R. N. Coudenhove Kalergi IDEALISMO PRACTICO NOBLEZA - TECNOLO!A - PACI"ISMO #$%& PANE'ROPA - (ERLA (IENA - LEIPZI 'BR)*$)+#,)+&& Todo Todo lo dere/ho dere/ho reervado reervado Dere/ho de au0or #$%& 1or el Pan-Euro-(erlag I21rei3n de la "45ri/a de 1a1el El5e26hl Indu0ria r47/a A. .8 (iena (I. CONTENIDOS
PRÓLOGO ............................................................ ........................................................................................... ............................... 04 GENTE RURAL Y URBANA ............................................................... ...................................................................... ....... 08 1. HOMBRE CAMPESINO - HOMBRE DE LA CIUDAD ................................... 09 2. JUNKER - ESCRITOR ......................................................... ......................................................................... ................ 12 3. CABALLERO - BOHEMIO ......................................................... .................................................................... ........... 1 4. ENDOGAMIA - ME!CLA .............................................................. ..................................................................... ....... 20 ". MENTALIDAD PAGANA Y CRISTIANA ................................................... 24 CRISIS DE LA NOBLE!A .......................................................... ........................................................................ .............. 29 . DOMINIO POR EL ESP#RITU EN LUGAR DE DOMINIO POR LA ESPADA .............. 31 $. CREPUSCULO DE LA NOBLE!A ............................................... ............................................... 34 8. PLUTOCRACIA .................................................. .................................................. .......... 39 9. NOBLE!A DE SANGRE Y NOBLE!A DEL %UTURO ................................. 44 10. JUDA#SMO Y NOBLE!A DEL %UTURO ......................................... ......................................... 49 PERSPECTI&AS .................................................. .................................................. ............ "" APOLOGIA DE LA TECNOLOG#A EN 1922 ......................................... "9 I. EL PARA#SO PERDIDO .................................................. .................................................. ... 1 1. LA MALDICIÓN DE LA CULTURA ............................................. ............................................. 1 2. DESARROLLO Y LIBERTAD .................................................. .................................................. 2 3. SOBREPOBLACION Y MIGRACION DEL NORTE ................................... 4 4. SOCIEDAD Y CLIMA .................................................. .................................................. ..... 4 ". INTENTOS DE RESCATE DE LA HUMANIDAD .................................... II. 'TICA Y TECNOLOG#A .................................................. .................................................. .. 8 1. LA CUESTIÓN SOCIAL .................................................. .................................................. ... 8 2. INSU%ICIENCIA DE LA POL#TICA ........................................... 9 3. ESTADO Y TRABAJO TR ABAJO .................................................. .................................................. ..... $0 4. ANAR(U#A Y OCIO .................................................. .................................................. ...... $1 ". SUPERACIÓN DEL ESTADO Y DEL TRABAJO .................................... .................................... $2 . 'TICA Y TECNOLOG#A .................................................. .................................................. ... $3 III. ASIA Y EUROPA .................................................. .................................................. ...... $" 1. ASIA Y EUROPA .................................................. .................................................. ........ $" 2. CULTURA Y CLIMA .................................................. .................................................. ...... $$ 3. LAS TRES RELIGIONES .................................................. .................................................. .. $9
4. ARMON#A Y %UER!A .................................................. .................................................. ..... 80 I&. MISION T'CNICA MUNDIAL DE EUROPA ...................................... ...................................... 83 1. EL ESPIRITU EUROPEO .................................................. .................................................. .. 83 2. HELLAS COMO PRECURSOR DE EUROPA ........................................ 84 3. LAS BASES T'CNICAS DE EUROPA ........................................... ........................................... 8" 4. GIRO DEL MUNDO T'CNICO ................................................. ................................................. 8$ ". EUROPA COMO TANGENTE CULTURAL .......................................... 88 . LEONARDO Y BACON .................................................. .................................................. ..... 90 &. CA!A - GUERRA - TRABAJO ................................................ 91 1. EL PODER PO DER Y LA L A LIBERTAD ................................................. ................................................. 91 2. LA CA!A .................................................. .............. 92 3. LA GUERRA .................................................. .................................................. ............ 92 4. EL TRABAJO T RABAJO .................................................. ........... 93 ". LA GUERRA COMO ANACRONISMO ............................................. ............................................. 94 . TECNOLOG#A .................................................. .................................................. ........... 9" &I. LA CAMPA)A DE LA TECNOLOG#A ........................................... 9$ 1. MISERIA DE MASAS EN EUROPA ............................................. 9$ 2. POL#TICA COLONIAL C OLONIAL .................................................. .................................................. .... 98 3. POL#TICA SOCIAL SOC IAL .................................................. .................................................. ...... 99 4. RE&OLUCIÓN T'CNICA MUNDIAL ............................................. ............................................. 101 ". EL EJ'RCITO DE LA TECNOLOG#A ........................................... ........................................... 102 . LA &ICTORIA EL'CTRICA .................................................. .................................................. 102 $. EL IN&ENTOR COMO SAL&ADOR .............................................. .............................................. 104 &II. OBJETI&O %INAL DE LA TECNOLOG#A ...................................... 10 1. LA CULTURA CULTURA Y LA ESCLA&ITUD ............................................. 10 2. LA M*(UINA .................................................. .................................................. ........... 10$ 3. DESMANTELAMIENTO DE LA GRAN CIUDAD ..................................... 109 4. EL PARA#SO CULTURAL DE LOS MILLIONARIOS ................................ ................................ 111 &III. EL ESP#RITU DE LA ERA T'CNICA ....................................... 114 1. PACI%ISMO HEROICO .................................................. .................................................. .... 114 2. EL ESP#RITU DE LA INERCIA .............................................. .............................................. 11" 3. BELLE!A Y TECNOLOG#A .................................................. .................................................. . 11 4. EMANCIPACIÓN .................................................. .................................................. ......... 118 ". CRISTIANISMO Y LA CABALLERIA ........................................... 120 . EL PELIGRO BUDISTA .................................................. .................................................. ... 121 I+. STINNES Y KRASSIN .................................................. .................................................. ... 124 1. ESTADOS DE TERRATENIENTE ............................................... ............................................... 124 2. EL %IASCO DE RUSIA .................................................. ... 12" 3. PRODUCCIÓN CAPITALISTA Y COMUNISTA ..................................... ..................................... 12$ 4. MERCENARIOS Y SOLDADOS DEL TRABAJO ..................................... 130 ". CAPITALISMO SOCIAL - EL COMUNISMO LIBERAL .............................. 132 . TRUSTS Y SINDICATOS .................................................. .................................................. .. 134 +. DEL ESTADO DEL TRABAJO AL ESTADO DE LA CULTURA ......................... 13 1. CULTO AL NI)O .................................................. .................................................. ........ 13 2. DEBER DEL TRABAJO TRAB AJO .................................................. .................................................. .... 138 3. EL ESTADO PRODUCTOR Y CONSUMIDOR ....................................... ....................................... 141
4. ARMON#A Y %UER!A .................................................. .................................................. ..... 80 I&. MISION T'CNICA MUNDIAL DE EUROPA ...................................... ...................................... 83 1. EL ESPIRITU EUROPEO .................................................. .................................................. .. 83 2. HELLAS COMO PRECURSOR DE EUROPA ........................................ 84 3. LAS BASES T'CNICAS DE EUROPA ........................................... ........................................... 8" 4. GIRO DEL MUNDO T'CNICO ................................................. ................................................. 8$ ". EUROPA COMO TANGENTE CULTURAL .......................................... 88 . LEONARDO Y BACON .................................................. .................................................. ..... 90 &. CA!A - GUERRA - TRABAJO ................................................ 91 1. EL PODER PO DER Y LA L A LIBERTAD ................................................. ................................................. 91 2. LA CA!A .................................................. .............. 92 3. LA GUERRA .................................................. .................................................. ............ 92 4. EL TRABAJO T RABAJO .................................................. ........... 93 ". LA GUERRA COMO ANACRONISMO ............................................. ............................................. 94 . TECNOLOG#A .................................................. .................................................. ........... 9" &I. LA CAMPA)A DE LA TECNOLOG#A ........................................... 9$ 1. MISERIA DE MASAS EN EUROPA ............................................. 9$ 2. POL#TICA COLONIAL C OLONIAL .................................................. .................................................. .... 98 3. POL#TICA SOCIAL SOC IAL .................................................. .................................................. ...... 99 4. RE&OLUCIÓN T'CNICA MUNDIAL ............................................. ............................................. 101 ". EL EJ'RCITO DE LA TECNOLOG#A ........................................... ........................................... 102 . LA &ICTORIA EL'CTRICA .................................................. .................................................. 102 $. EL IN&ENTOR COMO SAL&ADOR .............................................. .............................................. 104 &II. OBJETI&O %INAL DE LA TECNOLOG#A ...................................... 10 1. LA CULTURA CULTURA Y LA ESCLA&ITUD ............................................. 10 2. LA M*(UINA .................................................. .................................................. ........... 10$ 3. DESMANTELAMIENTO DE LA GRAN CIUDAD ..................................... 109 4. EL PARA#SO CULTURAL DE LOS MILLIONARIOS ................................ ................................ 111 &III. EL ESP#RITU DE LA ERA T'CNICA ....................................... 114 1. PACI%ISMO HEROICO .................................................. .................................................. .... 114 2. EL ESP#RITU DE LA INERCIA .............................................. .............................................. 11" 3. BELLE!A Y TECNOLOG#A .................................................. .................................................. . 11 4. EMANCIPACIÓN .................................................. .................................................. ......... 118 ". CRISTIANISMO Y LA CABALLERIA ........................................... 120 . EL PELIGRO BUDISTA .................................................. .................................................. ... 121 I+. STINNES Y KRASSIN .................................................. .................................................. ... 124 1. ESTADOS DE TERRATENIENTE ............................................... ............................................... 124 2. EL %IASCO DE RUSIA .................................................. ... 12" 3. PRODUCCIÓN CAPITALISTA Y COMUNISTA ..................................... ..................................... 12$ 4. MERCENARIOS Y SOLDADOS DEL TRABAJO ..................................... 130 ". CAPITALISMO SOCIAL - EL COMUNISMO LIBERAL .............................. 132 . TRUSTS Y SINDICATOS .................................................. .................................................. .. 134 +. DEL ESTADO DEL TRABAJO AL ESTADO DE LA CULTURA ......................... 13 1. CULTO AL NI)O .................................................. .................................................. ........ 13 2. DEBER DEL TRABAJO TRAB AJO .................................................. .................................................. .... 138 3. EL ESTADO PRODUCTOR Y CONSUMIDOR ....................................... ....................................... 141
4. RE&OLUCIÓN Y TECNOLOG#A ................................................ ................................................ 143 ". PELIGROS DE LA L A TECNOLOG#A .............................................. 14 . ROMANTICISMO DEL %UTURO ................................................ ................................................ 148 PACI%ISMO EN 1924 .................................................. .................................................. ....... 1"3 1. DIE! A)OS DE GUERRA .................................................. .................................................. .. 1"" 2. CR#TICA DEL PACI%ISMO .................................................. .................................................. 1"8 3. PACI%ISMO RELIGIOSO Y POL#TICO ......................................... 1"8 4. RE%ORMA DEL PACI%ISMO .................................................. .................................................. 14 ". LA PA! MUNDIAL Y LA PA! EN EUROPA ...................................... ...................................... 1$ . PROGRAMA DE PA! DE POL#TICA REAL ....................................... 1$1 $. PROMOCIÓN DEL PENSAMIENTO DE LA PA! .................................... .................................... 1$$ 8. PROPAGANDA DE LA PA! .................................................. .................................................. . 181 9. NUE&A HEROICIDAD .................................................. .................................................. ..... 18$ PRÓLOGO E, /, 5677 / /5:; /, /5, 5677 / /</=. (</= = 75// /= , /,/> = /=/ ==?<= 5@= 5 7<5 /,> 5 ,<75 <55 5 , /,/. P5 , 7=7/ 5/7=7/ <= F=7 ,5 /, ,7/5> , <= , /, ,5. E, /5: 5/<=/ , / /, 75 7= /, /, L 75//=7 / ,5/ 6 , /, ,7/5 ,/ 5/ /, ,5. ,5. E 7=577= 755/ 5 / , 5 <=> / /, 7=5/ / , /7F5/ /7. E/ 7=5/ / <7 6 5<= , // /=5/ , /: /; 5 5 : /7F5/> 75/:= /= , /> 7 7 /, 5 E7<5> = /, /5= /> 7 B<. A: / = / 5 / , 75//=7 /= , / -> = , 75//=7 /= , ,5/. E, /5, / 75/=/ / 5/<7=/ - /5 7 ?= 7 75/> /, /, /5/ / 5,/67 /=< / /=5/ /= =/5: ,7<5 = /5?> , <= ,/ // < 6 ?5=/ 5 77=/. E, /5: / , 5757 /, /:5<. E, /5: /6 5/,7= 7= /, /, 57567> , 7 /, /5, 7= /, /7567. III I=7,< , /757 75// 75 // 6 /= /, =F/5 /= /, ,5> 6 6 /= , 5/ /= , ?5=/@. E 5 /,, , /757 ,:7 , , / /5 5<7:/5 75/ 7<= , , /<-5757 /, =5/ /, 5 5 5 ,<@ //5=/=/ /= < ,5 <= = 5757 /, /:5< , /=/ 5 /@. E, /= F, / , /757 ,:7 / : , 5757 /5<,> /,, 75/5 /, 5</ /5,> /, /5 /,. E, ,:/5 // 5 /, ,5 /, 5/?/=/ - /, 5 =,/ /, ,5 /, =5/ =,/ /, 75@= 57 /= ,5 / , , /, 57. E/ / /, ?=7 /, /55,,> / 55,,> / 7/ /7567. C<,</5 5 ?=7 /5: <= <7 7<,<5,. P5 / = / 7<, P,= = /5 /, 5/ / , 5757 /5<, , /7=: 7,> = /, 5/ /, <= /,. /, . Y , 5757 /, 7, = /, /, 5677. E, /, 77 /, S<5 / =/ 7 <= 5/,?=> /, /, /57 /,
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
5 /, /, 5677. &/=> =/5/ / 192". &I ADEL 1920 A , /5 / 5/ D5. HEINRICH GRA% C</=/ - K,/5? 7= 5//5/=7 ?5< PRIMERA PARTE GENTE RURAL Y URBANA 1 HOMBRE DEL CAMPO - HOMBRE DE LA CIUDAD C C< = , , / , //=7 <=. C 7< /?<= < / /5= , ?/=/ 5F7 <5=. L /5= 5<5,/ , /5= <5= = =: 7,?7/=/. L ?57<,5/ / /5/=/ 5/?=/ /=< / 5/7/= /7=,/=/ 6 /=5/ : , 7<= / , 7< /7=. E=5/ /, 7 /, 7> , 7</ 7</ /6 /, /7 - /=5/ 7< 7 /, /. E=5/ , ?/=/ 5<5, /<5/ /= 5/5//==/ / , // // , E / P/5 , E M/> /=5 , /= , 7</ /, <= / O77/=/> = 5<7 /, U5= /5/> / /, 5/5//==/ / , 7,@7= /5=. A , ?,> /=< ,/ / > /5= <= ?5= 7< / , /55 ,= , 5/. E, 5/ U5= /= /5/=/> <@? / =/5 /5/=/> /=/ /5/=/> 7F / =/5 /5/=/ /, 5/ 5<5,. L / , 7< / 57> /76=7> 57=, - , /= /, 7 / 7=75/> 5?6=7> 557=,. E, =/ / , 7< / 57=,> /77> = 75//=/ - /, 7/= / /7=,> 5/,?> </57. 9 T , /=/= /=/= /, 7/= / 75,@= ,5//5 / , =<5,/@> / /= 7= /, =,> , 75/<5 / D> / <=/ 7= /, /> //=/= /, 7, , /5. E, P<= 7, /, , <5=> = /5?> / /, / , 7/> / /= 7= , 6<=> , 75<5 = /, 5/> 5 /,, /, 5/ / , 7< / / 7/5 7 =//=/=/ /, / /, /7> , /5 /, 7,. E, 5/ /, 7 75// /= /, /5 / , =<5,/@ 5/ /, 5/ - /, 5/ / , 7< 75// /= /, /5 /, 5/ 5/ , =<5,/@. E, 5/ R<5, / <= 5<7 =<5,> /, 5/ U5= / 5<7 7,; <= / /, => , / , 7 /, <= /= /, 7> /, 5 /= , <=. E, 5/ 5<5, / 7=/55 7 , =<5,/@ - /, U5= 5?5/ 7 , 7/ <=. T 5?5/ /= ,< 5/=/ / , 7</ , =/ / , 7<. E, 5/ / , 7< ,/ /5 /, 5<7 / <= 5/,<7= /=5 / <= /5/ 5<5, 5 7= < 57= 5F7> / 5, , ?5= 7< / =7 <= 5/ <= = /. L 7< ,/ 5 < =/ 5<5 / , /,,/@ =<5,> 7 7/=7= ,/ 5/7/ /, 5/. T/5> 7=7/5> ?,/5: = << / , //5= 7=/ /,,/@ /, /. D/< / <= : / 5 7,/ / , /, / =<7=/ / 5/ 5/7/= , /,,/@ /= 5 7=7/=5 , =/ / , 7<.
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
3 CABALLERO - BOHEMIO L =,/@ / =?5/ /, /:5< /= E<5 75/5= < //7:7 I=?,/55 , =,/@ / =?5/ /, 7,,/5; %5=7 , =,/@ /, /:5< /, /. C,,/5 / / <=/= /= <= /5@ 5 /75 / , 5/ /, / , //=7 <5? /, 7,,/5 , /=7/ 5 /,> /, B/ 5 //5/=. E, 7,,/5 =/ 5 , / =5/ / , - /, / /, 7,5 7=5 , =7,5 / , . E, 7,,/5 5/ 5/= /= /, ,: / , 5/,7=/ <= - /, / ,/5 /= < /7,<. L /,,/@ /, /, 7,,/5> / /= , 5> /, /,> , 5=: / /67> 7,67> ,:=/. L /,,/@ /, /, / - /= /, //5/=> , ,/5> , , / =67> 56=7> =:7. E, 7,,/5 /,@ /,@ < 5@ - /, / /,@ /,@ < 5/@. E, 7,,/5 / /,/7/ , 57=> /, / /= , 5/ , //=7 /, 7,,/5 / /5 7=/55 1 , //=7 /, / /5 5/,<7=5. M5/ /, /, / 7,,/5 / I=?,/55> /, : 6 7=/55 /= E<5. C<= / , B/ / %5=7> /, : 6 5/,<7=5 /= E<5. E, /, /, 7,,/5 / , 5 / / <= 7 - E, /, /, B/ , 5 / / , =<. E, /, /, 7,,/5 <= 6 ,,6 / I=?,/55 / 5/= , /7 5= /, /, B/ <= 6 ,,6 / %5=7 , , 6?5 ?5/?. L / 5= / 7/575= , / 7,,/5> , , ?5/? , B/ C5 S=/7 /5= 7,,/5> S75/ D?/=/ /. E, 7 /, 7,,/5 /6 /= , :7 /=, - /, / /= /, /:5< /, 7,,/5 / /5 = /, / 56 /5 75=,. Q A /,/ = /=/= / 75,@7= <= 7 /, 75, ,/=/ / / 55 /= /, /=/ = 5:?> /,/ //= < //=7 , ,/5 I=?,/ 5=7/. E= , A,/= /5,> // /=/ /5 /7/=/ 5 , 75,@7= / , 7=7/=7 /5=, 5 , => = 5: /55,,5/ ==?F= /, / ?<,. P5 /, 7,,/5 /, ,/6= ,/ , /, /,> 5 /, / /, //5/=> 5 ?57 ,/,. Y = : /=7=55 ==?<= 5 / /7< 5 , /= < 5/,> /, ,/6= <7 /= < /: /=75=7=/ /,/ /, 7567/5 ,/6=> /=7=5 7 <= /, :7-:<7 , /= S/?5/> 7 <= /, /5<, , / %<. A /,/ /5= 56=7/=/ =75=7 , 5= / , 5/, /57 /, I/, 56=7 1$ / S/?5/ 5 /, 7, 5<=> , /=/=/ - /, I/, / %< 56=7 5 /, /5< ,/6=> , 5/5. E= ,5 / , /,/ 5?6=7 =</5= /76=7 /, 7, 5/5//= , /7=@7= / , /, S/?5/ /57; /, 5/5 , /7=@7= / , /5<, /, %< /57. D/ ==?<= / < 7,/ A,/= ?<,,/5= / 5?<,, / < <=7=5 5/5/. E= /,, , ,5 / , =7=> 7 I=?,/55 /= <
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
7, / << // 7,//=5 /, 5=7 =<, / , ,<7 5 , //=7> > /= 5/> <,=5,. E, 75= /, 7, = 5<7 =/5=7=,/ <5=. E, 75= 7 <= 5/,?= <=, < , / , 7< 7, = 5@ / R> /, 7, / , 7</ =<5,/ / ,7= / O77/=/. A /5/=/ / , /=, 75= / = /= /, =/5=7=,. L 5//=7 7=5 /, 75= / , ,7= 5<5, 2" Q P?= > 7 = / /= : , ?/=/ /, 7> , =/ , 5//=7 6 5/ , 5/,@7= /, / 7,. S/5/ /7/=/ ,> , @= /, =5/ /5= 7/=5 ?=> , 5/?=/ /, <5 /=/=/ , 7 / /=/= 75=. D=/ / , /, 7=5/ / , /5<, 5/=, 77/=,> = <<,/=/ / /=/= /,, 7 /, 7=5/ /=5/ , , /, S<5 /, N5/. L =//> , 7<,<5 O5/=, 6 //=5=,> /=< / 7/57 , 77/=,/> /=5 , /=, / , I,= /, <5 S</57= / 5/=,. P5 , / /, ,> , ,< 5/7/ /5 6 //5==/ /, ?5 / ,=?<. N , , 7= ?/?567 /, /55,, 57 5/7/ /7 /= /, , / <= ,. L 7= 7 /, , <:> / /=/= 5 , = 6 75= , ?/5= 5 < 7<,<5, / 6 =?<. E, /<= /6 /5,/=/ 6 7/57 /, ,/ , 7= J<> / =?< 7,@7=/ 5= 77/ / /=75/ = : / , ,: / =<5, ?=> /=:= 5 , /= 5/ ,/= /= /, / . - E, ?= / <= := / , </=< 7<,<5,> /, 75= / <= := / , //@ 7<,<5,. T5/ , ?5/?> 5=> J<> 7=<5= 7 <= < =/5> , 7<,<5 =?< /, <=. P5/5 /, , /7-,7 / , ?5/? /= , 7 /,/=:7> ,? /, , 5677-,:7 / , 5= /= /, I/5 5=> =,/=/ /, , 7-5/,? / , J< /= /, 75=. 2 E, 75=> 5/5 7/=/ 5 <: //= QJ<=> /5<,/=/ 5 <: ,/=5= QP, 5 5/?/=/55 /, <:. E= 7<= E<5 / 75=> / Q/= /, /= 7 /5<, <:> E= 7<= E<5 / 5,> / <:. C , 7 /<5/ /=/ 5:7/ /= /, <:. T 7/= / <= 5, 75= 5/,? 55/,?> / A?<:= R</<> K= T,> 5= J< / /,/77= /= /, /= /5<,> N/@7/ / /, F=7 = <:> /, F=7 5, ?= / E<5. L //=5/ 6 5=/=/ 5/5//= / , / 75=> / /=== 7 /, 7, /= < 5/=7/= /5=> = J<. E= /, O5/=/ /, , 7= / 7 5 /7/,/=7 Q/= 7= , /7-/57 =/ , = 5/,? //7<, - , <: /= O77/=/. D /5 // / E / , =?< J<> < ,/ 5, <= C? C,> /, /7 /5 /,. L / /7567 / , /=77= / , ,:7 , 7 / =/= /, , ,5? / ,/= /= /, <: /, 75= /, 7, = =/= / 7=5<5 <= 5/= / D. H7/ ,/=> 5= , 5/5 75=> = , 5/ <7/> /5//5 5/=5/ / , 57= 7> /= : = //= = , = = , 75=> /5 , <: ,:/5= /, 7, /,, = </5/= 555 7= , 6 , <-=/?7=> /, /7 5?=, /,
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
/ /=:= / , /=5/. L /755/ / , 7 55= <= 5757 =/,/7<, / E<5. L 75 /, ,< 5/ /, /<, ?=7 , 5/5 75 / , 7< 5/ /, 7 = , 5/5 / / , 755/5 / , 75 / , =,/@ /, /:5<> /= /, /557/= / , 7,/ ?55/5. E= ,5 / , 7<5 //, /, 7 5/ , 7<> =< , 7<5 /5= / , 7< 5/ /, 7.
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
$. CREPUSCULO DE LA NOBLE!A E= /, 7<5 / , /5 /5= , =,/@ / =?5/ / @ /=/=/= 5 /, /=/ / , 75/ - , =,/@ / , /=/ 5 /, 7,. D// /, =, / , 7 / , 7,,/5: , =,/@ / E<5 7==/=,> 7= /7 /7/7=/> / /= <= / / /7/=7 5?5/. H /5 <
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
/, 7567/5> , ,/5> , 5/=,. L , , <=:= 7= < ?/=/> , = 5/<7 5 /=> 5 <= ,> , 5/<=7= / /<77= /= /, 5 ,. E6 /=5 / , 5 / , =/ 57> /, ?5= ,<> / 5?= /= R<> /= 5 =?5/= = =?5/ ,/ , <= / , <<55/ </5/= =/=/5 < 7=/ 5//5/=7,/> /=5 = /5 // 7/ / < =/55/ 7=7=/. 38 8 PLUTOCRACIA C= /, =/, / , =,/@ / , =?5/ / , /=/> = / / /55 <= /57/5 7,/ / ?/=/ / /5 /5,/=/ /, /5 /= : , ,<757. L 5 C=<7=,> << , /<, /, ,< /5 /7567> L 5 / ?/5= /5 ,<7567. H /= :> , /757 / <= 7 / , ,<757 5 , ?/=/ = ,/55:= , ,<757 , /=<> , /=7 ==, / / /,,> /=5 /, /5 5/, /6 /= = / , ,<75. E= , /757 5/<,7= 7 /= , =65<7 , / = :/5/> , 7, 5/5 /,, 7= , 5/757/ / , ,:7> /,, ?/5== 5 / , 75 / , == F,7 , =/> 5 / , =/?7 , 5/,7=/ 7,/ , =5. E= ,5 / , /5<7<5 7, /<, <= ,<7567 = / /, =7/= , /7 5 , 7= 7,> = , =?5/. L ,<757 / / 6 /5 , 5757 /, 5 =/ /6 5 /=7 / /,, 7 /, E / < /55/= 7,7/. C<= : /: /5/5 =,/@ / =?5/> /, / / 39 L 5757 / =7/=> 6 < , 5757 /, =/5 5 /==7/ , 7 ?/5==/ /=: /, /= / , 5/=,> , 7<,<5> , 57=> /=5 , 7,/ ?/5= /= :> / /5 / /=/= / 5/=,> / , 7<,<5 , 57=. E7/7=/ , = 7= /= = // /7. M/=5 , = /, <= /, /<, /5 /57-5/,?> , 7/ ,<757 = 7=7/ ,5/ 6 , /, =/5 , ,? , , / <= /5= / 7,7<, /?<= , /=/> = /?<= , , / . S= /5?> /= <= /= , ,:/5/ / , ,<757 5= <= 5757> <= ,/ 5 7,/75 , ?5=/ 5<= = =/7/5 <= /5/ / /7/,/=/ 5// , /=/5?:> 5</=7> <5:> , /,/57=> , 5//=7 / , /=/> =7> <7 ?/=/5. D/ / /=> , ?5=/ /5/5 / ,/?= < =<5,/@ / 7=<5/ /5=> < ,<= </55 /5 /=, , ,,/5= , 75 5/ , / 7/5/ =/55/. S= /5?> / </55 / , ,<75 , / 6, /=5 / , ?/=/ / 7,/ 7/57=/ - /,, /5/7/ / =/ 7<= , /57/5/ / =/5 /= 757<,7= / /= 5/=/ , /7 5/5//==/ / 5/=/ /,/. A: / < <= /5/5 7@ 7/57=/ / /,// /5, 7,/=/
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
9 NOBLE!A DE SANGRE Y NOBLE!A DEL %UTURO L =,/@ / /= , /,,/@ :7> /=,> /5<,; , /,,/@ /= /5/7 5=: /, </= / , , </= / /,/ 5 /=7 / < 7=/56=/> / <= 575. E, / 57567 / /6 <5/=> /, = F= = / 7=<> =5 / / /5 / , ?5=/ 5/ / ?/=/ /,,> /5= =,/> , ?/=/ =/,?/=/. M/=5 = /:?= / , =,/@ <= <<5= , 5 5 / , =?< 5757 , ,,/== 7= /, 7=/= / < 5/ /=, <5? . L 5/ ,/=< / , / , =?< =,/@ /=/@ = /5? > 75/7/= / < 5> < 5/=/= > < /,,/@. S= /5?> /, / ? =/7/= /= , / / , =,/@ = ///55 /, 5/=5 / <= =,/@ . XS/56 , <= =@5> =/7/ ,:/5/> /5>
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ha5r9a /re/ido en el a25ien0e de e0udian0e revolu/ionario ruo: i ;l
r9a e<1eri2en0ado8 al igual =ue Lenin8 en u 1ri2era >uven0ud la e>e/u/i3n de u her2ano 1or lo verdugo i21eriale? 1ro5a5le2en0e lo 1odr9a2o ver en la /i2a de la Ruia ro>a. Mien0ra @ =ue Lenin8 /riado en una e/uela 1ruiana de /ade0e8 0al ve e ha5r9a /onver0ido en un </5-L</=5. L /5 / =<5,/@ 5/,7=> / < =/, =/,/7<,. L /5/7/@ /=, / L/== 5/7/ /5 7=7/=/ /57 - , /5/7/@ / 5 / L</=5 =?/=</=/ =7=7/=/. L/== = / <= ,:/5 /=< - , = / /5<,> 5 : /75,> <= L</=5 /5<,@. E, 5,/, / / 5@5 /=5/ 5 5/5//==/ / , /5/ @</5 , /5/7 %5/57 A,/5 /, 7=/ A57. A /5= /= / /,> 655/ / < 7=77=/. S A,/5 5: 75/7 /= /, /=5= ,5 5/77=5 / , =,/@ / =?5/ ,/=> A57 /= /, /=5= 7, 5/,<7=5 / , =,/@ / /=/ <57> 5,//=/> , , / A57 5: 7 , P5/5 M=5 SW5?> , , / A,/5 , P5/5 M=5 E=/5.
D/< / > /,, = /5=> /5 5 , /5/=7 / , 5/<7 =7<,7> <= 5 , 757/5:7 7F= /57 /=/5/. U= /@ 6> , /5/=7 57 /= /, =/, /5<, Q A,/5 / <= 5/ /5<,> = /= , <5/@ / , /=/. (<= /,? /, 7567/5 / <=> = / 5/<75 /, /, 5 7 7<55/ /= , , :. D=/ /6 /=7 , 5@ ,> /6 /, <<5. L ,5 /, 7/=> , 5757 /55/=/=/> Q/= = / 5//5 ,<,/ /= , / 7= , =<5,/@ 7=/ 5/7? ,7/= <= ?5= 7= / 5@ ,/. S / ,/ 5 <= /<77= /5= <,5 <= 5/ / // </= / , /=/5?: /= , /5<, /==7/ 5:> , /@> , =,/@ /, 5 <= /, /7 /= , 7=5<77= / , =,/@ /, <<5. 48 10 JUDA#SMO Y NOBLE!A DEL %UTURO E, P55 5=7, / , =,/@ 7/5/5, 755< 7 / , =/?5 /, 7,> /, /5 L/5> = J< . L </55 / < /:5< , 5//= 5 7=/55/ /= <= 5=/ 5 / , <<5 =,/@. L ?</=/ / 5//5/ 5=7,/=/ E<5 C/=5, O5/=,. 49 U= @ , 5 /, , <:> /,7 < ,/5@? /= , ,, 5 , 7=<77= / , <=. H7/ ,/=> /, <: /5 <= 7<= 5/,? 7 / =< 7/=/ 5/,?/=/ 5/ / , =7=/ /, =?< 7:57<, / , 7<,<5> 7= <= 7/=5 /5/ =7=, /= P,/=. E= // /= /5 /, /,//= 7F=> <=75 55 = , =7=> = , 5/,?=. D<5=/ /, 5/5 ,/= / =5 /5 ,,/?5= / 7<= / / 5, / , =7=/> 5 F, /, 5/> , =,/@ /, , / , 6@5 =?,/> , /5/ /, <5 / R<. A 55 / /==7/> , , 7<= 5/,? <: <= <= 7<=-<,5 57, /= 7=<= /= 7=5 / , 5 =7=/ . &/ V L //=7 /, =/ V 5 /, D5. H/=57 G5 C</=/- K,/5? Q II /7=> P=- &/5,?> &/=. "0 A 5 / 57/ /5/7<7=/ , E<5 75= =/= <5=/ <= ,/= //5=5 , , <:. E, 5/<, , J< /5= ,/ / ,<=> /> 5<= /77> / <@5=> 7= /, = / /75 /, 5/= / , =/5=,/ /5/7<7=. P5 5 ,> /= / 7=7=/ /
/=< :7,/ /5/7/5= , J< = /5= , <7/=//=/ 6,/> =/,?/=/ / =/= 5 5 , ,<7 5 , //=7 /= / 5 6 :7,. A: =,/=/ , / / /5/7<7=/ <= / 7<=> 7/5 5 <= 55 /57/=/ 5 5 , / <5? / , /,//= / ,<= , /=,/=/ /7/=/. E= ,5 / /5<5 /, <:> E<5 , 5/= /= 7=5 / < ,<= 5 /, 57/ / /,/77= 57, , /5/77= 75 5 /5 <= =7= ,:/5 /, <<5. N / / /55> /==7/> // ,> <5? / , 5= /, ?/> / /55,, /= <= =,/@ /5<, / E<5. P5 , => <= ?/=, P5/=7 E<5 /= / /=> 7<= , =,/@ /<, 7> <= = 7 / =,/@ /5<, 5 , /=77= / , <:.
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
/5> , ?= < 7/5/5> , /5 < / =/5. A: /, <: <5/ / <= /55 /, 7/5/5 5 , => , =/ /= 7=5/ 7= , =,/ /= /, /55,, 5=7 / , /5=,. L /, :7 =/5 / <7 J< /5<,/=/ /7/,/=/ 5<7/ <= , / 75/ :7 Q /=< <= 7= /, 6 , ,5 5, <= =/?<5 / , 5/=7 5// "3 /?<56= 5/7/= =7,/ 7= /, /, 7,,/5/7 / , /5= =,/. A: , 5@ /5 /5<, / , J< /=/ <55 , 5? / , / /7, < /55,, 57 5/ /= /, A<= /= : <7 / , /5=,/ ,:/5/ <: <= <= 7< ?/ / , , 5> = ,5/. E= < ?/ , 575 /?5 ,/= /5 6 =,/ /7/,/=/ J< . E /7/=7 /, <:> 75/ 5 /, /55,,> = /5/7/5 5 /, /55,, / =. L R<5,@7= /, <: Q<= / 5=7, /, = > 7=/7 7= , /<77= /5 > ,,/5 ,/55 , <: /, 5/ /, ?/ /55,, F= /= : /= : . E, /7 / / / ,/> , /5 /, /55,, /, <: /<=/=/. D/ , /5/5 ,/5 /, /5 ?= /, <:> /=5 , 7=7/=7> / , 7=7/=7 /?<56= ?5<,/=/ , <5 /, ?/ / , /5= /5> ,5/. N , /, <: 75 /= , 5/77= /, /, =,/@ 77/=, - = /, /, 57567 77/=, / /=/556 / <= 7 / /=7=55 7= /, <: / 7=. E= <= E<5 6 7:7 /, <<5 , =,/@ /5 / / < 7567/5 ?55/5 / =/57 7= <= /5<, - 7/5,. U= O77/=/ 77 7,@ = =/7/5 6 ==?F= /5 ?/5==/ - , ,:/5/> /<75/> /, /?<5. E= E<5 5/=, /, 575 <<5 / 5/7/56 6 <= 56= =5:= <= 7,,/5 . "4 PERSPECTI&AS E, 5/ =,/ /, <<5 = / = /<, = <:> = <5? = 5,/5 /56 =7. L 5@ 7,/ /= /, /= /5= /5/7/56=> , /5=,/ /5=/7/56=. S, 7<= / 7= 7= , /5 =?5/ / , 7<= , /,//= ,/ / , =?< =,/@ /<, ,<756 = ,<5> , /=/ , 77= 7= , 7 / , /<5/ =-<:> /, /,//= <: /= /, <<5 57567 / /,/?56 ,/=/=/. A , 75 /5/7 :7/=/ < 75/7 =,/@ 5F7 ?/> <= =,/@ <5= /5?/?/ =: /5<, ,/=/ /<7 > <57//,/ = /= 5 , /5= /,/77= /, <<5. L =,/@ /, / /= , 7= , /<, /= /, =F/5 / =/> , ,<757 /= /, =F/5 / , ,,=/. L =,/@ /, <<5 / 56 /= , 7, /, ,5 /5=,> , /5/77= /5=,> , /5/77= /, 75> /, ,> /, /:5<. H> /= /, <5, / <= = /5> /, ,5 / , =?< =,/@ /5/5 /
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ÓN DE LA CULTURA L 7<,<5 7=/5 E<5 /= <= 7657/,> , 5: / < =/ /= 55/ 5@. E, 5/ 7,@ /5= / <= 6 /5,/ , =,/ /, //5> , F=7 /5/ = F= 6 ,/=,/ ,> = < 7 5 : = = ,5/. L //=7 / <= F, /= , /, 5?/=> <= 7=5 / , A=/> <= <5= /= /, 7= / =75,//=/ 6 /,, ,5/ 6 /,@ , / <= 5/5 =<5, /<5/ > : 5 : /=7/=> 5 5 < 6<=> //= 7/5 =? =5?6=7 5 = 55/ / 5/. E, 5/> => <= /@ /= , =?W/ <= 7567/5 ,/?5/ <= =, /,@. A,,: /= ,/5> 7 5/ / <= =<5,/@ 57, ,/ / 7/5 /
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
3 SOBREPOBLACION Y MIGRACION DEL NORTE H 7 = /<, , /5= / < 5: /, /7/ / ,7= , ?57= , @= 6 5:. D/ , 5/,7= /, 5/ /5 , ,/5 / /7 /= 5/ / 5/@ 7= < //=/ < =/5// - 5 , / 7=5 /= /, /7, / , 7/. A 5 / , /?57= 7 /, N5/> /, 5/ /5 , ,/5 /, / /, / ,5/. Y , <5/@ /, 7, ,/ ,? <= 5 =,<=5 5 ?=5/ , > 5 , / 7=5 /= <= /7, / , =<5,/@ =57. L 7<,<5 /5< , 5/ 5 / , /,,/@> ?,57= , //=7 /, 5/ =<5, , ,/5> /, 7> , =<5,/@> /= < ,5 / /, E> /, 5 , 7<. E, /<5/ 7<, / <= /, /, S<5> <= /, / , =<5,/@. 4 SOCIEDAD Y CLIMA L 5= /, 5= 7<,<5, /<5/ = , 7/ /, 7,. L /7,< 7,> ,7=@ < <= 6 /= , 7< /5=> 5 <: /, 5/= , </5,7= / /, 6 ?5=/. C , ?/=/ / = , , , /, 5> = /= 7> /5/ /= , / /5 57,/ Q7 ; 7==//=/ ?, 7=/5 7= 5/7/, 5 /, 4 Ó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ÓN SOCIAL L 7= , / , 7<,<5 /<5/ / V XC / ,/ 5/?/5 /= /, /5/7 /7 / <= 7==/=/ 5: /5, <= 7= <= 7=5 /, 5/ > /, 5: > /, 7 [/5=5/=?<=? 5,/ , ,/5 /, ,7/5 5 /, 7<, /,, / ,,/?5 <= /@ , 5/ , /,,/@ V L 5/ / V A 5 /, /55,, / , 7 / , /7=,?:.V L 7 /=/ , /7,> , 5/= , 5/,?= /= 5=55 , E<5/ / <= /5/5 /= <= =, 7 7/5, / / =/5 <5 5 , 7<= ,5/ - , /7=,?: 5 </= / , 5<77= /, 7 /, <5 5 <= /= /, 5 / , 6<= / 5 , /<5/ /, / ,5/ /, 55 </= // , /,=7= / <= 7<,<5.
'7 5/,/ , 7= 7, // /, =/55 - , /7=,?: // /, //55. E= E<5 , 7,/ / /5= /=/= , 7=7=/ 5 , /,7 , 57 /= /=/5 7/5 , </5/= - , = > 8 = </5/ 7<5 6 </5/= /=/5, 7 7=7/ < /=. L 57 ,?5= 7=<5 <= ,/5 / 5/ / < /5 5 5=55 , /5= , 5@ =<5,/ /= 5?= / < // - , = ,?5= 7=<5 <= ,/5 </ 5 , =/5/=7 7= / /=5/== , /=/ /55/= . D/ , 57 /= /55,,5/ 7 /, //55 - , = 7 /, =/55. T /, 5/ / , /<5/ = /7, / , =<5,/@ / , 7/ 55/ 5@ 5=/5 . 2. INSU%ICIENCIA DE LA POL#TICA E /, /, / , 7> 7/5 / E<5 <= 7<= / => / /, /, /, /7=,?:> 7/5 / E<5 <= 7<= / 57. L 7 </5/ ,5 , 77> 5 , , ?/=/ = / /== 5/ - , /7=,?: </5/= ,5 , =/7// 5 , /5= = /= 5/. L ,:7 = /6 /= 7=7=/ / 7/5 /,@ , ?/=/> = 57. P5 => < =/= 5//=/ 5 5/,/5 , 7= 7,> //56= ,,5. S, /= /, /57 / , 7 / , ,:7> , /7=,?: / 7=5<5 , ,<7= / , 7= 7,. E= /, / 7<, / , 7 , /7=,?: /5: /, 6 / : ,,/?5 , ,:7> , ?/=/5,@7= / , /7,<> , 5/@ /, 5 5@. E,, , 5: 7/=5 / ,/> = 7=7/,5> 5: 7/5 / E<5 <= 5= / 55/ 5@ ?<,/ - /5 = 9 <= P5:. L 7<= /, / /, 7, /5:= /= ,5/ = , ,/ / , M5/ /, S<5 /= /, / =<5, L 5 7<,<5, /5: , 5 / <= /=? , /= , /5=. 3 ESTADO Y TRABAJO M/=5 , 7 / / , 5 5/?/5 , 5/ 7=5 < 5> , 7=7 / </55,, 5 5=5 < 75? / 5 , 5@ / , =<5,/@ - , <= 5 / 5//,/5 / , /5<7 / , 5/,7= 5 /, E> / /5 , /,?5 /, 7 7,67 /=/ /, 5. E, E 5/?/ , /5= 7=5 , 555/ / , /6 - /, 5 =/ , /57/ / , 5@ / , =<5,/@. E, E / 7/57= 5?=@ ?5=@> //5= 7=7=/> , 5/ 5/=<=7 < ,/5> , 5/77= / /5= 5// 7=5 , // / /= 5 / < //=/ - /, 5 5@ 5?=@ 7=7// /= , 5/?=/ /, =5/ , 5/ 5/=<=7 < / 5> 5/77= 7=5 /, 5/ , 5/ 5 7=?/,7=. E =<7=/ /5== , /<5/> / = 7: 5 , =<5,/@ 5 /5 /7//=/ , 5/> 5 5@ / 5 > 5 5,=?5 < > , // 5/=<=75 < ,/5. C 7<=> / /=757/, /= , <, /5/7 / < /5/7 ,?7=/ - 7 55 5@ / ,/ </ /= /, <5 /
< /// /= /, 5. R//7 $0 /6 /= 7=5 /, E 5 - /==7/ / /=5/= , 57> / 5//, 7=5 /, 5 - /==7/ /6 /= /,?5 / 55 / 5/. 4 ANAR(U#A Y OCIO E T5 ,/?= /5 /,/ /?/= / < :7 5//5/=7 5. S= /5? > /,, = = /,/ = =/7// 7,/ 7,67 :7,/=/ / 55. P = = / > /, =/, / , /5= 7= , =5<:> /, / /, / , 5 - = 5> /, =/, / , /5= 7= /, 7> , <7= /, /, / ,5/. L =5<: /, 7 = /,/ - = /, ?/5= /, 5. L =5<: /= <= 7/ /=/=/ , = /7 5 <= , =/, 7> / 577,/. S< 5/,@7= /=5: /5<5 , F, /? / , ,/5 , , / /, E 5//5 < 7<= . E= / /, 6=7 ?/=/5, /, /?: / , /5= 77= / ,5:= /=5/ :. E= ,5 / 7=<75 , ,/5> =5<: ,,/5: , /5 /7,<. C= /, 7 ?/=/5, /= , 5/ =5/ /, <= /=5: 55 / 5/ /= 7= / // , 5: / , /5= / 7=?/,7= , 5/. L 5/@ /5 ,7=@5: < 7. L =5<: 5/,/7/= /=5/ /5 /= , //5 7 =/ , /<,/ , /<= ; 7 5/,/7/ /= , :/ /, <5 7 , 5,/. - $, " SUPERACIÓN DEL ESTADO Y DEL TRABAJO E, E 7/57 /, 5 5@> = 5/75/ 7 5/5/ /, 5/ 7,@> = / /= /,=5 /=/ ,?<= 5/,<7= ,:7 , 5/ / , 7 , /7=,?:. A=/ , 7 = </5 , E 7/57> , =5<: ?=7 /= 5 /= ?/=/5, - =/ , /7=,?: = </5 /, 5 5@> /, 7 ?=7 5/ ?/=/5, , /5. S, 5 , 7 , =/ / :/ </5, /= ,/55/ : / , 5=: / , 7/> , 5 , /7=,?:> , =/ / , @= 6 5: /= ,/55/ : / , 5=: / , 5@ / , =<5,/@. L = /, E /> 5 / , 57= / , 7 ,,/?5 7/5/ </5,< > //=<,/=/> 7=<75 , =5<: - , = /, 5 /> /=/ , 57= / , /7=,?: 7/5/ </5,< /= F, ==7 7=<75 , 7. N / , 7<= <= ,<=5 <= ,7= - = , /, E 7/57> = / /, 5 ,<=5 <= ,7= - = , /, 5 5@. N / =?/5=, /, /,> = , ,/5 = , 7 / /, - = /, / ,5/. E, E 7/57 /, 5 5@ = 7 </55 /5 = /= /5 </5 5 , =5<: /, 7 =/ , 7 , /7=,?: = /= <5> 5 ,,/?5 5 ,,:> /, 5/ // 5/55 /, 7/57 /, E 5 5/5 , 7 - R/55 /, 5 5@ 5 5/5 , /7=,?:. $2 E, 7= 7 , =5<: 7 7=<7/ , 7/57= /, ?/5=> , 5 / 5 /, 7 7=7 =/55 5/577=.
L 7<5 / , /5, 7<,<5, ,,/ // /, 5: /, 7 /, 5: /, <<5> /, ?</=/ ,/ N<5,/@ =5<: - , 5/,7= - /, E 7/57 - '7 - =5<: C<,<5, ; N<5<\/ - M?57= /, N5/ - 5 5@ - T/7=,?: - K<,<5<\/. A5 / /= /, / / / 7<5> < ,/ / 5: 5 , => =5 /5. E, /<5/ /5= 5/ = / <= = / , =<5,/@ /5 F= = /, 5/ 7,@> = =,/ - /5 F= = /5= ; = 5 5/ / , =<5,/@ - /5 F= = / / , =<5,/@. 'TICA Y TECNOLOG#A '7 T/7=,?: = /5= L 7 = , 5@ / , =<5,/@ /= =5> , =?/=/5: = , 5@ / , =<5,/@ = 5/. A 5= / =5 , =<5,/@ 5 / , 57= / , /=/. L 7 5 / 5/5 5 / , =/?7= /57 / , /5/ <= 5 / , 5/=<=7 - , /7=,?: 5 , 57= /57 5 , 77=. L 7 ,/ , ,<= / /5 / , /=/ 7 /, =/55 /,, </5/ 7=<5 /, 757. L T/7=,?: =/5/ , ,<= /5 / , /=/ 7 /, //55 </5/ 7=<5 /, 757. N , 7 = , /7=,?: 5 : , /= 5/5 , , =57 <= 5/ 5 / 5/ 5 = / = 5 , 7 <5 $3 : 7,/=5/> <= 5/ , 77 /5 5/? = 7 5 , /7=,?: = </5 / : . XD/ 5/ , ?/=/ , 5, 7<= / 5/= / 5/ / 5: XY /=/7 , /5= /, 5?5/ 7=7> , <= 5 5/ <,5 <= 5 L 7<,<5 / A <5/ 6 / , 5/,7= / , /, 5 , => 5: /=/5/ 67,/=/ / , /7=,?: /75/ < /55,, 7 E<5> =/ , 7 , /7=,?: //= 7,//=5/ /=5/ :. - $4 III. ASIA Y EUROPA 1 ASIA Y EUROPA L ?5=/@ / A / /=7=5 /= < 7 - , ?5=/@ / E<5 /= < 7=7. A / /, /5 /, <= /= /, /, <=. E<5 / /, /5 /, <= /= , =7= / , =<5,/@. E= A> /, 7 / , 7= 7, / /= , </5,7= - /= E<5 /= /, 7,. A /: 55 5=7,/=/ / 5/5 , 7=/=7 7:7 /=5/ , 5: / , ?/=/ / , , 7/5 /=/ /<75 , ?/=/ /= , =/?7= /, = 5> 5 , 7. E<5 /: 55 5=7,/=/ / /5 , 555/ /, 5/ /, 5:> 7==//=/ /=@= , =/ / , > , , : 5 /, 5 , =/=7=> 5 / , /7=,?:. H ,5/ <=/=,/ / , , 5=: /=/5?:> , ,5/ 5/=/ / //= /,,. L ?5=/@ , /,,/@ / A / /= , 5=:. $" L ?5=/@ , /,,/@ / E<5 / /= , /=/5?:; A / /= /, /7 <
/=/ / 5=<,> =5/5> ,/=7 7/55> / //==> /67> ,:=/> 7,67> :,7 - 7 , ,= E<5 / /= /, / < /=/ /6 7> 7 5> =/ 7= <= 5> / 7<,=> 7 =,> =67> =:7> 56=7> /57. S:, / A / /, 5 , 57> /, 7:57<, S:, / E<5 / , 755/=/ /,/757 / , /=> , ,:=/ 5/7. A<: / 5//, /, /= 6 5<= /, :, 77 A, O/?. E= /, ,/=?</ / ?= = 557= / :7> ,5 /5/ 5/7<55/=/ / , 5@ 5> /, / /, /7> /, 5/ /, 7> /6 7<, /56 /, , / E<5 A /, ?5= O/?> /, 7:57<,. , , 5 /= 55/ , 7 - / <= :, / , 5=: = / A ; /, ?5= A,> <= 6=?<, ?< 5 7 55 /55 , O/? - / <= :, / , 7 <= , //5=7= / E<5> 5/ 7= /, //5= /7= / A. A = = /= /, /= 5/<= :, =7=<=,/ / / 7<,= //== , <== / / ?= ?=7 , 575/7= , 5//, , <, //5= /, <=. E, , 5,//=/ 7=</ , / = / , 75 1 0 /, U= = 7 <= 5/ /= 7=5 / , == /, 7/5 - S: 7=5 N. - $ 2 CULTURA Y CLIMA E, , / A E<5 //5? /, 7, / A E<5. L 7/=5 7<,<5,/ / A / /=7=5= /= ,5/ 76, - , 7/=5 7<,<5,/ / E<5 /= , 7, 5:. E ,5 < 7</ 7=5=/ , =<5,/@ /=5 , <5/ /= /=5/ 7 <= ? / < =<5,/@ ?/=/5 /=5/? - , :/ /, =5/ / /= ,? ,<75 <5 5 , =/7/= 5 5 /= 55/5 <= , 5> 5 , /6 5/=/ , /,/77= /5 /5 / , =<5,/@ - /5 /= 7<,</5 7 < =/=/. E= /, <5> /, 7=,7 /=5/ /, 5/ , =<5,/@ /5 7:7 5= - /= /, =5/ /5 57, - /57. E, D= / E<5 / /,75/ 5 /, /7 / / /, 7/=5 7<,<5, /, =5/ / , /55. D// /7/= / ,/ / > /, 5: 5 / , /55 =/= , E<5/ =/ , /,/77= V] T55 55 V (</= = </5/ 55 = /> /=: 55 / 5/ 55 7=?/, 5 <7 ?/=/57=/ /, =/5= /, =5/ //5= /67/=/ , /<5/ ,/> > /5/@ 7=/, 75 / // <= 5@ / 5/ <5> 7> /57. D// / 5/57 /, 5/ ,=7> /= , <= 5< ,<7 7= /, =/5= ,/ ,= > /5 , /> /=<5/7. E / 5/,/=7 5/57 , /<5/ //= /, /5 5//5 < ,< /=/5?: 5 5 < /7 7<,<5,/ /, : / . $$ E, 5/ ,=7 / <= /, =/5=> /, /, 5 </55 /, 5:> /=: /=5 , F7<, , /=/ 5 5/,5 : 75/5 = ,/> <
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
I& MISIÓN T'CNICA MUNDIAL DE EUROPA 1 EL ESPIRITU EUROPEO C= , / /5=> , ?5= = 7,@5 / E<5 7/=@. L //=7 / E<5 / , ,<= / 75 /, <= 5 / /7 /55. E<5 <7 7=7/=//=/ // /, 5//=/ 7 /, <<5> /,, /6 /= <= /5=/=/ / / /=77=> R/5> R/,<7=> / 7 , 5/=7=> /77> 55//5/=/ ,<7 7= < 7<5/ 57=/. E= , ,?: <: /, /:5< /<5/ / 755/=/ 7= L<7/5 - /= /, P5// ?5/? /, 55 / , ,<@> ,,/ , 7 = , /55 / 5//, 7=5 , 5=: 7/,/, / A> 7=5 /, 5/= => /, 5:=7/ / // <=> /, 5/ / , ,<7> , /7=,?:> / , ,<57= /, 5?5/> /, ,:/5 / , ?/=/ /= < ,<7 7=5 , =<5,/@. E, /:5< / E<5 5 /, / ,:7 , 5=: / , 5@ / , =<5,/@. E, /<5/ = / // < /=> = 5 / =5, 5 , 77= /, /:5< 7 7 7 <= 57=,. 83 2 HELLAS COMO PRECURSOR DE EUROPA H/,, /, 5/7<55 / E<5> /,, = 5 5/5 /@ , /5/=7 //=7, /=5/ /,, A /7<5 < , - 7 57=,. S< O, = /5 <= 5: / @ - = <= / ,<7> < <5/ /5 <= 5//,/ / 55//5/=/. H/,, /557 < 5// / - < /= < ,5 /, E / , 7<= , 5/,?= / , /5=. E/ /5: E<5/ / G5/7 7/=@ 7= /, /557/= / , 5=> 7=7,< 7= <= / 67 / A,/=5 / , 67> < <= 5// 7==<7= /= , 5/F,7 5= =,/=/ / /5 /= /, I/5 R=. A,/=5 M?=> , 5// /,/=:7 //55/ 5= /5= /5//5 / , / / A / , G5= =5<:. E, I/5 R= = / /5/=7 /= = //=7, / , / 5/=,/ / C=> M/> I= P/5. E= , E M/> E<5 /5 <= 7<,<5 /5<, 5=7, / A. % = 5 , 5/,?= 67 / C5. A < 7<,<5 5/,?> < / / 6= :7> < 5 / ?/5= =65<7 /, <, / //55/> =/ 7,,/5. S, 7= , /=77= / , E<5 / , 75=> 7/=@ 7= /, R/=7/= , R/5> , I,<57= 7==< 7<,= /= N/@7/ - E<5 5/7</5 , 7=7/=7 / /5 /5<,/=/ / A. - 84 L 7<,<5 /<5/ / , 7<,<5 / , / /5=. 3 LAS BASES T'CNICAS DE EUROPA E, <= / %/,/ II = ?=7 <= 5?5/ 7<,<5, /= 757= 5/ /, <= / H<5 /= ==?<= 7=/57= //=7, N /= /, 5/ = /= , 7/=7> = /= , ,:7> = </5 /= , <7> = /= , =57=. E= , 5/ ?, / / /=7=5= /=5/ =5 %/,/> /, <= 7 6 = /= , 5/ / ,/= 5/7//=/. % , 7=7 //5 E<5 / < ,5? ,/5? 67 / , E M/. E,,
/=7 , 7,,/5: /, /<, 5 , =/=7= / , 5 / ? - , P , </57= 5 , =/=7= / , 5/=> 5 , 5F<, , /7=,?: 5= /5 , /<5/ , 5/ /, <= //55 ,? = 7=< 7= , < / , ,5. E, 5?5/ / , 7/=7 /5= / =/5,/ /, /55,, / , /7=,?: = /,/7 = 5: , 5=: /5=> = <= 757 = 5: 7/5,?:. T= /, 5/ /5= / /=7=5 /= , 7=/= 6 /5/7 7= , /7=,?: , F7 =5</=, /5=> 5</7<5 /5=> /, /5 /5=> /7= /= 5/> 5/ <= / 7=7. E, //7 / , ?5: /= /, 5/5 = </=56 5> 7 , ?5: 8" / =</5,/ /= , 5/5<77= / 5 7,/> / ,?56 , =<5 / 5/55/ < 7 6 5 75 , //=7> /, , /, 5/. - U= //7 ,5 , / , ?5: /= , =<5 5: //57/5 , 7=/?5: /= /, /5. L /5/? /5= 7 = , =,=7 / , /7=,?:. D// <= 5/ , 7/=7 7,?7 / , ?55 / 7=/5 /= <= 7=7. L 7<,/ / ?55 /5/= / , //,/ 6 <=7,/=/ / , / ,<7 / , , 5. T , ,:7 /, 5//=/ /6 57 5 /, /55,, 7=7 , /757> /, =7=, , /<77= <,5 / 5/= , =/=7= / , 5/= /, =<5, /, /5, 7,=,. E, 7, /, 7, = /7, /, 5?5/ 7=7 , 7=/5= 7=7= 5 , / , /7=: <=,. C , ?57<,<5 557,> /,55 <= /=, =<, 75/ - /, 5 =<5, 7F=> 5?=@ 75/ , /=, 7, , 5?=@7= 7=7 /, 5 / 5/,/ /= , 5?=@7= 7, / , 55/. P5 F,> /, 5?5/ /7=,?7 7 , 5 /<5/ / , 5/<5> =/5 > =/,/ > //5> 6 ,/5 > 57=, > > 6 5677 6 =/,?/=/. S 7< / 5/<, / , /7=,?: /= =5 7<,<5 > /=7=5 , / / > /= ==?F= /= / </55 , =?< 7<,<5 /?7 ,=7 =?< - /= 7/5 /7> =7,< 6 5<=. 8 A , 7=7> 5 => E<5 // < /= 5/ , /6 7<,<5. % 5 / /,, / @ /, S/5 ,:/5 /, <=. E<5 / <= <=7= / , /7=,?:. E U= / /, 5 =75//= / E<5. 4 GIRO DEL MUNDO T'CNICO L /5 /7=,?7 /= E<5 / <= 7=/7/= 57 <=, 7< 5=7 / 75,/ , =/=7= / , 7<= /= , 5/5 <=. C= , =/=7= /, ?> 7/=@ , 5 / , 7<,<5 <=> 7/=@ , /=75=7= /, =, <=. T , ?</=/ 5?5/ /5<,/ /5,/ / , <= / 7=5</5= /= // /7<5/= /, P5// /<5/ 5?=,. L 7=7 5/5//= <= <= / =,/= ,5 /= , 5 <= /, ?. E= /7/= / ,/ / / 5 / 56 /= <= 5/=/ - , 7=7 / 75 7= <= - /5 7=7. L /<5/ - 5 /==7/ / 5= /=?< 7/ <7 / - /56 , 5 ,, <<5 / , <= 7 /, 5/
/, <= 7=7 ?5= 7 <= ,5. L ,/ //7 / , /5 /7=,?7> , 5=7 = /=5/= = /=5/. S/ 75/ , / /5, 5 , 7<,<5 <<5 /5/= 5 < / 7 ?=7/=/ / , =/55/. T , 7<,<5 =/55/> // , =?< /?7 , 7= , / , E M/> /5= 7 <= /= < <=7=/= /= < /55,, = ,5/ 8$ 5 /7=5= /= , 7=7=/ 7=7. D// , 5/5 / / E? /, =, / , E M/> , /7=,?: = /7 ==?F= 5?5/ ?=7. L 7<,<5 <5?56 / , /5 /7=,?7> /5 /= = , 7= /=7 / , =?< //, - 7 5/ , 7<,<5 / , E / P/5. " EUROPA COMO TANGENTE CULTURAL E<5 = / <= 757<, 7<,<5, - /,, / <= =?/=/ 7<,<5, , =?/=/ , ?5= 7:57<, / , 7<,<5 5/=,/ 5/7/5=> ,5/7/5=> 5=> </5= /= 5 ,5 5/</=/7 5 /@. E/ 757<, 7<,<5, 57 E<5 < ,,/ <= 5/77=> 7=< 7 / /7=7. D/=5 / , 7<,<5 5/=,/ / O5/=/ O77/=/ / ,,: , 7<,<5 7=7 / E<5> = =/ / ,? =<=7 =/ 7<55> ,? /5/5/=/ =. E<5 / <= 5=7= /=5/ /, 7,/ <= / , 7<,<5 57 =/55/ , 7<,<5 /, <<5. U= /5 =?< 7< 5=7 = / 75,/ , / E<5> 7< ,, / /5> /5 // 5 5/7/ / , 7<,<5 ,=7 =?<> 7= =?< /?7 =?<. E P5/-E<5 5/57 75/ 88 , / 5 , 7<,<5 / , F, ,/=> 7 , E<5 /5= /5 <= =?/=/ 7<,<5, / : /5 /, 7:57<, / , 5/-7<,<5 5/57. E, =, / , ?5= 5 <=, / 7=/ / 757<, 7<,<5,/ / A =?/=/ 7<,<5,/ /<5/. S= / =?/=/ Q = /<5/ , /= /, /= /5<,> = /= <= ?/?567 , /,/?> = /,<7=. D/< / <= ,5? /5: / <57=> <= , 5,,=/ / 5 5///=/ / , 5< /, /> 6 ,,6 /, 57/ / 75/7/= =<5, ,/= , <= <= =/, 6 ,. I=/=7=/> = /: 5/,?=/> /== / S/= /, /55,, 7<,<5, , =/=7= /, 5=7/> /, /55> / , /,/757. E =/=7=/ = /, ,/? /5/7//5 / <= / , 7<,<5 /=/=. D/ , / =?< = /56 / - /=5 , / /5=> , 7<,<5 /=57 5 , 7=< / , /,/757 5 5@ / , =<5,/@ / =/= 5/56= , %<> , D= C/ , I,:. C= , E M/ 7=7,</ /, 7:57<, 7<,<5, / /55 - 7= , 7 /5= 7/=@ , 7<,<5 / , 6<= <: = //@ <= = 7<,<5 - = <= = /5.
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
E, H5/ 5<= 5/ , 75= , /=/> ?55 / < 5,/ :7/=/ /5 5 , 7= /, 5 / < =/,/7 </55> /= /, 7<5 / / ,<7 7==//=/ ?<@. L / / , ,<7 /, /5 <= 7=5 < /=/? =,/ /5= //= /= D//= , /7,<. E= 5/5 ,5> /, 5/ / 7=/= 7= 7/5 =/= , =,/ /=/? 5 / , //= , /5<77=> 6 5/ 7/=@ /75, 7/5 < / /,,. T5=5 , /= /55> F, /= /, ?=> /7 , /,/=/ ,/> 7/,,> 5/=> <55> 7,,> ,,> 75> / ?. A: / ,=@ , , / , 5,/ 5/57 <= /57 / /7, / 5?/= =,> <= 5/=, / 6<= /=/ 5 /= < 7> ,<7> <,,7= < ,/5 < /5. 3 LA GUERRA C= /, = / =/=/5 /, /5 <5 <,,75/> /, 5/ 57/ 75 < 5 92 <,@= , 7= /, <= =,. L /5 / , 7@ / 5=5 /= <= 7 / , ?55. E, 5/ ,<7 7= /, 5/ , 5<7= / , /=7 / , /55 /, <= =,. C<= 6 5/ / /, 6 , ,<75= ?> /5< /7,@ L ?55 /5 <= 5 //7, / , 7@> , /7,<> <= 5 //7, / , 75: / =,/. E= , ,<7 5 /, /5 , ,/5 /, 5/ 6 5/> 6 <@ 6 5<= 5/ , 6 ,/> /?/5/=> 6 /F. L ?55 ?<@ /, /:5< <=> 5 / ,5 /, /5 /, 5/. 4 EL TRABAJO A , ,5?> = , 7@ = , ?55 5 : , 5: ,/=5 , ?/=/ , /=: 7/5 <= 7 / 5/=/> /5/=/5 , ,<7 /= 7=5 / , =<5,/@ = . L E /, 5 7/=@. S= /5?> , ?55 , 7@ 5: /=<5 /=7=/ - /5 /, 7 / , 7 /< /, 5> 5 , /,, ,/ 5 , 7 =/7/ 5 < 5//57=. E, 5 /5 <= 5 //7, / , ?55 - , 7=7> <= 5 //7, / , /7,< /= ,5 / /5= 5= /55 /7,@ , 5@ / , =<5,/@. M/=/ /, 5 /, 5/ ,<7 7=5 /, 5/ / / , /55 , 7<, < < =?5/. M/=/ /, 5 /, 5/ ,<7 7=5 /, 5: /, =/5= , 7=5< 7> / /,> 75 , /5. A: , / 5/? / , 5@ ,/ / , =<5,/@ /=/ /, 5. - 93 " LA GUERRA COMO ANACRONISMO L 7@> , ?55> /, 5 5= = /=< <= 7= 5 / ,/ /55, /=5/ : 75=,?7/=/. A=/55/=/ , / / , 7@ 755 5 / ,/= 5,/, , / , ?55 - 7 5> , /5 / , ?55 755/ 5,/, 7= , /, 5> /5 7 /, /= 5=7, /, 5/=/ / ,,> / 7==//=/. A<= /= <= 5=7 , 7@ / /=7=5 /= /, 7/=5 / , 7 <=>, ?55 <= /55/=/ /= < ,5> 5 F, /,
5. L ?55> <= /@ //=7, =/7/5 5 /, 5?5/ / , 7,@7= /5 // ?=7 / 7=/5 /= <= /,?5 ,? 7<,<5,. H , ?55 = / , ,,= / / 5?5/ - = , =/=7=/. H , ,, /7 / , <= 5 , ,/5 /, /5 / 5<7/= // /, 5/=/ /, 5. E= <= / /= , ?55 <=, , /56 / =/5 6 5 , 55/> =5 7 / ?, / /756 ?,5/=/ 7 /, =7/= /, , <=. T, 7 /= , 7 / , ?55> , 7@ 7 <= =75= - , ?55 / =/=/ /= , / /, 5 7 <= =75=. P/5 /= / /5 ?55 / <= ?55 7,> / 5?/ 7=5 , 7 , 5/=/ / 5 7=<=> 7=<=. E= , /5 /, 5 , ?,577= / , ?55 / = / > 7 /= , 7 / , ?55> , ?,577= / , 7@. P55,> /5 /, 5/ 94 D5?=/ ,/=/> ,? /5 /, 7==/> =,/=/ / /, =/=5. L/5 /7 6 5 /, /55,, <=> R//55/ B=5/ <=. T, 7 / </5= /= , /5 / , 7@ /, 7@5> /= , 7 / , ?55 , ?55/5 - /, 55 / 5=<=756 /= , /5 /, 5. TECNOLOG#A L E /, 5 / / /= /, / , ?57<,<5 , /7=,?:. C ?57<,5 /, 5/ / 5=7,/=/ //= 7 , =<5,/@ - 7 7=7 /= , /=. L / 5 = ,5/ , / , ?55 , 7@ D//= , /7,<. L 7 / , ?57<,<5 / , /5 /, 5/ /, 5: - /=5 , /7=,?: /6 /= , 5=7= / /7,@5 , 5@ =/55/=/ ,/ / , =<5,/@. E, 5/ 5/,/7/ 5 /, 5 , /,/757> <= /57 / /7, / , 6<=. C= /,, , = , ,<7 7=5 , /5/ =<5,/> /, 5: /, 5/ , /=/5// -> = , ,,/ F= 5 7/5 5/=/ , 55/5 /, /7> /, / , ?5/. S< ,<7 5 , ,/5 / , 5@ / , =<5,/@ / 7=/5/ /= <= ,<7 5 /, /5 5/ , 5@ / , =<5,/@. L 7=7 / , ,77= 5677 / , 7/=7 5 7=5,5 , =<5,/@> , <:7 = /5/=/7/ , /7=,?: /= /, /= 6 , 7 , /7=,?: =<7,/5 , /7= 7 <= /7=,?: 5?6=7. L /7=,?: S5<,@/ /, 5 / // 9" S / 5/<7/ , 75? / 5 </= /, 5/=/= / 5 . L 7=7 / /= , 7< /57> 7 , =<5,/@> /,, = </5/ 5//=5 , ,<= / , 5@ =<5,/> = 7=5,5,. L ,<= / /5 / /, 5=7, 5/5/ /, 5?5/ 7=7. E= , 5@ =<5,/ /, =?/=/5 / 5= 7? > 5 /555 5, > =,/ = /5 . L /7=,?: / <= /, /:5< /<5/. -
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
E, /?<= =/= / ,5 , /5 / , / E<5> /, 7,. E, 7, </5/ //555 /, =/5= /<5/ 5 / <= 5<7= <=5/ / , 75? / 5 / , 5/= /, 5. N < / /, /= / , /<5/ / /55/ <=7,/=/ /=/ 5/5 5@=,/. P/5 /, 5?5/ 7, = / 5 <= / / , /7=,?:> , / ,5 , /5 7,> = 55/?,5,. D , 75? / 5 / =/7/5 5 , ,/=7= 7,/=/= / , / <7 /<5/ / ?5=/ > /, 5/=/= /, 5 , E<5 5, 6/5 = , <7/=/ 55 7 =7,< 5 , /,7= 6 =/= > 5/,/=/ / > / =7,< 7= , 5<7= 6 < 7/5: <7 5 ,5 < /= 7 <= / , /<5/ . E= /, / 7<, / , /7=,?: / /5 /= <= E<5 7, / ,/5: /= , ,/ 7 55 5 7/5 7/5 5 55. E, /, / ?<, / ,?55: /5 / , ,/5> /, 7 , 7<,<5 E<5 /5: 99 6 ,/ =<=7. C= /, = / ,/55 , /5= > E<5 / / 655 > 5 <= , > 5 /, 5 ,> / 5/ . L 7 / , 7 57> 5/5 /, <=> /5/7/5:= = /5 55 , 5/@ = /5: ,> = ?/=/5,@. E, 7, , / =7@ / 75 E<5 / < /7,< < /5 7 , ,/5 , 5/5. N , > = , 77=/ 5:= 7/=5 , =/5 /, 75= /=/= 5 < /= 7 @. L 5: / , /7, / , 5/=,/ = 6 ,5/ , 55/ ,5/ / <= 5 7,@. E, 7, <@? , /, 5,/ /<5/ / /, , <=/=, / , /7=: /<5/ > /= ,5 / /= , 5<77= =<7/=/ /= , 5<7= =< . L 5:@ / , /5 /<5/ 57 /= , =/7/ /, 5 <5 > = /= , =<7 / < 5<7=. E, 7, / /<7 / /= /, 7, , F, 7< /, 5 5@ /55,/ /, 7<, E<5 ?/ ; /= /5 , <= 5/ < / / , /7/=7 /<5/ ,</ 7 , 7, < ,< , ?5= 5: / // 5 5/ 5 5=55 <= 5/ <= =5, /= <= 5, > 5 5/75 <= =F/5 / 5/ 5: <= ,5 5: /= <= /=/ 76, /= , = : ,/=5 / 5 =<5,. E, =/5= , </5,7= / E<5 = 6 <5 6 75,/> , 7, /5 , ,:7 /<5/ 100 = ,,/= , R/,<7= 7=5 / 5= / - = , =/=5/. 4 RE&OLUCIÓN T'CNICA MUNDIAL E, /5, 7,=, , ?<, /, 7, = ,> = 5// / , /=/5/ /<5/> /= ,5 , =/7/> = //555,; =/5 , 765/> = /5,. E<5 /=56 /75 /=5/ /@5 < ,7= /, <7 - 5/7</55/ ?57 , ?/=/5 </= / , 5<77= /5/77=/= / , /7=,?:. P , / / =/5 / ,,/5 , /<5/ , 5/5> /, 7 , 7<,<5> /=5 , 5< / /7/ 7,/ 7,=,/ 7=<7/=> =,/=/> /= 7,,/=/ = ,.
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
A: 7 / 5@ / , =<5,/@ =/55/=/ , = , 5/7@> = / 7=/5 /= /, 5/=/ 6 =/=,/ F, / , ?/=/ - : <= : , ?< /, 5 /, 5,, /, ,> , 5/= , =<=7=/ / /=/? / 7=/556= /= /7, / , 5/. D/ <=7 7 / 7/= 5//> / 7, 5:/5 7<=. T, 7 /, 5/ / , / 5 /7 / , =,/ ,/ - /, 5/ /5= /75 //5 , 5@ ,/ / , =<5,/@. A 5/ / ,/ 75> /, 5/ =57 103 7=<5 <= /@ , ,/5> /, 7 , 7<,<5 = 5 , /,7= , 5/=<=7> = 5 , ?55 , 5/,<7= - = 5 / , =/=7= /, 5 5 /, /:5< 77=. $ EL IN&ENTOR COMO SAL&ADOR E= =5 7 57 /<5/> /, =/=5 / <= /=/75 6 ?5=/ / , <= /, =. E, =/=5 /, <, /7 6 /= 5 , 7,, ,/ , / 6 <5/= , 5?=@7=/ / /=/5 =, /= /, <=. E, / 77/ /6 <= / ,/55 ,/ / 7,/ / A O5/=, / < //=7 / =, / 5. L =/=5/ /, 5 / , /5 - / , 5, = , , / 6 => , 7 / //. L ?,// //= < ,/57= , =?/=/5: / , 5= /5=> /=5 5 , =5<77= /, 5 / /5,/ , /7=,?: /5= 7/=@ ,/55 , ?=/5 / < / < 7<7= =/5=, . E, =/=5 > ,//=/ 5 , /5<77= 7> 75/ <= << 5677 /, 75= - 7/ 6 5 , <= /, 5/55 7, 6 /> 5 , ,56 ,,=/ / =/5 /, 75= / < //=7 =<= 756 7= ?5= 5/ / , 75? /, 5 <= - /=5 ==?F= 75 7<= < /5 7=/=5 , ?/=/ 5 / , = </556=/. E, <:7 /=/ > 7/5 7/,/ 104 , /5> ,/5 , <= /, /7, /, 5/ , 5/= 6 6 75,/=/ 7<,</5 5=: <=. N , 7 = /, 5/> = , 5/,?=> = , ,:7 5556= , ,7= 7/,/, = , /7=,?:. L /7=,?: 5?6=7> , /7=> /6 </ //555 , E5,<7 , ,7= /5/5 / , </5> U/ //56 5 ,<@ < /= /, ,5 V; , /7=,?: =5?6=7> /=/ 5 / //555 , ,7= /5/5 /, 5/ V C= /, <5 / < 5/=/ //56 7/5 < =. V E= <7 /7 =5 /5 !/5/5 / 5/7/ , 7/=@ / , 7 /5, 5=. E= // /= /, <= //5 , 5//=7= 5 /, R/= / P@ / , 5=. E, 7 <=, //5 ,,/? - /5 55 / <= =/ 7,//=/ /5/=/ = // /, //55 -> = // /=5> = 5 , ,:7 = 5 , 5/,?=> = 5 C5 A< - = 5 J/<75. A/6> = /=7=5 =/ <= ?5 <=, > , <= 7<, //5 / , /5 7, , ,,/? / , / / 5 . E, ?5 <=, //5 /=56 > <@6 /5 = 5 , ,:7 - > = 5 , /7=,?: = 5 <= 5/,<7=5 - = 5 <= =/=5 = 5 L/== - > = 5 <= 5/ <@6 / /= ,?<= 5/