CHAPTER 1: FUNDAMENTAL FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF THERMODYNAMICS GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To apply th !"#$a%#tal &o#&pt' o! Th(%o$y#a%)&'*
To &la'')!y th !"#$a%#tal &o#&pt' o! th(%o$y#a%)&'*
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1*1
E+pla)# th &o#&pt' o! $)%#')o#, SI a#$ I%p()al "#)t'*
E+pla)# th $)%#')o#al ho%o-#)ty*
Sol. U#)t &o#.(')o#*
D!)# th p()#&)pl' o! a 'y't%, /o"#$a(y a#$ '"((o"#$)#-*
D!)# p(o&'' 0(.(')/l a#$ )((.(')/l a#$ &y&l*
D'&()/ th p(op(t)' o! 'y't%' 0)#t#'). a#$ +t#')., 'tat a#$ 2")l)/()"%*
E+pla)# 3(oth4' la5 o! th(%o$y#a%)&'*
D!)# #(-y &o#.(')o#*
What is Thermodynamics? Thermodynamics?
Th 5o($ th(%o$y#a%)&' 5a' &o)#$ /y 6)ll)a% Tho%p'o# 0Lo($ 7l.)# )# 189* It &o%' !(o% th G(; 5o($': therme 0hat therme 0hat a#$ dynamis 0po5(* Th #a% hat
1*=
Concepts of Dimension, SI and Imperial Units.
Th( )' a $)!!(#& /t5# $)%#')o#' a#$ "#)t'* A dimension )' a %a'"( o! a phy')&al .a()a/l 05)tho"t #"%()&al .al"' A unit )' )' a 5ay to a'')-# a'') -# a #"%/( o( %a'"(%#t to that $)%#')o#* Fo( +a%pl, l#-th )' a dimension, dimension, /"t )t )' %a'"($ )# units o! units o! !t 0!t o( %t(' 0%*
Th( a( t5o p()%a(y "#)t 'y't%' )# "' to$ay:
th International System !(o% Le Systeme International d’Unites, d’Unites, %o( &o%%o#ly System of Units 0SI "#)t', !(o% Le ')%ply &all$ metric units
Engineering System of Units 0&o%%o#ly &all$ E#-l)'h "#)t' th English Engineering
METRIC SYSTEM
-
IMPERIAL SYSTEM
International System System of Units 0SI
-
English Engineering Engineering System of Units
-
0&o%%o#ly &all$ E#-l)'h "#)t' U#)t$ Stat' C"'to%a(y Sy't% 0USCS
"#)t', !(o% Le !(o% Le Systeme International d’Unites, d’Unites, %o( &o%%o#ly &all$ metric units
-
-
A ')%pl a#$ lo-)&al 'y't% /a'$
It ha' #o appa(#t 'y't%at)&
-
o# a $&)%al (lat)o#'h)p /t5#
#"%()&al /a', a#$ .a()o"' "#)t' )# th)'
th .a()o"' "#)t'* Ba'$ o# po5(' o! 1> 0l); %o#y All 5 #$ to $o )' 'l)$ th
'y't% a( (lat$ to a&h oth( (ath( a(/)t(a()ly*
$&)%al*
1*=*1
Primary Dimension Table .! "#ndamental Unit
Primary Dimension
Symbol
SI #nit
$n%lish #nit
%a''
%
;- 0;)lo-(a% l/% 0po"#$<%a''
l#-th
L
% 0%t(
!t 0!oot
t)%
t
' 0'&o#$
' 0'&o#$
t%p(at"(
T
7 07l.)#
R 0Ra#;)#
l&t()& &"((#t
I
A 0a%p(
A 0a%p(
a%o"#t o! l)-ht
C
&$ 0&a#$la
&$ 0&a#$la
#
%ol 0%ol
%ol 0%ol
0l"%)#o"' )#t#')ty
a%o"#t o! %att(
1*=*=
Secondary Dimension &Deri'ed &Deri'ed (#antities )Deri'ed Units* Deri'ed +#antities a( phy')&al 2"a#t)t)' 5h)&h a( deri'ed from th base +#antities /y %"lt)pl)&at)o# o( $).)')o# o( /oth*
Fo( +a%pl, speed )' a $().$ 2"a#t)ty o! l#-th 0$)'ta#& t(a.ll$ o.( t)%* Base quantity (Length)
Derived quantity
Sp$ =
D)'ta#& T)% Base quantity (Time)
Deri'ed #nits a( "#)t' o! %a'"(%#t' 0!o( $().$ 2"a#t)t)' 5h)&h a( deri'ed from base #nits o! th &o%po##t /a' 2"a#t)t)' /y %"lt)pl)&at)o#
o( $).)')o# o( /oth* I# th &a' o! th $().$ 2"a#t)ty, 'p$, )t' $().$ "#)t )' %t(?t)% 05)th "#)t 'y%/ol, %?' o( %' <1* Unit = m
Sp$ =
D)'ta#& T)% Unit = s
Table .! Deri'ed Unit (#antity
1*
Symbol
SI #nit
$n%lish #nit
Fo(&
F
l/! 0po"#$ !o(&
A&&l(at)o#
a
N 0N5to# = N @ ;-*%?' = %?'
P(''"(
p
E#(-y
E
= Pa'&al @ N?% Jo"l @ N*%
= !t?' = l/!?)# 0p') !t*l/! 0!oot po"#$
Po5(
P
6att @ J?'
!t*l/!?'
D#')ty
ρ
;-?%
l/?!t
Unit Con'ersion
SI 5o(;' /y &o%/)#)#- p(!)+' a#$ /a' "#)t'* Ea&h /a' "#)t &a# / "'$ 5)th $)!!(#t p(!)+' to $!)# '%all( a#$ la(-( 2"a#t)t)'* Th ta/l /lo5 l)'t' &o%%o# SI p(!)+'* Table .-! Standard prefies in SI #nits
Table ./! SI con'ersion table SI "#)t' L#-th ;)lo%t( 0;% @ 1,>>> % %t( 0% @ 1>> &% &#t)%t( 0&% @ >*>1 % %)ll)%t( 0%% @ >*>>1 % %)&(o%t( 0% @ >*>>> >>1 %
#a#o%t( 0#% @ >*>>> >>> >>1 % Vol"%
l)t( 0L @ 1,>>> %L @ 1 $%B %)ll)l)t( 0%L @ >*>>1 L @ 1 &%B %)&(ol)t( 0L @ >*>>> >>1 L Ma''
;)lo-(a% 0;- @ 1,>>> -(a% 0- @ 1,>>> %%)ll)-(a% 0%- @ >*>>1 %)&(o-(a% 0- @ >*>>> >>1 -
$ample .! Unit Con'ersion
1* Co#. Co#.( (tt 1 ;%? ;%?ho ho"( "( to to %?' %?' 1 ;% @ 1>>> % 1 ho"( @ >> '&o#$'
=* Co# Co#.(t .(t 1> -?& -?&% % to ;-?% 1 - @ >*>>1 ;1 &% @ >*>1 %
* Co#. Co#.( (tt ;%?h ;%?ho" o"( ( = to %?'= 1 ;% @ 1>>> % 1 ho"( = @ 0>> ' = @ >>= '=
1*9
;%
(1>>> %) ( BD>> ')
=
1
=
>*=8Em ? s
=
1>
=
1>> >>> ;-?% B
=
B
=
=*B1F + 1> %?'
=
ho"(
&%
B
;% ho"(
=
1
=
=
1>
B <9
( >*>>1 ;- ) ( >*>1 % ) B
=
1> × >*>1 ;>*>1B % B
(1>>> %)
(BD>>
=
'
=
)
=
Dimensional 0omo%eneity
D)%#')o#al a#aly')' 5 a( o#ly &o#&(#$ 5)th th #at"( o! th $)%#')o# )** )t' 2"al)ty #ot )t' 2"a#t)ty* Th !ollo5)#- &o%%o# a//(.)at)o# a( "'$: L#-th 0L, %a'' 0M, t)% 0T Th !ollo5)#- ta/l l)'t' $)%#')o#' o! 'o% &o%%o# phy')&al 2"a#t)t)': "a#t)ty
SI U#)t
*
D)%#')o#
.lo&)ty
%?'
%'<1
LT<1
a&&l(at)o#
%?'=
%'<=
LT<=
!o(&
N ;- %?'=
;- %'<=
M LT LT<=
#(-y 0o( 5o(;
Jo"l J N %, ;- %=?'=
;- %='<=
ML=T<=
6att 6 N %?' ;- %=?'
N%'<1 ;- %='<
ML=T<
Pa'&al P, N?%=, ;-?%?'=
N%<= ;- %<1'<=
ML<1T<=
;-?%
;- %<
ML<
po5(
p(''"( 0 o( 't('' 't('' $#')ty
D)%#')o#al ho%o-#)ty )' th 2"al)ty o! a# 2"at)o# ha.)#- 2"a#t)t)' o! 'a% "#)t' o# /oth ')$' Ea&h t(% that )' a$$$ o( '"/t(a&t$ %"'t ha. th 'a% $)%#')o#'* $ample .! Dimensional 0omo%enity
V()!y V()!y 5hth( th !ollo5)#- 2"at)o# ha' $)%#')o#al ho%o-#)ty, .= "= @ =a' 6h( . )' .lo&)ty, a )' a&&l(at)o# a#$ ' )' th $)'ta#& %o.$ Sol#tion
D)%#')o# o! .lo&)ty
@ LT<1
D)% D)%#') #')o o# o! a&& a&&l l(a (at) t)o o#
@ LT<=
D)%#')o# o! $)'ta#&
@L
S"/'t)t"t)#- th' $)%#')o# )# th -).# 2"at)o# 5 -t: 0LT<1= 0LT<1= @ =LT<=* L L=T<= @ L=T<= H#& )t )' $)%#')o#ally ho%o-#o"' 2"at)o#*
$ercise .
1* L)'t "I1$ &2* SI 0)#t(#at)o#al Sy't% "#)t' a#$ th)( 'y%/ol'*
SI #nit
Symbol
=* D)!!(#t)at D)!!(#t)at /t5# I#t(#at)o#a I#t(#at)o#all Sy't% 0SI 0SI "#)t' "#)t' a#$ I%p()al I%p()al "#)t' "#)t' /a'$ /a'$ o# 2"a#t)ty /lo5:
(#antity
L#-th
Ma''
D#')ty
* Co#. Co#.(t (t th th !oll !ollo5 o5)# )#- "#)t "#)t::
SI #nit
Imperial Unit
a* >* /a( to ;Pa
/* 1 ;J?h to 6att
&* >> l)t( to %
9* Co#. Co#.(t (t th th !oll !ollo5 o5)# )#- "#)t "#)t::
i.
0.15 .15 bar to k! k!m"
ii. ii.
#$0 #$ 0 km!h km!h to %m!m %m!min inut utes es
= =
iii. iii.
>*>9F MN?%
F> GN?%
1> ;-?% B
* ! %m" to k! m"
=
vi.
=
10 mg! %m# to kg! m#
=
iv.
=
5 ! %m" to +! m"
=
v ii.
=
&5 00 000 0' 'as as%a %a to to ! !m m"
=
v.
1F ;N?%
B
DBB*BB × 1> &%?%)#"t'
=
,$ g!mm# to kg!m#
=
viii viii..
D> ;N?%
8E × 1> ;-?% B
15 mg! mg!i itr tre e to to kg!m kg!m#
=
>*>1F ;-?% B
.3 .3
Defi Defini niti tion onss of of sys syste tem, m, bo#n bo#nda dary ry and and s#r s#rro ro#n #ndi din% n%
A thermodynamic system , o( ')%ply a system, )' $!)#$ a' a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study. Th !l")$ &o#ta)#$ /y th &yl)#$( ha$, &yl)#$( 5all' a#$ th p)'to# %ay / 'a)$ to / th 'y't%* System %ay / &o#')$($ to / &lo'$ o( op#, $p#$)#- o# 5hth( a !)+$ %a''
o( a !)+$ .ol"% )# 'pa& &ho'# !o( 't"$y* Quantity of Matter = (inside the system) can be water, air or gas.
Sy't%' %ay / &o#')$($ to / &lo'$ o( op#*
Th %a'' o( (-)o# o"t')$ th 'y't% )' &all$ th s#rro#ndin%s * Th '"((o"#$)#-' %ay / a!!&t$ /y &ha#-' 5)th)# th 'y't%*
Th bo#ndary )' th '"(!a& o! 'pa(at)o# /t5# th 'y't% a#$ )t' '"((o"#$)#-'* Th /o"#$a(y &a# / (al o( )%a-)#a(y, )%a-)#a(y, !)+$ o( %o.a/l* It %ay / th &yl)#$( a#$ th p)'to#*
% .
"i%#re . System, S#rro#ndin%s and 4o#ndary
p ρ
.
Properties of System Property a#y &ha(a&t()'t)& o! a 'y't%, )** p(''"(, t%p(at"(, .ol"% a#$ %a''*
P(op(t)' a( &o#')$($ to / )th( intensi'e o( etensi'e. a( )#$p#$#t o! th ') o! th 'y't% '"&h a' Intensi'e p(op(t)' a( tho' 5h)&h a( t%p(at"(, p(''"( a#$ a #$ $#')ty* $tens $tensi'e i'e p(op(t)' a( tho' 5ho' .al"' $p#$ o# th ') o( +t#t o! th
'y't%* Ma'', .ol"% a#$ total #(-y a( 'o% +a%pl' o! +t#'). p(op(t)'* Specific properties! E+t#'). p(op(t)' p( "#)t %a''
1? %
=? %
1? .
=? .
p
p
ρ
ρ
R)-)$ .''l "i%#re .! Intensi'e and $tensi'e properties
E+t#'). P(op(t)' I#t#'). P(op(t)'
.. ..
Stat Statee and and $+#i $+#ili libr bri# i#m m
Th 5o($ state (!(' to th &o#$)t)o# o! 'y't% a' $'&()/$ /y )t' p(op(t)' )# 2")l)/()"%* I! th .al" o! .# o# p(op(ty &ha#-, th 'tat 5)ll &ha#-' to a $)!!(#t o#*
T = 15 0' = 1 bar = 1 m#
/tate 1
T = #0 0' = " bar = 0.5 m#
/tate "
"i%#re .-! A 't o! p(op(t)' that $'&()/' th &o#$)t)o#* $+#ilibri#m 5 )%pl)' 'tat o! /ala#& .. ..
Proc Proces esss and and Cycl Cyclee Process )' a#y &ha#- that a 'y't% "#$(-o' !(o% o# 2")l)/()"% 'tat to
a#oth( 67 t(a#'!o(%at)o# t(a#'!o(%at)o# o! p(o&'' !(o% o# 'tat to a#oth(*
"i%#re ./! P(o&'' "#$(-o' !(o% 'tat 1 to 'tat = "')#- $)!!(#t path*
P(o&'' %ay / re'ersible o( irre'ersible * P(o&''' %ay / &o#'t(a)#$ to o&&"( at &o#'ta#t t%p(at"( 0)'oth(%al, &o#'ta#t p(''"(, &o#'ta#t .ol"%, polyt(oph)& a#$ a$)a/at)&* 7e'ersible process )' a p(o&'' that &a# / (.('$ 5)tho"t la.)#- a#y t(a&
o# th '"((o"#$)#-'*
)* Both, Sy't% a#$ S"((o"#$)#-' a( (t"(#$ to th)( )#)t)al 'tat' at th #$ o! th p(o&'' Th)' )' o#ly po'')/l 5h# #t hat a#$ #t 5o(; +&ha#- /t5# th 'y't% a#$ th '"((o"#$)#-' )' 3ERO !o( th p(o&'' Irre'ersible process )' a p(o&'' that )' #ot (.(')/l*
e*-* Hot &"p o! &o!!
Cool' $o5# 5h# +po'$ to '"((o"#$)#-'*
B"t,
6a(% 6a (% "p /y -a)#)#- hat !(o% '"((o"#$)#)* 5)tho"t +t(#al hat '"pply
"i%#re .2! I((.(')/l p(o&''* Cycle )' a '()' o! p(o&''' a#$ (t"(#$ to )#)t)al 'tat at th #$ o! th
p(o&''*
"i%#re .8! I((.(')/l p(o&''*
-.3
The 9eroth :aw
Th 3(oth La5 o! Th(%o$y#a%)&' 'tat' that if two bodies are each in thermal equilibrium with some third body, then they are also in equilibrium with e ach other * Th(%al 2")l)/()"% %a#' that 5h# t5o /o$)' a( /(o"-ht )#to &o#ta&t 5)th
a&h oth( a#$ 'pa(at$ /y a /a(()( that )' p(%a/l to hat, th( 5)ll / #o t(a#'!( o! hat !(o% o# to th oth(*
$ample
O/&t C 0th(%o%t( )' pla&$ )# &o#ta&t 5)th A "#t)l thy a&h). th(%al 2")l)/()"%* Th (a$)#- o# C )' (&o($$ O/&t C )' th# pla&$ )# &o#ta&t 5)th o/&t B "#t)l thy a&h). th(%al 2")l)/()"%*
Th (a$)#- o# C )' (&o($$ a-a)# I! th t5o (a$)#-' a( th 'a%, A a#$ B a( al'o )# th(%al 2")l)/()"%*
I! T0A @ T0C A#$ T0B @ T0C Th# T0A @ T0B
"i%#re .;! Th 3(oth La5
-.3
$ner%y Con'ersion $ner%y )' th a/)l)ty to $o 6OR7 o( &a"' &ha#-*
E#(-y )' %a'"($ /y th a%o"#t o! 5o(; )t )' a/l to $o* Th "#)t' !o( %a'"()##(-y a( o"l' 0J* E#(-y &a# / &o#.(t$ 0t(a#'!o(%$ o( &ha#-$ !(o% o# !o(% t o a#oth(*
Th( a( t5o %a)# ;)#$' o! #(-y )* Potential ener%y )' a STORED #(-y o( #(-y that )' NOT /)#- "'$* ii. ii.
Both pot#t)al a#$ ;)#t)& #(-y &o% )# %a#y !o(%'* S)+ o! th %o't &o%%o# o#' a(: )* M&ha# M&ha#)&a )&all #(#(-y y < E#(-y E#(-y o! %o.) %o.)##- pa(t' pa(t' ))* Th(%al Th(%al 0hat 0hat #(-y #(-y < E#(-y E#(-y o! th hat IN a# o/&t o/&t )))* Ch%)&al #(-y
E+a%pl: E#(-y Co#.(')o# )# a 6a 6at(!all t(!all Th 5at( at th top o! th !all' ha' -(a.)tat)o#al pot#t)al #(-y /&a"' )t )' h)-h( tha# at th /otto%* A' th 5at( !all', )t' h)-ht $&(a'', a#$ lo'' )t' pot#t)al #(-y* At th 'a% t)%, )t' ;)#t)& #(-y )#&(a'' /&a"' )t' .lo&)ty 0'p$ )#&(a''* Th pot#t)al #(-y )' &o#.(t$ )#to ;)#t)& #(-y*
+ravitationa 'otentia nergy
9ineti%
er%ise 1. Di2erent Di2erentiate iate bet3een bet3een 4nternat 4nternationa iona /ystem /ystem (/4) units units and 4meria 4meria units units based on quantity beo36 Bezakan antara Sistem Antarabangsa (SI) dan unit Imperial berdasarkan kuantiti di bawah:
7uantity ! Kuantiti Length ! 'an8ang ass !
/4 unit ! Unit SI
4meria Unit ! Unit Imperial
:isim Density ! 9etumatan ". De;ne De;ne the
/ystem Sistem
ii.
Boundary Sempadan iii. iii. /urr /urrou ound nding ings s Sekeliling
iv.
4ntensive roerties Si!at Intensi!
v.
stensive roerties Si!at "kstensi!
vi.
eversibe ro%ess #r$ses b$leh balik
vii.
4rreversibe r ro%ess #r$ses tak b$leh balik
#. /ket% /ket%h h and de;ne de;ne the the
/tate Keadaan
ii.
'ro%ess #r$ses
iii.
-y%e Kitaran
&. ain ain 3ith the the aid o< sket%h sket%h o< >erot >eroth h La3 o< o< Thermodyn Thermodynami%s ami%s 'erangkan dengan bantuan gambaraah ukum Si!ar 'erm$dinamik
