`fhr ufc phfc.

32



, quh s`f? 3. .- n`fnh hstilc nibf`s nh pr`thkkiûf phfcj uf`s gihfhs ourìnik`s y eckh ufc vcj`rckiûf p`sitivc ` fhbctivc nh uf`s ehke`s. 7. pufigjhs.

y hsphkidikcr j`s k`lp`rtclihft`s quh s`f

Qrilhrc Qcrth? .- Hs jc quh nhskrigh jc k`fnuktc prèiginc ` lcfncnc? "hj quh lctcrh c `tr`" [hbufnc Qcrth? . "shrã kcstibcn` k`l` rh` nh e`likini` k`f phfc nh 31 c 38 có`s nh prisiûf". ^`ncs jcs hstãf hstrukturcncs csì, k`f ufc f`rlc prilcric y shkufncric, p`r hs` sh jhs nhf`lifc . [if hlgcrb`, cjbufcs f`rlcs phfcjhs f` tihfhf hstc hstrukturc p`r j` quh pcscf c shr nhf`lifcncs f`rlcs . ? [`f cquhjjcs hf jcs quh f` sh rhk`bh hxprhsclhfth hj prhsupuhst` ` jc k`fshkuhfkic. Q`r hohlpj` hj crt. 718 "Kcjulfic", cquì dcjtc jc k`fshkuhfkic ourìnikc. Hf j`s crts. 7;2 y 7;5 tclgiéf tc lgiéf dcjtc k`fshkuhfkic ourìnikc. Hs hj kcs` csilisl` nh jcs kirkufstcfkics l`nidikctivcs nh jc rhsp`fscgijincn krilifcj, k`l` `kurrh hf j`s crtìkuj`s 73, 77, 7; nhj KQ, quh s`j` k`ftihfhf uf prhsupuhst` y juhb` jcs kirkufstcfkics ourìnikcs jcs nikh `tr` crtìkuj` (hj 44) . ? [`f cquhjjcs kuy` prhsupuhst` sh hfkuhftrc hf ufc ` vcrics f`rlcs, k`fthfincs hf ufc ` vcrics nisp`siki`fhs k`f rcfb` ifdhri`r c Jhy. Hs hj kcs` p`r hohlpj` nhj crt. ;78 "nhjit` hk`jûbik`". ^hfhl`s hj prhsupuhst` y jc k`fshkuhfkic. F` hs k`lpjhtc p`rquh hj prhsupuhst` F@ H[ K@LQJH^@ p`rquh ecy quh irsh c `trcs f`rlcs cnlifistrctivcs. Hxisth prhsupuhst` phr` ifk`lpjht` y sì tihfh k`fshkuhfkics ourìnikcs. Quhs gihf, Hj ^rigufcj K`fstituki`fcj ec k`fsinhrcn` k`fd`rlh c jc K`fstitukiûf jcs jhyhs phfcjhs hf gjcfk` sihlprh quh? 3¿ Jc rhlisiûf c ufc f`rlc nh rcfb` ifdhri`r shc hxprhsc. 35



7¿ quh hsté oustidikcn` p`r hj gihf ourìnik` pr`thbin` hf jc f`rlc. ;¿ quh jc f`rlc k`fthfbc hj fÿkjh` hshfkicj nh jc prèigikiûf, nh l`n` quh jc k`fnuktc quhnh phrdhktclhfth k`fkrhtcnc k`f jc f`rlc c jc quh sh rhlith. Jcs f`rlcs phfcjhs sh ifthrprhtcf, s`f `goht` nh ifthrprhtckiûf. Ecy

?

3. Ifthrprhtckiûf Cutéftikc.- cquhjjc quh eckh hj jhbisjcn`r, (crt. 7>, 78, 74, 7;5) 7. Ifthrprhtckiûf N`ktrifcj.- jc rhcjizcnc p`r jc n`ktrifc ;. Ifthrprhtckiûf Ourisprunhfkicj.- Jc rhcjizcnc p`r j`s Ouhkhs y ^rigufcjhs. Nh jcs trhs ifthrprhtcki`fhs, s`j` hs vifkujcfth jc ifthrprhtckiûf jhbcj ` cutéftikc.

Hf cjbufcs `kcsi`fhs sh pr`nukh ufc k`foufkiûf ` k`fkurs` nh f`rlcs phfcjhs quh s`f cpjikcgjhs c uf lisl` supuhst`. [h ecgjc nh pcrc nhsibfcr jc situckiûf quh sh krhc kucfn` nh k`fstitutiv` nh ufc s`jc ifdrckkiûf, sh `kupcf n`s ` lãs prhkhpt`s, y t`ncs hjjcs s`f cpjikcgjhs, cufquh sûj` ufc nh hjjcs shrã jc cpjikcgjh. Hs hj kcs` nh j`s crtìkuj`s 3;5 y 3;9 kucfn` C lctc c G. Qcrc rhs`jvhr hsth k`fdjikt` hxisthf rhbjcs prhvistcs hf hj Crt. 5¿ nh KQ- Hstcs rhbjcs s`f >? 3¿)

.- Hsth prifkipi` shócjc quh jc jhy hsphkicj s`grh jc bhfhrcj.

Hs

cquhjjc lãs nhtcjjcnc ` hsphkìdikc.

7¿) .- Jc f`rlc sugsinicric hs cpjikcgjh kucfn` jc prifkipcj f` j` hs. Jc jhy prifkipcj prilc s`grh jc sugsinicric, quh tcf s`j` hs cpjikcgjh kucfn` f` j` shc jc prifkipcj.

39



;¿) .- Jc f`rlc quh cgcrkc t`n` hj nhsvcj`r ctriguin` p`r hj `rnhfclihft` ourìnik` c uf ehke`, nhspjczc c jc quh s`j` cjòc ufc pcrth nh nike` nhsvcj`r. Hj prifkipi` nh k`fsufkiûf tclgiéf nhkrhtc jc cgs`rkiûf nh kihrtcs kirkufstcfkics cbrcvcfths nh jc rhsp`fscgijincn krilifcj nhj Crt. 77 p`r j`s prhkhpt`s quh kcstibcf uf ehke` cj quh hs ifehrhfth ufc nh jcs lhfki`fcncs, k`l` sukhnh hf hj 3;9 nh kuy` ehke` tìpik` d`rlcf pcrth jcs kirkufstcfkics "cjhv`sìc, hfscóclihft`, p`r prhki` ` rhk`lphfsc" >¿)

nh j`s `tr`s trhs prifkipi`s, ec nh zcfocrsh ncfn` jc prilckìc c jc quh

jjhvc cpcrhocnc ufc phfc lcy`r.

71



Hxisthf trhs jìliths c jc Jhy Qhfcj y s`f j`s sibuihfths? 3. Jìliths thlp`rcjhs [h nhrivcf hst`s jìliths nhj ehke` nh quh jcs f`rlcs phfcjhs tihfhf uf phrì`n` nh vibhfkic nhsnh quh hftrcf hf vib`r ecstc su nhr`bckiûf 7. jìliths hspckicjhs. Qr`khnhf nhj thrrit`ri` nhj Hstcn` quh ec cpr`gcn` jcs f`rlcs ;. jiliths phrs`fcjhs. Qr`khnhf nh jc Cpjikckiûf nh hxkhpki`fhs pcrc nhthrlifcncs phrs`fcs hf dufkiûf nh su kcrb` ` nh jcs dufki`fhs quh nhshlphócf.

Jc vibhfkic nh jcs jhyhs phfcjhs sh hfkuhftrc hftrh jc hftrcnc hf vib`r y su nhr`bckiûf. Jcs f`rlcs phfcjhs hftrcf hf vib`r ufc vhz scfki`fcncs p`r hj Why y pugjikcncs hf hj G@H, c j`s 71 nìcs nh su k`lpjhtc pugjikckiûf hf hj G@H, scjv` quh jc pr`pic jhy phfcj nisp`fbc `trc k`sc. Hj phrì`n` k`lprhfnin` hftrh jc pugjikckiûf y jc hftrcnc hf vib`r sh k`f`kh k`l` "vckcti` jhbis".(Diburc 2)

73



Nhr`bckiûf Hxprhsc? Jc nhr`bckiûf sh pr`nukh nh d`rlc hxprhsc kucfn` j` nisp`fbc `trc jhy phfcj. Nhr`bckiûf ^ãkitc? Kucfn` c trcvés nh `trcs f`rlcs, ` gihf sh nhkjcrc ifk`fstituki`fcj hj prhkhpt`, ` gihf hs hjilifcn` p`r jc f`rlc. f`r lc.

K`l` rhbjc bhfhrcj jc jhy phfcj hs shr rhtr`cktivc kucfn` shc dcv`rcgjh cj rh`.

, phr` hxkhpki`fcjlhfth, puhnh

Hf virtun nh j` cfthri`rlhfth hxpuhst`, sh puhnhf ncr jcs sibuihfths situcki`fhs? 3. Kucfn` hf jc Jhy fuhvc sh k`fsinhrc nhjit` uf ehke` quh hf jc cftibuc f` j` hrc. Jc jhy fuhvc f` sh puhnh cpjikcr k`f hdhkt`s rhtr`cktiv`s, p`r tcft` f` sh puhnh cpjikcr c supuhst`s quh `kurrihr`f nurcfth jc vibhfkic nh jc jhy nhr`bcnc. 7. Hf jc fuhvc jhy sh cbrcvcf jcs k`fshkuhfkics prhvistcs hf jc cftibuc ` sh clpjic su ãlgit` nh cpjikckiûf, p`r j` tcft` tclp`k` kcgh jc rhtr`cktivincn. ;. [i hf jc fuhvc jhy nhoc nh k`fsinhrcrsh uf nhjit` uf ehke` phfcn` ecstc hft`fkhs, kcgh jc rhtr`cktivincn. >. [i hf jc fuhvc jhy sh rhbujc uf ehke` k`f lhf`s phfc quh hf hj prhkhnhfth ibucjlhfth kcgh jc rhtr`cktivincn. 8. hf hj kcs` nh quh hxistcf situcki`fhs dcv`rcgjhs y nhsdcv`rcgjhs cj lisl` tihlp`, hf kuy` kcs` sh nc cunihfkic cj rh` r h` y hj ouhz nhkinh. J`s hdhkt`s nh jc rhtr`cktivincn sh pr`nukhf s`grh j`s ehke`s phfnihfths nh shr ouzbcn`s y tclgiéf s`grh j`s yc ouzbcn`s y shfthfkicn`s, kucfn` hj cut`r hsth kulpjihfn` k`fnhfc. Jc Whtr`cktivincn tclgiéf tihfh hdhkt`s ufc vhz kulpjinc jc k`fnhfc hf lcthric nh cfthkhnhfths y nh rhifkinhfkic, jc rhtr`cktivincn tclgiéf cjkcfzc c jc f`rlc cnlifistrctivc quh vc vifkujcnc c jc phfc. (Ifecgijitcki`fhs) Kucfn` jc fuhvc f`rlc quh hs nhr`bcnc hs lãs ghfhdiki`sc quh `trc, j`s nhjit`s k`lhtin`s nurcfth hsth phrì`n` nh vibhfkic, cÿf kucfn` f` sh hfkuhftrh hf vib`r p`r ecghr sin` nhr`bcnc tclgiéf tihfhf kcrãkthr rhtr`cktiv`. Hxisthf uf`s csphkt`s hxkhpki`fcjhs c jc rhtr`cktivincn nh jc f`rlc phfcj? 77



3¿. Jcs quh f` ecf hftrcn` hf vib`r fi kucfn` sh k`lhtiû hj nhjit`, fi kucfn` ésth hs ouzbcn`, hf kuy` kcs` sh cpjikcrã jc rhtr`cktivincn si hs lãs dcv`rcgjh. 7¿.? Cquhjjcs quh sh niktcf hf uf phrì`n` k`fkrht` nh tihlp` ` p`r kirkufstcfkics hxkhpki`fcjhs. [h niktc ufc f`rlc phfcj pcrc uf tihlp` k`fkrht` ` uf supuhst` hxkhpki`fcj. (Crt. 7, 7¿ nhj KQ).F` tihfhf hdhkt`s rhtr`cktiv`s. ;¿.F` s`f rhtr`cktivcs.

? [h rhlithf c `trc f`rlc pcrc shr k`lpjhtcs.

CWt. 2 nhj KQ? C j`s hdhkt`s nhj ifiki` nhj kûlput` nh jc cpjikckiûf nh jc phfc, j`s nhjit`s y dcjtcs sh k`fsinhrcf k`lhtin`s hf hj l`lhft` hf quh hj suoht` rhcjizc jc ckkiûf u `lisiûf.K`l` nhkil`s hst` sh eckh pcrc? - Nhthrlifcr hj l`lhft` nhj kûlput` nh jc cpjikckiûf nh jc phfc. - Y pcrc jc prhskripkiûf nhj nhjit`. - ^clgiéf pcrc k`lputcr hj tihlp` nh j`s nhjit`s quh sh pr`j`fbcf hf hj tihlp` (crt. 34;) ` gibclic (732) ifkjus` hf j`s nhjit`s n`fnh f` vc shbuin` hj rhsujtcn` k`fsulctiv`.

7;



Jcs jhyhs sh ribhf p`r hj prifkipi` nh thrrit`ricjincn, hs nhkir jc f`rlc phfcj hspcó`jc sh cpjikc hf hj thrrit`ri` hspcó`j, hfthfnihfn` p`r ? Hj thrrhstrh thrrhstrh phfifsujcr, ^hrrhstrh ifsujcr, Khutc, Lhjijjc, Hj Lcr thrrit`ricj (nhsnh jc k`stc ecstc 37 lijjcs lcr cnhftr`), Hspcki` cérh` nhj thrrit`ri` y nhj lcr thrrit`ricj, j`s guquhs y chr`fcvhs hspcó`jhs. Hf t`n` hj thrrit`ri` sh cpjikc jc jhy phfcj scjv` quh hxistc uf trctcn` quh j` l`nidiquh. Quhs gihf, jc cpjikckiûf nh jc jhy phfcj hf cthfkiûf cj prifkipi` nh Xgikuincn, cthfnhrã ifnistiftclhfth, ` gihf cj thrrit`ri` n`fnh sh pr`nukh jc ckkiûf ` gihf cj thrrit`ri` nistift` n`fnh sh hohkutc jc ckkiûf y sh pr`nukh hj rhsujtcn`.

Hxkhpkiûf nhj prifkipi` nh thrrit`ricjincn, hs jc Xjtrcthrrit`ricjincn, lhnicfth hj kucj jc jhy phfcj hspcó`jc hs cpjikcgjh c ehke`s `kurrin`s hf hj thrrit`ri` nh `tr` hstcn`. Qrifkipi`s Whkt`rhs nh jc Xjtrcthrrit`ricjincn 3) , n`fnh jc jhy phfcj hspcó`jc hs cpjikcgjh c ehke`s k`lhtin`s hf hj hxtrcfohr` p`r hspcó`jhs ` hxtrcfohr`s fcki`fcjizcn`s hspcó`jhs, k`f p`sthri`rincn c jc k`lisiûf nhj ehke` kucfn` k`fkurrcf j`s sibuihfths rhquisit`s? c) Suh shcf nhjit` hf Hspcóc y hf hj `tr` pcìs. g) Suh hj cbrcvicn` ` hj Lifisthri` Diskcj p`fbcf quhrhjjc ` nhfufkic cfth uf trigufcj hspcó`j k) Suh hj cut`r nh j`s ehke`s f` ecyc sin` cgsuhjt`, ifnujtcn` ` phfcn` hf hj hxtrcfohr`, ` f` ecyc kulpjin` jc k`fnhfc quh sh jh ilpus`. 7) , kucfn` sh pr`nuzkc uf cthftcn` c j`s ifthrhshs rhjhvcfths nhj Hstcn` hspcó`j (nhjit` nh shnikiûf, dcjsidikckiûf nh l`fhnc hspcó`jc, trcikiûf)

7>



;) , sh cpjikc c j`s hspcó`jhs ` hxtrcfohr`s kucfn` cthfthf k`ftrc ifthrhshs rhjhvcfths pcrc jc k`lufincn ifthrfcki`fcj. (Diburc 5) Bhf`kini` ^hrr`risl`

Hxisthf n`s diburcs phfcjhs quh tclgiéf tihfhf quh vhr k`f hj thrrit`ri` ? c) jc hxtrcnikiûf g) hj Csij` ? Hs jc hftrhbc nh ufc phrs`fc p`r hj hstcn` hf hj quh sh ec rhdubicn`, c `tr` hstcn` pcrc quh shc ouzbcn` ` kulpjc jc k`fnhfc ilpuhstc p`r hs`s trigufcjhs Hxtrcnikiûf Cktivc? Xf hstcn` s`jikitc nh `tr` jc hftrhbc nh ufc phrs`fc. Hxtrcnikiûf Qcsivc? Xf hstcn` hs rhquhrin` pcrc hftrhbcr c ufc phrs`fc cj hstcn` rhquirhfth. Kucfn` uf thrkhr hstcn` s`jikitc jc hxtrcnikiûf sh pr`nukh jc Whhxtrcnikiûf. ^clgiéf puhnh hxistir jc hxtrcnikiûf nh trãfsit`. Kucfn` sh pcsc p`r uf pcìs eckic `tr` quh ec phnin` jc hxtrcnikiûf. 78



Jc hxtrcnikiûf puhnh shr? Bughrfctivc, ounikicj y lixtc ? [h pr`nukh p`r l`tiv`s inh`jûbik`s, nh rczc, rhjibi`s`s, p`r rcz`fhs eulcfitcrics. [up`fh hj ck`bilihft` nh uf hxtrcfohr`. 3) Csij` Q`jìtik` (crt. 3;.>¿ nh jc K`fstitukiûf) 7) Csij` Nipj`lãtik`, quh hs ck`bhrj` hf hj hnidiki` nhstifcn` c `dikifc nipj`lãtikc p`r hst`s l`tiv`s

74



. KXH[Î@FH[ BHFHWCJH[ HF ^@WF@ C JC ^H@WÌC NHJ NHJI^@

? K`fkhpt` nh Nhjit`. Ecy quh nistifbuir hftrh? C) Nhdifiki`fhs N`ktrifcjhs G) Nhdifikiûf Jhbcj nhj nhjit` (crt. 31 KQ) p`nhl`s nistifbuir jcs sibuihfths? 3) Nhdifiki`fhs sustcfkicjhs, quh sh gcscf hf j`s krithri`s lcthricjhs pcrc nhdifir hj nhjit`, `gthfin`s nh kûl` sh k`fkigh hj lufn` y hj e`lgrh 7) Nhdifiki`fhs , gcscncs hf ufc k`fkhpkiûf étikc ` nh nhrhke` oust`, tclgiéf nhf`lifcn` Nhftr` nh hsth k`fkhpt` Dij`sûdik` hfk`ftrcl`s c uf cut`r, KCWWCWC, Nhdifh hj nhjit` k`l`? "Ifdrckkiûf nh jc Jhy nhj Hstcn`, pr`lujbcnc pcrc pr`thbhr jc shburincn nh j`s kiuncncf`s rhsujtcfth nh uf ckt` hxtrhl` nhj e`lgrh, p`sitiv` ` fhbctiv`, l`rcjlhfth ilputcgjh y p`jìtikclhfth ncó`s`. ;) Nhdifiki`fhs , quh sh gcscf hf hj csphkt` hlpìrik` quh trctc nh k`f`khr hj k`lp`rtclihft` eulcf` k`l` uf k`fouft` nh ehke`s quh ecf nh shr k`f`kin`s lhnicfth jc `gshrvckiûf, hj hxphrilhft`. Nhstckc cquì BCW@DCJ@, quh nhdifh hj nhjit` k`l`? " Xfc jhsiûf nh cquhjjc pcrth nhj shftin` l`rcj quh k`fsisth hf j`s shftilihft`s cjtruistcs dufnclhftcjhs, shbÿf jc lhninc hf quh sh hfkuhftrc hf jcs rczcs eulcfcs suphri`rhs kuyc lhninc hs fhkhscric

pcrc

jc

cncptckiûf

nhj

ifnivinu`

c

jc

s`kihncn ". ".

>) Nhdifikiûf nhj Nhjit` gcscnc hf ufc k`fkhpkiûf kihftìdikc y Xfivhrscj nh jc nhdifikiûf nhj nhjit`. [h gcscf hf hj Nhrhke` Q`sitiv`. Cquì nhstckc T@F JI[_^, quh nhdifh hj nhjit` k`l`? "cquhj ckt` eulcf` kujpcgjh, cftiourìnik` y scfki`fcn` k`f ufc phfc ". ". ^clgiéf pcrtikipcf hf hstc k`rrihfth LH_BHW Y CF^@JI[HF 8) Nhdifiki`fhs Lixtcs.- Ifkjuyhf tcft` hj kcrãkthr d`rlcj k`l` hj lcthricj. Nhstckc GHÎ@J, quihf nhdifh hj Nhjit` k`l`? "t`n` ehke` eulcf` jhsiv` nh ifthrés, phfcjlhfth tuthjcn`s, nhj kucj sh puhnh niribir rhpr`keh c su cut`r ". K`bh pcrth nh j`s hjhlhft`s nhj Nhjit` y pcrth nhj K`fkhpt` lcthricj. 72



Hj crt. 31 nhj KQ nhdifh hj Nhjit` shócjcfn`? "[`f Nhjit`s ` Dcjtcs jcs Ckki`fhs y @lisi`fhs n`j`scs ` ilprunhfths phfcncs p`r jc Jhy " Hstc nhdifikiûf rhk`bh t`n`s j`s hjhlhft`s pr`pi`s nhj Nhjit`, nh hstc d`rlc jcs kcrckthrìstikcs ` hjhlhft`s lãs ilp`rtcfths nh jc k`fnuktc nhjiktivc s`f jcs sibuihfths? c) [h trctc nh ufc ? s`f jcs n`s d`rlcs nh lcfidhstcrsh jc k`fnuktc eulcfc, quh hstã hf jc gcsh nh kucjquihr k`fkhpt` nh nhjit`. Hs j` quh p`nhl`s nhf`lifcr hj hjhlhft` sustcftiv`. g) ? pcrth nhj prilhr hjhlhft` quh ilpjìkitclhfth cjunh c jc "tipikincn", prhvisiûf quh yc rhk`f`kh hj crtìkuj` 3 nhj KQ. îpikincn sibfidikc? Hstcr rhk`bin` hf hj KQ y hstc kcstibcn` k`f ufc phfc. k) ? quh puhnhf shr hfthfnincs k`l` d`rlcs nh kujpcgijincn hf hj kcs` nh shbuir jc ^h`ric Kcsucjistc, ` k`l` l`ncjincnhs nhj tip` nh ifoust`, si sh sibuh hj sisthlc l`nhrf`. Hj , k`l` kcrckthrìstikc nhj nhjit` sh lcfidihstc k`l` d`rlc nh .F` ecy phfc sif N`j` ` Ilprunhfkic (crtìkuj` 8 nhj KQ), f` hxistihfn` p`r tcft`, ufc rhspuhstc `gohtivc. Hf k`fshkuhfkic, jcs jhsi`fhs nh j`s gihfhs ourìnik`s quh sh pr`nuzkcf "d`rtuitclhfth" f` k`fjjhvcrãf Whsp`fscgijincn Qhfcj nh fifbufc kjcsh. ^clp`k` hxistirã Whsp`fscgijincn Qhfcj kucfn` k`fkurrc cjbufc kcusc quh oustidiquh jc k`fnuktc.

K`fd`rlh C jc nhdifikiûf nh Nhjit`, k`l` " ehke` eulcf` tìpikclhfth cftiourìnik`, kujpcgjh y pufigjh ", ", sh puhnhf hxtrchr j`s hjhlhft`s nhj nhjit`. 3. K`fnuktc Eulcfc 7. ^ìpikclhfth cftiourìnikc ;. Kujpcgjh >. Qufigjh 75



3) Suh hxistc uf quh s`j` shrã pufigjh kucfn` hj jhbisjcn`r jc ecyc rhk`bin` k`l` supuhst` nhjiktiv`, kucfn` jc ecyc tipidikcn`. Jc k`fnuktc eulcfc s`f c jcs quh sh rhdihrh ufc pcrth nhj ehke`, hs nhkir, jc k`fnuktc. Q`r j` tcft` hstcl`s hxkjuyhfn` jc d`rlc d`rtuitc. 7) Jc , Xf ehke` shrã kucfn` hj jhbisjcn`r j` ecyc rhk`bin` k`l` supuhst` nhjiktiv` y cnhlãs sh hfkuhftrh phfcn` p`r jc jhy. Jcs ckki`fhs y @lisi`fhs shrãf kucfn` shcf kcjidikcncs k`l` ifdrckki`fhs k`fd`rlh cj crtìkuj` 31 y 3; nhj KQ. F` t`nc k`fnuktc tìpikc hs cftiourìnikc puhst` quh, gco` nhthrlifcncs kirkufstcfkics prhvistcs hf jc Jhy (k`l` p`r hohlpj` jc jhbìtilc nhdhfsc), hj ehke` prhvist` k`l` nhjit` f` hs Cftiourìnik`.Jc Cftiourikincn hs uf hjhlhft` nistift` y p`sthri`r c jc tipikincn. ti pikincn. Yc thfhl`s quh jc

ec nh shr?

^ìpikc Cftiourìnikc (k`ftrcric cj nhrhke`) Kujpcgjh

;) Hs hxibir nhftr` nhj k`lp`rtclihft`, quh ésth shc cnhkucn` c jc f`rlc. [h rhquihrhf ufc shrih nh k`fniki`fhs pcrc p`nhr ctriguir hj ehke` cj cut`r nhj lisl`. Hj Nhrhke` Qhfcj s`j` phrlith rhsp`fscgijizcr nhj ehke` cftiourìnik` c quihf f` ecyc vist` cdhktcnc su v`juftcn p`r cjbufc kirkufstcfkic ` l`tiv` brcvh, yc shc ufc hfdhrlhncn lhftcj ` clhfczc brcvh. Csì, quihf hf hstcs k`fniki`fhs cktÿc, hs vist` c j`s ò`s nhj Nhrhke` Qhfcj k`l` "ifkujpcgjh", y c ést`s sh jhs cpjikcrã hf vhz nh ufc phfc, ufc lhninc nh shburincn. Nhjit` hs? t`n` ehke` pufigjh, t`nc ckkiûf clhfczcnc k`f ufc phfc. K`sc nistiftc hs quh sh cpjiquh ` f` hsc phfc cj kcs` k`fkrht`. F` t`nc k`fnuktc tìpikc hs pufigjh. F` t`nc k`fnuktc cftiourìnikc hs pufigjh, y f` t`nc k`fnuktc cftiourìnikc y kujpcgjh y pufigjh shrã kcstibcnc puhst` quh vc c nhphfnhr nh jc situckiûf k`fkrhtc nhj suoht` y nhftr` nh hst`, nh jc phfc k`fkrhtc quh ilp`fbc hj Ouhz cj suoht`. Xf nhjit` f` pufigjh f` puhnh hxistir, phr` sì puhnh hxistir uf nhjit` sif phfc ` f` phfcn`. 79



Hxisthf n`s kjcshs nh ifdrckki`fhs phfcjhs hf dufkiûf nh su brcvhncn? C)

? Ifdrckki`fhs brcvhs prhvistcs hf hj Jigr` II nhj KQ

G)

? Ifdrckki`fhs jhvhs prhvistcs hf hj Jigr` III nhj KQ

Kucfn` ufc k`fnuktc "puhnh" shr hfkcocnc hf clgcs kcthb`rìcs, éstc nhghrã hfthfnhrsh k`l` brcvh. Hf

, j`s Nhjit`s sh nivinhf hf?

3) Nhjit`s Brcvhs, kcstibcn`s k`f phfc Lcy`r c 8 có`s 7) Nhjit`s Lhf`s Brcvhs, kcstibcn`s k`f phfc Lhf`r c 8 có`s. K`fd`rlh cj crt. 3; nhj KQ sh hstcgjhkh hf dufkiûf nh jc brcvhncn nh j`s nhjit`s ufc kjcsidikckiûf k`fkrhtcnc hf hj crtìkuj` ;; Jcs phfcs puhnhf shr? Brcvhs Lhf`s brcvhs Jhvhs. Hohlpj`? ifkhfni` hf ufc vivihfnc, f` ecgitcnc hf hsh l`lhft`, phr` p`nrìc hstcrj`. Hj quh jc ifkhfnic scgh quh hstc vckìc < Hs uf nhjit` nh Ncó`s k`f Ifkhfni`. Nhftr` nhj KQ ecy ufc shrih nh nisp`siki`fhs quh rhbujcf hj trctclihft` ourìnik` quh sh jh nc c jcs dcjtcs p`r shr ifdrckki`fhs phfcjhs jhvhs. Q`r hohlpj`? Hj crt. 38.7¿ hstcgjhkh quh f` sh kcstibcf jcs dcjtcs si f` s`f k`fsulcncs, scjv` jcs dcjtcs k`ftrc hj pctril`fi` ` k`ftrc jcs phrs`fcs. Q`r `tr` jcn`, hf virtun nh j` prhkhptucn` hf hj crt. 4;5 nhj KQ, pcrc jcs Dcjtcs jcs k`fthfincs hf hj crt. 44 nhj KQ, punihfn` hj Ouhz k`fkrhtcr jc phfc shbÿf su prunhfth crgitri`. Hf jcs jhyhs hsphkicjhs, (jc Jhy nhj K`ftrcgcfn` p`r hohlpj`), pcrc kcjidikcr jcs ;1



ifdrckki`fhs k`l` nhjit` ecgrã quh hstcr c j` nispuhst` hf hj crt. ;; nhj KQ, sihlprh y kucfn`, jc pr`pic jhy hsphkicj f` nibc `trc k`sc. Jcs dcjtcs sh rhdihrhf c privcki`fhs nh nhrhke`s? 3. Qrèigikiûf nh ckhrkcrsh c jc vìktilc 7. Nh k`lufikcrsh k`f jc vìktilc ;. Qhfc nh lujtc, quh suhjh hstcr hftrh j`s 31 nìcs c 7 lhshs >. J`kcjizckiûf phrlcfhfth 8. ^rcgco`s hf ghfhdiki` nh jc k`lufikcn, (nh 3 c ;1 nìcs) Qcrc nhthrlifcr hsth kcrãkthr brcvh, lhf`s brcvh, ` dcjtc nh jc ifdrckkiûf, sh hstcrã c j` nispuhst` hf jc pcrth hsphkicj nhj KQ. Y sh nhthrlifcrãf, f` tcft` k`f rhsphkt` c jc phfc quh sh cpjiquh c kcnc cut`r k`fkrht`, sif` cquhjjc quh prhvé hj KQ. Q`r hohlpj`? hj cut`r nh uf nhjit` nh e`likini`, k`lhth uf nhjit` brcvh, kcstibcn` k`f phfc nh 31 c 38 có`s, phr` si hf su kcs` k`fkrht` sh jh cpjikcf ; cthfucfths, puhnh shr quh jc phfc quh sh jh ilp`fbc f` shc nh 31 có`s sif` nh lhf`s, phr` hj nhjit` sibuh sihfn` brcvh, jc phfc quh jjhvc cpcrhocnc hsh nhjit` hs nh 31 c 38 có`s. Cthfnihfn` c su fcturcjhzc, j`s nhjit`s sh nivinhf hf? 3) Nhjit`s K`lufhs 7) Nhjit`s Q`jìtik`s ? Cquhjj`s quh jhsi`fcf ` p`fhf hf phjibr` gihfhs ourìnik`s nh fcturcjhzc p`jìtikc, hst` hs, uf gihf ourìnik` k`fstituin` hshfkicjlhfth p`r hj ifthrés nh jc k`lufincn, hf hj lcfthfilihft` nh ufc nhthrlifcnc `rbcfizckiûf, nh jcs rhjcki`fhs quh ctcóhf c j`s p`nhrhs pÿgjik`s? Guhf dufki`fclihft` nh jc Cnlifistrckiûf Qÿgjikc ` nh Oustikic, Guhf dufki`fclihft` nhj Lhrkcn`. ? Hj rhst` quh f` s`f j`s p`jìtik`s, n`fnh hj gihf ourìnik` cdhktcn` hs nh fcturcjhzc ifnivinucj. ;3



? Kucfn` hf uf lisl` nhjit` hxisth jc jhsiûf nh uf gihf ourìnik` k`lufitcri` y `tr` ifnivinucj, ` nh fcturcjhzc k`lÿf y p`jìtikc, sh thfnrã quh kcjidikcr hj nhjit` cthfnihfn` cj gihf ourìnik` lãs ilp`rtcfth quh ecyc sin` jhsi`fcn` ` puhst` hf phjibr`, hxkhpt`, hj gihf ourìnik` "vinc" h "ifthbrincn dìsikc" y "jighrtcn" quh s`f nhjit`s k`lufhs.(Diburc 9)

;7



31.3 Q@W JC[ L@NCJINCNH[ NH JC CKKIÛF Hf prilhr jubcr j`s tip`s phfcjhs sh kjcsidikcf hf dufkiûf ` shbÿf jcs l`ncjincnhs nh jc ckkiûf, csì sh nistifbuhf hftrh? 3. Nhjit`s nh Whsujtcn` 7. Nhjit`s nh lhrc cktivincn, Hf dufkiûf nh jc rhcjizckiûf y nh jc rhjckiûf quh hxisth hftrh ckkiûf y `goht` nh jc ckkiûf. 3. ? Whquihrhf quh jc ckkiûf vcyc shbuinc nh jc kcusckiûf nh uf rhsujtcn`, shpcrcgjh hspcki`-thlp`rcjlhfth nh jc k`fnuktc. Qcrc quh hst`s nhjit`s sh pr`nuzkcf, nhgh ncrsh ufc rhjckiûf nh kcuscjincn c ilputckiûf `gohtivc nhj rhsujtcn` c jc ckkiûf nhj suoht`. Hj hs uf nhjit` nh rhsujtcn`, f` sh k`fsulc k`f k`bhr jc k`sc, sif` k`f thfhr nisp`figijincn nh hjjc, quh hs p`sthri`r, sh nidhrhfkic hf hj hspcki` tihlp` nh jc ckkiûf. Qrilhr` sh t`lc jc k`sc y nhspués sh nisp`fh nh hjjc. 7. ? F` hxisth rhsujtcn`, jc lhrc ckkiûf k`fsulc hj nhjit`. Hj hs uf hohlpj` nh nhjit` nh lhrc cktivincn, p`rquh k`f cjjcfcr jc l`rcnc sh k`fsulc hj rhsujtcn`, f` ecy shpcrckiûf hftrh ckkiûf y rhsujtcn`, hs lãs, f` ecy rhsujtcn`. Jc ckkiûf hs hftrcr hf jc vivihfnc sif k`fshftilihft` nhj titujcr.

J`s

, sh nivinhf hf

.

3. Nhjit`s Ifstcftãfh`s. (Diburc 31)

;;



7. Nhjit`s Qhrlcfhfths. Cquhj quh fhkhsitc hj lcfthfilihft` lcfthfilihft` nh ufc situckiûf situckiûf cftiourìnikc hf hj tihlp`, p`r jc v`juftcn nh su cut`r. (jc nhthfkiûf ijhbcj p`r hohlpj`), puhst` quh hj nhjit` sh sibuh k`fsulcfn` ecstc quh khsc ;. Nhjit`s nh Hstcn`. Cquhj quh krhc tclgiéf ufc situckiûf cftiourìnikc nurcnhrc, phr` jc k`fsulckiûf khsc nhsnh jc cpcrikiûf nhj nhjit` (hj lctril`fi` ijhbcj p`r hohlpj` Hstc kjcsidikckiûf hs ilp`rtcfth c hdhkt`s nh nhthrlifcr j` sibuihfth? c) Hj l`lhft` k`fsulctiv` nhj Nhjit` g) Hstcgjhkhr jcs d`rlcs ilphrdhktcs nh rhcjizckiûf nhj nhjit` (thftctivc) k) Hxibir ` f` jc rhjckiûf nh kcuscjincn h ilputckiûf `gohtivc nhj rhsujtcn` k`l` hjhlhft` nhj tip` `gohtiv`.

c)

? K`fsisthf hf jc rhcjizckiûf nh ufc k`fnuktc prèiginc

g) f`rlc, y p`r tcft`,

? Cgsthfhrsh nh rhcjizcr ufc k`fnuktc `rnhfcnc p`r jc .

Nhftr` nh j`s nhjit`s nh `lisiûf nistifbuil`s? 3) ? Nhjit`s nh lhrc cktivincn, p`r hohlpj` jc `lisiûf nhj nhghr nh s`k`rr`. (Nhghr nh hvitcr k`lhthr uf nhjit` p`r hohlpj`) ;>



7) ? Nhjit`s nh rhsujtcn`. [h kcstibc p`r hj rhsujtcn` (lcnrh f` cjilhftc c su eio` y ésth luhrh) Hf hsth tip` nh @lisiûf nhghl`s thfhr hf kuhftc jc p`sikiûf nh bcrcfth nh jc vinc nh `tr`, `t`rbcnc p`r jc jhy ` p`r jc vinc.

3) Nhjit`s nh Lhni`s nhthrlifcn`s.- [h ck`tcf hxprhsclhfth jcs l`ncjincnhs k`lisivcs (p`r hohlpj` hj W`g` k`f duhrzc hf jcs k`scs) [`j` k`f 8 lhni`s sh puhnhf k`lhthr r`g` k`f duhrzc. 7) Nhjit`s Whsujtctiv`s? Hj îp` f` jilitc jcs p`sigjhs l`ncjincnhs nh jc ckkiûf, puhs gcstc k`f quh shcf inûfhcs pcrc jc pr`nukkiûf nhj rhsujtcn` (Q`r hohlpj`, nhjit` k`ftrc jc scjun pÿgjikc)

Nhjit`s nh uf ckt`? ufc s`jc ckkiûf (Ho? e`likini`). Nhjit`s nh ufc pjurcjincn nh ckt`s (Ho? r`g` k`f vi`jhfkic). Nhjit`s cjthrfctiv`s (Ho? vcrics ckki`fhs cjthrfctivcs, k`l` hj cjjcfclihft` nh l`rcnc quh sh k`lhth tcft` hftrcfn` k`l` lcfthfiéfn`sh hf hjjc).

[hbÿf shcf j`s suoht`s cktiv`s?

? puhnhf k`lhthrj`s kucjquihr phrs`fc, f` sh hxibh fifbufc kucjincn hsphkicj hf hj suoht` ? sh hxibh ufc kucjincn hsphkicj hf hj suoht` cktiv`. Quhnhf shr? cquhjj`s hf j`s quh hj suoht` cktiv` hs hsphkicjlhfth kucjidikcn`, nh tcj d`rlc quh si jc k`fnuktc hs rhcjizcnc p`r `tr` suoht` f` sh k`lhth hj nhjit`. Q`r hohlpj` hj nhjit` nhj >>4 nhj KQ, (prhvcrikckiûf) s`j` j` puhnh k`lhthr uf Ouhz ` Lcbistrcn`. ? j`s quh tihfhf k`rrhsp`fnhfkic k`f uf nhjit` k`lÿf, phr` pcrc su rhcjizckiûf sh hxibh quh hj suoht` shc kucjidikcn`, eckihfn` quh sh k`fvihrtc hj nhjit` hf uf tip` cutûf`l` nistift` (Ho? crt. >44 KQ? hj cg`bcn` ` pr`kurcn`r quh rhvhjcrh cktucki`fhs pr`khscncs nhkjcrcncs shkrhtcs p`r jc cut`rincn ;8



ounikicj,...). [h nidhrhfkic k`f hj Hsphkicj Qr`pi` hf quh hj tip` puhnh shr rhcjizcn` p`r lcs phrs`fcs, phr` nh d`rlc k`fkrhtc sh kcstibc c ufc.

Nhjit`s nh pr`pic lcf`? Cquhjj`s hf j`s quh hj [uoht` Cktiv` tihfh quh rhcjizcr phrs`fcj ` dìsikclhfth hj tip` phfcj. , p`r tcft` f` cnlithf jc cut`rìc lhnictc. Ecf nh rhcjizcrsh nh d`rlc nirhktc p`r hj cut`r.

[ilpjhs? pr`thbhf uf s`j` gihf ourìnik` (e`likini`, pr`thbh jc vinc). K`lpuhst`s? pr`thbhf n`s ` lãs gihfhs ourìnik`s (Ho? nhjit` hk`jûbik`, pr`thbh hj lhni` clgihfth y jc scjun nh jcs phrs`fcs).

? s`f hf j`s quh sh lhf`skcgc ` jhsi`fc uf gihf ourìnik` pr`thbin`. ? hf j`s quh jc k`fsulckiûf nhj tip` hxibh jc krhckiûf nh ufc situckiûf nh phjibr` quh ec nh shr hdhktiv`, k`fkrht` y prûxil` cj gihf ourìnik` quh sh pr`thbh. - Qhjibr` k`fkrht`? hs fhkhscri` quh hj gihf ourìnik` shc puhst` hf k`fkrht` phjibr`. (Ho? k`fnukkiûf thlhrcric, hj tip` phfcj hxibh quh sh p`fbc hf k`fkrht` phjibr` hj vinc nh jcs phrs`fcs). - Qhjibr` cgstrckt`? f` hs fhkhscric hsc k`fkrhkiûf sif` quh gcstc k`f quh sh nh ufc situckiûf inûfhc pcrc pr`v`kcr hj phjibr`. (Ho. K`fnukkiûf gco` ifdjuhfkic nh ghgincs cjkèûjikcs). Clg`s tihfhf uf k`fthfin` prhvhftiv` n`fnh sh cnhjcftc hj kcstib` cj l`lhft` nh jc cpcrikiûf k`fkrhtc nhj phjibr`, sif hlgcrb`, ec nh hxistir ufc kihrtc pr`xilincn hf hj phjibr` y ufc kcpckincn jhsivc nh rihsb` `, ifkjus`, jc silpjh rhcjizckiûf nh k`fnuktc phjibr`sc.

;4



- Nhjit`s N`j`s`s - Nhjit`s Ilprunhfths

Hj jhbisjcn`r puhnh utijizcr hjhlhft`s nhskriptiv`s ` f`rlctiv`s. ? ^`n`s cquhjj`s quh pr`vihfhf nhj ãlgit` nhj shr, lcfidihstcf ufc rhcjincn fcturcjistc cprhehfsigjh p`r j`s shftin`s (p`r hohlpj`? luohr) ? ^`n`s cquhjj`s quh rhquihrhf ufc vcj`rckiûf ounikicj. Q`r hohlpj`? jc quihgrc, hj k`fkurs` nh ckrhhn`rhs.

Hj nhjit` nh eurt` shrìc uf hohlpj` nh nhjit` gcsh ` gãsik`. Juhb` hxisthf `tr`s kucjidikcn`s, k`l` hj eurt` nh k`scs luhgjhs nh vcj`r eistûrik` ` crtìstik`. Hj nhjit` nh E`likini` shric uf nhjit` gcsh, juhb` pcsc c shr privijhbicn`, cbrcvcn`. îhfhf lcy`r phfc j`s tip`s kucjidikcn`s.Hf j`s tip`s cthfucn`s sh rhcjizcf hf dufkiûf nh jc lhf`r hftincn, tcft` nhj nhsvcj`r nh jc ckkiûf k`l` nhj nhsvcj`r nhj rhsujtcn`.

[`f cquhjj`s tip`s phfcjhs quh sh hfkuhftrcf hf k`fhxiûf krilif`jûbikc k`f `tr` nhjit`, phr` rhprhshftcf ufc vcricfth tìpikc ifnhphfnihfth y shpcrcnc nh kucjquihr `tr` nhjit`. ^`n`s j`s nhjit`s hsphkicjhs ilpr`pi`s s`f tip`s cutûf`l`s.

N`j` hs k`fkihfkic y v`juftcn nhj suoht` nh rhcjizcr hj ehke` tipidikcn` `gohtivclhfth hf ufc diburc nhjiktivc. Hj suoht` scgh y quihrh rhcjizcr jc ckkiûf. Q`r tcft`

;2



K`f`kilihft` T`juftcn. [`j` hj quh scgh j` quh `kurrh puhnh quhrhr quh `kurrc, hs nhkir, cpjikcr su v`juftcn c k`fshbuir hj rhsujtcn` quh thfbc hf jc lhfth. Nh hstc lcfhrc hj suoht` tihfh quh shr k`fskihfth nh t`n`s j`s hjhlhft`s `gohtiv`s nhj tip` y, hf hj kcs` hf hj quh hj suoht` nhsk`f`zkc hst`s hjhlhft`s f` ecgrã N`j`. ilpjikc k`f`kilihft` y v`juftcn nh rhcjizcr j`s hjhlhft`s `gohtiv`s nhj tip` phfcj. Hj N`j` cnlith vcrics p`sigijincnhs hf dufkiûf nhj fivhj nh k`f`kilihft` y v`juftcn nh rhcjizcr j`s hjhlhft`s `gohtiv`s nhj tip`? 3.

? [h tihfh k`l` KIHW^@ hj rhsujtcn`. (Diburc 33)

7. hjj` j` ckhptc.

? Q`sigijincn ` Qr`gcgijincn nh quh sh pr`nuzkc. C phscr nh

? Dcjtc nh nijibhfkic nhginc. [h ifdrifbh ufc d`rlc nh k`lp`rtclihft` cnhkucn`. Jc dcjtc nh nijibhfkic f` hs uf k`f`kilihft` y ufc v`juftcn nh quhrhr eckhr uf tip` phfcj. [h cktÿc nh lcfhrc f` nijibhfth. [h ;5



ifdrifbh jc f`rlc nh kuincn` quh sh hxibh c jc e`rc nh cktucr. F` hxisth hj kcrãkthr nh v`juftcn. Jc Ilprunhfkic puhnh shr? Brcvh Jhvh Hf dufkiûf nh si jc dcjtc nh nijibhfkic hs brcvh (nhjit`) ` jhvh (dcjtc).Jc hftincn vc c vhfir p`r j`s ehke`s k`fkrht`s. îhfh quh vhfir hxprhsclhfth hf hj tip` phfcj pcrc quh puhnc ncrsh (crt. 37) Xfc k`fnuktc quh f` hsh prhvistc eckhrjc k`f N`j` y f` tihfh ti hfh prhvistc jc Ilprunhfkic, hs ilpufh. Suh `kurrh kucfn` sh eihrrc hf hj k`f`kilihft` nh j`s hjhlhft`s `gohtiv`s nhj tip`. [h pr`nukh uf hrr`r nh tip`. Suh si hs ifvhfkigjh f` sh kcstibc y si hs vhfkigjh sh kcstibc k`l` ilprunhfkic, si hs quh hstc prhvist`, si f` j` hstã f` sh kcstibc.

;9



Introduccion Al Derecho Penal

Recommend Documents