LTE RPESS Radio Planning Essentials
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Presentation / Author / Date
Contents Days 1 and 2 • LTE Overview • LTE Architecture – Network Elements and Interfaces • Air Interface – Technologies: OFDMA/SC-FDMA – Physical Layer Structure and Channels Procedures – L2/L3 – Connection Management – Mobility Management • TD-LTE Overview • Appendix DL/UL Signal Generation
Soc Classification level 2 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
• LTE NSN Solution – Release Roadmap – SON: Overview, ANR & Cell ID Management – Bearer Management (QoS) and VoIP over LTE – LTE RRM (Features) • LTE Performance • LTE Radio Planning – Dimensioning Link Budget Dimensioning Tool (and exercise) LTE 6 sectors vs. 3 sectors LTE Rural at 800MHz (DD) How to improve the LiBu? • Coverage Criteria for Field Measurements
Useful Links • Roadmaps – https://sharenetims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/livelink/livelink?func=ll&objId=364977916&objActio n=Browse
• Latest version of the Dimensioning Tool – https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Overview/D428552449
• Air interface Dimensioning Guideline – https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Open/426856094
• Working Instructions for the Dimensioning Tool – https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Download/397804934
• NEI (Network Engineering Information) material (RL features) – https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Open/427213042
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Presentation / Author / Date
NSN LTE Solution
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Presentation / Author / Date
LTE Release Roadmap
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Presentation / Author / Date
LTE FDD Release Roadmap (December 2010) RL10
RL20
RL30
RL40
Available
Ready for Contract
Under Planning
Study Items
RRM / Telecom Fair Scheduler Open / Closed Loop UL Power Control and DL Power Setting Link Adaptation by AMC (UL/DL) CQI Adaptation (DL) Downlink Adaptive Open Loop MIMO for Two Antennas Inter RAT Cell Re-Selection Redirect to LTE or Other Technology Intra Frequency Handover via X2 O&M SON -LTE BTS Auto Connectivity SON -LTE BTS Auto Configuration SON -NetAct Optimizer LTE SON -Central ANR SON -Self Healing Security BTS Site Solutions Feederless Flexi LTE BTS Site Frequency: 800, 1.7/2.1, 2100, 2600MHz Bandwidth: 5, 10 and 20 MHz Transport Flexi Transport Sub-Modules: FTIB, FTLB Traffic Prioritization on IP Layer Traffic Prioritization on Ethernet Layer VLAN Based Traffic Differentiation Traffic Shaping IPSec Support
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RRM / Telecom Support of Multiple EPS Bearers Support of GBR EPS Bearer Service Differentiation for Non-GBR EPS Bearer Rate Capping Intra LTE Handover via S1 Inter Frequency Handover CS Fallback via Redirect Emergency Call via CS Fallback O&M SON –ANR (Intra-, Inter Frequency) Cell Outage Triggered Reset Cell and Subscriber Trace BTS Site Solutions RF Sharing GSM- LTE Frequency: 1600, 1800 MHz Bandwidth: 15 MHz Transport QoS Aware Ethernet Switching Ethernet OAM Flexi Packet Radio Connectivity
RRM / Telecom Interference Aware Scheduling DRX in RRC Connected Mode Operator Specific QCI Cell ID Based Location Services Inter RAT Handover to WCDMA NACC to GSM Subscriber Profile Based Mobility Load Dependent UL Power Control SRVCC to WCDMA / GSM Emergency Call O&M SON -ANR Fully UE Based SON -ANR InterRAT SON -Synchronization of InterRAT Neighbors SON -Optimization Neighbor Relations SON -Mobility Robustness (MRO) BTS Site Solutions RF Sharing WCDMA - LTE Distributed Site 180W Flexi Multiradio Remote RF Frequency: 700, 850, 900, 1900 MHz Transport CESoPSN Fast IP Rerouting Ethernet Jumbo Frames
RRM / Telecom Channel Aware Scheduler (UL) Smart DRX GBR QoS Package TTI Bundling Load Based Handover OTDOA Location Service CB Fallback Enhancements O&M SON -Optimization of InterRAT Neighbours Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) II SON -Minimization of Drive Tests (MDT) BTS Power Saving Mode BTS Site Solutions Flexi Multiradio System Module LTE Dual Band Operation Flexi Lite BTS 4TX/4RX RRH System Sharing WCDMA – LTE 4-way RX Diversity (MRC) Transport IPv4/IPv6 Dual Stack Transport Separation for RAN Sharing
Planned Milestones for RL (FDD) Releases 2009
2011
2010 RL09
•RL10
2012
CP 5/10 C5 10/10
CP 12/10
•RL20
C5 Q1/11
CP 2Q/11
•RL30
C5 3Q/11
CP Q4/11
•RL40
C5 Q1/12
Milestones in italics are initial estimates CP: limited commercial availability C5: full commercial availability Soc Classification level 7 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Radio Enhancements of RL20 on top of RL10 • Further SON functionalities – ANR Intra and Inter frequency
• Enhances mobility solutions – Intra LTE Handover via S1 – Inter Frequency Handover
• Enhances the LTE QoS (Quality of Service) – GBR (Guaranteed Bit Rate) and differentiation of 5 non-GBR bearer classes – Multiple bearer for simultaneous service usage from one UE (user equipment)
• First steps towards VoLTE (Voice over LTE) operation – VoLTE support with GBR, bearer prioritization; also CS fallback
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• RL20 extends the supported deployment solutions and frequency variants – 1800MHz (3GPP band 3) with Flexi Multiradio Triple RF Module FXEA – RF Sharing GSM - LTE: concurrent mode operation of radio modules
Radio Enhancements of RL30 on top of RL20 •
Further SON functionalities – ANR Fully UE based and Inter-RAT ANR features – Mobility Robustness (MRO) – Optimization of Neighbour Relations
•
•
Additional deployment solutions – –
Support of 6 sectors with one System Module Distributed Sites: up to 20km between RF module and system module with optical fibre
Enhanced user experience – Smart Scheduler (Interference Aware) • Additional frequency variants – Higher UL peak rates due to ’increased • 760, 850, 900 and 1900 MHz RF uplink MCS range’ modules – Extended battery life through • 730, 210 and 2600 MHz RRH discontinuous Rx: >90% reduction in power consumption
• Enhances mobility solutions – Inter RAT Handover to WCDMA – NACC (network assisted cell change) to GSM
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SON: Overview, PCI Management and ANR
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SON: Self-organising networks Overview • Standards for SON are developed by NGMN (Next Generation Mobile Networks) and standardized by 3GPP – http://www.ngmn.org/ – 3GPP TS36.902 describes the SON user cases and solutions – 3GPP TS32.500: SON concepts and requirements – 3GPP TS32.501-2 Self establishment (use case) – 3GPP TS32.511 Automatic Neighbour Relation –ANR- (use case)
• The idea behind the SON concept is to reduce operational efforts and the complexity of LTE networks – Complex networks e.g. due to parallel operation of LTE with 2G/3G and multi vendor scenarios – Unclear and proprietary operational and maintenance specifications
• How? By introducing self configuring and self optimising mechanisms that increase the network performance and quality and, at the same time, decrease maintenance costs including reduction in human interaction Soc Classification level 11 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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Main Functionalities of SON Self-configuration (Plug and Play): • Automated network integration of new eNB by auto connection and auto configuration
Self-healing (Auto Repair): • Automatic detection and localization and removal of failures:
• Simplified installation, faster roll out • Automated neighbour configuration (X2) • Physical Cell ID
• Cell Outage Detection and Outage Mitigation • Automatic Alarm Reaction
Self-optimization (Auto Tune): • Auto-tune the network (coverage and
Self-planning: • Dynamic re-computation
capacity) with the help of UE and eNB measurements on local eNB level and/or network management level
• • • • •
of network plan due to capacity extensions, traffic monitoring or optimizations
• Often going along with self-optimization (efficient way of network growth support)
Energy savings Mobility Robustness Load Balancing RACH Optimization Inter-cell interference coordination
Soc Classification level 12 © Nokia Siemens Networks
• HW/SW-Failure Mitigation
Presentation / Author / Date
3GPP: SON in standardization 2007 2008
2008 2009
2009
2010
2010
SON in 3GPP Rel. 8
Rel. 9
• Automated configuration of
• Remaining/spill over(s) Rel. 8 • Automated configuration of
Physical Cell ID
• ANR • Self-configuration of eNBs • Automatic Software Management
• •
Self Configuration
• • • •
Physical Cell ID • Inter RAT ANR Automatic Radio Configuration Function Coverage and Capacity optimization Mobility Load Balancing Mobility Robustness optimization Avoidance of Drive Tests SON Evaluation Scenario
Rel. 10 • Interference Reduction • Inter Cell Interference • • • •
Coordination Coverage and Capacity optimization (spill over, new features like relays) Mobility Robustness optimization (spill over, new features like relays) Energy Savings Control and Resource optimization of Relays
Self Optimization RAN3 • Cell outage compensation/ mitigation Soc Classification level 13 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Self Healing
• Self Healing
SA5
Physical Cell identification and Global Cell ID identification Physical Layer Cell ID (PCI) •
The sequence to generate the Reference Signal depends upon the PCI Short repetition cycle of 1 ms Limited to 504 values so not unique Careful assignment needed because a UE shall never receive the same value from 2 different cells
• • •
Global Cell ID (ECGI) • • • •
Soc Classification level 14 © Nokia Siemens Networks
E-UTRAN Cell Global identifier Part of SIB 1 SIB 1 is sent once every 20ms Unique in the network: constructed from MCC, MNC en E-UTRAN Cell Identifier
Presentation / Author / Date
RL10
PCI management Automated PCI assignment and collision detection • • •
Each cell of a LTE network needs to have a Physical Cell ID (PCI) assigned Since the PCI range is limited to 504 values neither the neighbours of a cell, nor the neighbours of the neighbours shall have the same PCI value Handling phases: 1) Central optimized assignment for initial PID assignment for Flexi Multiradio BTS via NetAct Optimizer •
PCI assigned based on distance and actual adjacencies
2) Collision Detection with alarming in Flexi Multiradio BTS • •
Collision: two neighbour cells with the same PCI During the X2 setup the neighbour information is exchanged, Flexi Multiradio compares its own PCI with the ones of the neighbours activating an alarm if collision
3) Automatic Collision Resolution via NetAct Optimizer •
If collisions detected (via alarm) then optimization can be manually or automatically triggered several times a day
Soc Classification level 15 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Feature ID: LTE468
Automated neighbor relation (ANR) configuration •
Neighbour relations are important as wrong neighbour definitions cause HO failures and dropped calls Self configuration of relations avoids manual planning & maintenance
•
ANR covers 4 steps: 1) 2) 3) 4)
•
Neighbour cell discovery Neighbour Site’s X2 transport configuration discovery (i.e. Neighbour Site IP@) X2 Connection Set-up with neighbour cell configuration update ANR Optimization
The scope within ANR is to establish an X2 connection between source and target nodes and for that it is necessary that source eNB knows the target eNB IP@ How the source eNB gets the IP@ differentiates the ANR features:
• – – –
Central ANR (RL10) ANR (RL20) ANR- Fully UE based (RL30)
Soc Classification level 16 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
3GPP ANR configuration principle Neighbor Site eNB - B
Site eNB - A
UE connected
MME
New cell discovered New cell identified by ECGI
S1 : Request X2 Transport Configuration (ECGI)
relays request
S1: Request X2 Transport Configuration CM S1: Respond X2 Transport Configuration (IP@) relays response
S1 : Respond X2 Transport Configuration (IP@) CM Add Site & Cell parameter of eNB-A
X2 Setup : IPsec, SCTP, X2-AP [site & cell info] CM
CM Neighbor Cell Tables in both eNB updated
Soc Classification level 17 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Add Site & Cell Parameter of eNB-B
ANR - Fully UE based
RL30
Automated planning: NO configuration of any neighbor cell attributes, no OAM needed • Fully 3GPP compliant • UE triggers X2 establishment first when unknown PCI is measured • UE is asked to measure ECGI by source eNB • Source eNB sends ECGI to MME • MME requests IP connectivity information (IP@) to the target eNB
eNBID#B
eNBID#A
• MME forwards the target eNB IP@ to the source eNB •Source eNB established a X2 connection to the target neighbour sites
X2-Interface S1-Interface
MME S1-Interface
• X2-set up message used for exchange of all required neighbour information Advantage
PCI: Physical Cell ID
• No manual neighbour planning
ECGI: E-UTRAN Cell Global Identifier
• requires SON/ANR supporting UE (report ECGIs) Soc Classification level 18 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Feature ID: LTE782 Presentation / Author / Date
Central ANR (Automatic Neighbour Cell Relation) Self Configuration of Neighbour Relations for LTE • UE measurements are not taken into account • Central solution purely based in O&M: NetAct Configurator and NetAct Optimizer • Optimizer creates neighbours for each site, then Configurator adds the IP@ to the list and this is downloaded to the sites with the configuration data. - Neighbour relations (X2 paths) are already established as part of the configuration - UE measurements are ignored: if UE detects an unknown neighbour (not part of the neighbour list created by Optimizer) this is ignored Soc Classification level 19 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Feature ID: LTE539
RL10
RL20
LTE ANR
Automated planning: NO configuration of any neighbor cell attributes •NetAct Optimizer and Configurator create the list of potential neighbour cells and related IP connectivity information •When UE reports an unknown PCI the source eNB looks for that PCI in look-up tables to find the IP@ of the site hosting the PCI reported UEs measurements taken into account to trigger the X2 connection •Once known target eNB IP@ the X2 connection is established and information between neighbours is exchanged Advantage: •Works with any UE (no need to report ECGI) •No neighbour site planning required Soc Classification level 20 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Feature ID: LTE492
RL30
Features supporting Inter-RAT ANR Automated planning on central NMS level
• Automated planning of UTRAN/GSM neighbours done via NetAct Configurator and Optimizer
NetAct
• 2G/3G relevant data for Inter RAT relations is uploaded/retrieved from the existing configuration management database • Optimizer calculates neighbour sites given by geo-locations • Configurator configures the neighbour cell lists and downloads the plans • No UE supporting UTRAN-ANR needed Soc Classification level 21 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Features ID: LTE783 and LTE784 Presentation / Author / Date
Optimizer
CM
Configurator
CM
LTE GERAN UTRAN
UTRAN/GERAN Domain Managers
UTRAN GERAN
CM
Synchronization of InterRAT neighbours Always up to date neighbour relations • Enhancement of Inter RAT ANR •
•
• •
previous features Update/synchronize automatically changes of Inter-RAT neighbour information in case of relevant changes at the 2G/3G or LTE-side ensuring up-to-date Inter RAT neighbour relationships Changes to trigger update: – Site/cells addition deletion – Cell parameter changes Alignment to LTE network through NetAct Synchronization processes can be run automatically, be scheduled or triggered manually by operator
Soc Classification level 22 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Feature ID(s): LTE510 Presentation / Author / Date
RL30
Optimization of neighbour relations
RL30
NetAct Optimizer (Intra-LTE) Automatic neighbour relationship evaluation. OPEX reduction in managing neighbour relationships
• NetAct Optimizer supervises the quality of the registered neighbour relations. Inefficient neighbour relations may be blacklisted for HO • Analysis based on HO performance counters and configuration information • Use cases: • Neighbours will insufficient HO performance can be blacklisted • Blacklisted Neighbours can be whitelisted (e.g. to re-evaluate the performance due to changes in topology) • Neighbours can be marked by an operator so they are excluded from optimization. • Optimization works in a mid to long term schedule Feature ID(s): LTE 771 Soc Classification level 23 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Optimizer CM
Configurator
No HO
PM
RL30
SON - Mobility Robustness (MRO) Increased network performance by automatic adaptations
• Optimizing the Intra-LTE (Intra-frequency) radio network HO-configuration for robustness of mobility procedures (i.e. to avoid drops calls and radio link failures due to too early/late HOs)
• MRO fine tunes based on long-running evaluation of KPIs / specific detections in eNBs / influenced by operator policies
• Fine tuning refers to the adjustment of HO related thresholds like HO offsets and Time to Trigger Optimizer/Configurator
PM-history
NetAct
Height
Measurement Measuremantdata data
CM
Performance Measurements Soc Classification level 24 © Nokia Siemens Networks
MRO -SF
MRO -SF
Feature ID(s): LTE 533
PM
CM
PM
Bearer Management (QoS) and VoIP over LTE
Soc Classification level 25 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Types of bearers
Generated from a combination of Radio Bearer and S1 bearer
EPS: Evolved Packet System PDN-GW: Packet Data Network Gateway E-RAB: E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer
Generated from an E-RAB and S5/S8 bearer
• EPS bearer provides user plane connectivity between UE and PDN-GW – EPS carries user data between UE and PDN
• Radio bearers provide connectivity across the air interface. Two types: – Signalling Radio Bearers (SRB) carry C-plane data (RRC and NAS messages) or – Data Radio Bearers (DRB) carry U-plane data (user data/traffic) Soc Classification level 26 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Bearer Management EPS Bearer • There is always at least one EPS Bearer (default bearer) to provide alwayson IP connectivity: – Created during the attach procedure – It does not mean that there is a Data Radio Bearer established all the time
• Any additional EPS Bearer is called a dedicated bearer • All user plane data transferred with the same EPS bearer has the same QoS • Support for multiple EPS bearers is a pre-requisite for voice support • Conversational Voice cannot be carried with just with non GBR bearers Requires two bearers: – QCI (QoS Class Identifier)=1 for user data – QCI=5 for IMS signalling
Soc Classification level 27 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Support of Multiple EPS Bearers Multiple sessions per UE • It is possible to support up to 4 EPS bearers per UE • The EPS bearers can have different QoS requirements (QCI) so multiple services can be used at one UE • Supported radio bearers combinations per UE and Flexi Multiradio BTS: SRB1 + SRB2 + 2 x AM(*) DRB (*) AM: Acknowledged mode SRB1 + SRB2 + 3 x AM DRB SRB1 + SRB2 + 4 x AM DRB SRB1: transfer RRC messages using DCCH logical channel. Also NAS msg. if SRB2 is not configured SRB2: transfer RRC messages using DCCH and which encapsulate a NAS msg. SRB2 has lower priority that SRB1
Soc Classification level 28 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Feature ID(s): LTE7
RL20
RL20
Service Differentiation for Non-GBR EPS Bearer QCI (QoS Class Identifier) based service differentiation • Differentiation of 5 different nonGBR QCI classes with relative scheduling weights - QCIs: 5,6,7,8,9 • Support of different non-GBR QoS classes • Flexi Multiradio allows to assign relative scheduling weights for each non GBR QCI on cell level • The relative weight is considered by the UL and DL scheduler
• Default bearers are set up with QCI 9 (for non-privileged users) or QCI 8 (for premium users) Soc Classification level 29 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
QCI
Resource Priority Packet Packet Type Delay Error Budget Loss 2
100 ms
Rate 10-2
2
4
150 ms
10-3
3
3
50 ms
10-3
4
5
300 ms
10-6
5
1
100 ms
10-6
6
300 ms
10-6
7
100 ms
10-3
8
300 ms
10-6
9
300 ms
10-6
1
Example Services
Conversational Voice
GBR
6
Non-GBR
7
Conversational Video (Live Streaming) Real Time Gaming Non-Conversational Video (Buffered Streaming) IMS Signalling Video (Buffered Streaming) TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.) Voice, Video (Live Streaming) Interactive Gaming
8
9
Video (Buffered Streaming) TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.)
Feature ID(s): LTE9
RL20
EPS Bearers for Conversational Voice Support of GBR bearer with QCI=1 QCI
• Support of GBR QCI=1 • Needed to introduce high quality voice services in LTE • IMS based voice services
• Admission control enhancements to handle GBR traffic
• RLC UM is applied for EPS
2
100 ms
Rate 10-2
2
4
150 ms
10-3
3
3
50 ms
10-3
4
5
300 ms
10-6
5
1
100 ms
10-6
6
300 ms
10-6
7
100 ms
10-3
8
300 ms
10-6
9
300 ms
10-6
1
• SRB1+SRB2+ … • 1, 2, 3 or 4 x AM DRB + … • 1 x UM DRB
Example Services
Conversational Voice
GBR
6
bearers with QCI=1
• Bearer combinations
Resourc Priority Packet Packet e Type Delay Error Budget Loss
NonGBR
7
Conversational Video (Live Streaming) Real Time Gaming Non-Conversational Video (Buffered Streaming) IMS Signalling Video (Buffered Streaming) TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.) Voice, Video (Live Streaming) Interactive Gaming
8
9
Video (Buffered Streaming) TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.)
Soc Classification level 30 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Feature ID(s): LTE10
How to provide voice in LTE VoLTE: Voice over LTE • Driven by GSMA and currently widely preferred solution (vs. VoLGA: Voice over LTE Generic access) • Based on ‘One Voice’ initiative: – To define the minimum mandatory set of functionality for interoperable IMS-based voice and SMS over LTE – IMS provides similar experience to 2G/3G voice supporting features like call waiting, call hold, barring. Also allowing for the integration of voice with other features like video content, instant messaging.
http://www.gsmworld.com/our-work/mobile_broadband/VoLTE.htm
Soc Classification level 31 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
MSS: Mobile Softwitching solution NVS: Nokia Siemens Networks Voice Server IMS: IP Multimedia Subsystem
LTE Voice Evolution LTE broadband for high speed data LTE HSPA I-HSPA 2G/3G
EPC
IMS for enriched IP multimedia services
Fast-Track VoLTE
MSS
LTE HSPA I-HSPA 2G/3G
VoIP
NVS
MSS
LTE HSPA I-HSPA
• Main focus on LTE data • CS Fallback to 2G/3G CS access for voice • Re-use existing MSC Server system for voice
Soc Classification level 32 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Evolution to IMS VoIP solution
• Simple upgrade of MSS with NVS (VoIP) function • Fully IMS compatible reuse of CS infrastructure for LTE VoIP capable handsets • SRVCC (HO LTE VoIP to 2G/3G CS)
Presentation / Author / Date
NVS IMS
EPC
EPC
Introduce NVS VoIP solution
VoIP
• IMS-centric service architecture • Rich Communication Services with full multimedia telephony • Support for any access • SRVCC (HO LTE VoIP to 2G/3G VoIP)
RL20
CSFB to UTRAN or GSM via redirect Voice on legacy networks • Redirection from LTE to UTRAN or to GSM during the call setup
• Both, MOC and MTC setup supported • EPC must support CS inter-working for mobility management and paging
• Redirection by RRC connection release message with a RedirectedCarrierInfo IE that enforces the UE to search for any cell first at the highest priority UTRA carrier or within BCCH carrier set for GSM
• Priorities for fallback layers are operator
• Required when there is no Conversational Voice support on LTE side
configurable
• UE will camp back into the LTE carrier after termination of the CS call Soc Classification level 33 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Feature ID(s): LTE562
CSFB: Call Setup Fallback MOC: Mobile Originated Calls MTC: Mobile Terminated Calls IE: Information Element
RL40
SRVCC to WCDMA/GSM VoIP continuity to WCDMA/GSM
• Seamless handover for voice services to WCDMA/GSM when leaving LTE • • • •
coverage Voice services are handed over to the CS domain Non voice services are handed over to the PS domain in WCDMA. This is not supported in GSM Procedure identical to LTE to WCDMA handover (i.e. same neighbour list, thresholds and measurements) eNB triggers SRVCC only if UE has EPS bearer with QCI=1 established and MME and UE are SRVCC capable
SRVCC: Seamless Radio Voice Call Continuity
Soc Classification level 34 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Feature ID(s): LTE872/873
LTE RRM (Features) - Scheduler - Link Adaptation (LA) - CQI Adaptation (OLQC) - Power Control (PC) - Radio Admission Control (RAC) - MIMO Mode Control - Connection Mobility Control (CMC)
Soc Classification level 35 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
RRM building blocks and functions Overview
Scope of RRM: • Management and optimized utilization of the (scarce) radio resources: • Increasing the overall radio network capacity and optimizing quality •Provision for each service/bearer/user an adequate QoS (if applicable) RRM located in eNodeB
Soc Classification level 36 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
LTE RRM Scheduling • Motivation – Bad channel condition avoidance
CDMA Single Carrier transmission does not allow to allocate only particular frequency parts. Every fading gap effects the data.
Soc Classification level 37 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
OFDMA The part of total available channel experiencing bad channel condition (fading) can be avoided during allocation procedure.
RL10
Scheduler (UL/DL) • • • • •
Cell-based scheduling (separate scheduler per cell) Resource assignment in time and frequency domain (UL/DL) Scheduling on TTI basis (1ms) Proportional fair resource assignment among UEs Priority for SRB (Signalling Radio Bearers) and HARQ re-transmissions over DRB (Data Radio Bearers)
• Common channels (i.e. system info, random access and paging) have highest priority
• Downlink: • Channel aware DL scheduling (Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling) based on CQI with resources assigned in a fair manner
• Uplink: • Scheduler controls UEs and assigns appropriate grants per TTI • Channel unaware UL scheduling based on random frequency allocation (Channel-aware UL scheduling foreseen for RL40)
• RL30: Interference aware scheduling (IAS) Soc Classification level 38 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
RL10
Downlink Scheduler Algorithm • Determine which PRBs are available (free) and can be allocated to UEs • Allocate PRBs needed for common channels like SIB, paging… • Final allocation of UEs (bearers) onto PRB. Considering only the PRBs available after the previous steps – Pre-Scheduling: All UEs with data available for transmission based on the buffer fill levels – Time Domain Scheduling: Parameter maxNumUeDl defines how many UEs are allocated in the TTI being scheduled – Frequency Domain Scheduling for Candidate Set 2 UEs: Resource allocation in Frequency Domain including number and location of allocated PRBs
Start Pre-Scheduling: Select UEs eligible for scheduling -> Determination of Candidate Set 1 Time domain scheduling of UEs according to simple criteria -> Determination of Candidate Set 2 Frequency domain scheduling of UEs/bearers -> PRB/RBG allocation to UEs/bearers End
Soc Classification level 39 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Feature ID(s): LTE45 Presentation / Author / Date
RL10
Uplink Scheduler Algorithm • Evaluation of the #PRBs that will be assigned to UEs • Available number of PRBs per user: resources are assigned via PRB groups
(group of consecutive PRBs). Time domain: • maxNumUeUl defines the UE that can be scheduled per TTI time depending on the bandwidth: 7UEs (5 MHz), 10UEs (10MHz), 15 UEs (15MHz) and 16 UEs (20MHz) Frequency Domain: • Uses a random function to assure equal distribution of PRBs over the available frequency range (random frequency hopping) a)
b)
Example of allocation in frequency domain: Full Allocation: All available PRBs are assigned to the scheduled UEs per TTI Fractional Allocation: Not all PRBs are assigned. Hopping function handles unassigned PRBs as if they were allocated to keep the equal distribution per TTI
Soc Classification level 40 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Feature ID(s): LTE45 Presentation / Author / Date
RL30
IAS: Interference aware scheduler (UL) Improvement in UL coverage by optimizing the cell edge performance
• Flexi eNodeB takes into account the noise and interference measurements together with the UE Tx power density (= UE TX power per PRB) when allocating PRBs in the frequency domain • Cell edge users are assigned to frequency sub-bands with low measured inter-cell interference • Up to 10% gain for cell edge users in low and medium loaded networks • Easier to implement than channel aware scheduling (no sounding reference signal used) eNode B measured interference
PRBs subband with high interference subband with low interference subband with medium interference
Soc Classification level 41 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Feature ID(s): LTE619
RL10
Link adaptation by AMC (UL/DL) Optimizing air interface efficiency • Motivation of link adaptation: Modify the signal transmitted to and by a particular user according to the signal quality variation to improve the system capacity and coverage reliability.
• It modifies the MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme), the transport block size (DL) and ATB (UL) • If SINR is good then higher MCS can be used -> more bits per byte -> more throughput.
• If SINR is bad then lower MCS should be used (more robust)
• Flexi Multiradio BTS performs the link adaptation for DL on a TTI basis • The selection of the modulation and the channel coding rate is based: • Downlink data channel: CQI report from UE • Uplink: BLER measurements in Flexi LTE BTS AMC: Adaptive Modulation and Coding ATB: Adaptive Transmission Bandwidth Soc Classification level 42 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Feature ID(s): LTE31 Presentation / Author / Date
RL10
Link Adaptation / AMC for PDSCH Procedure: • Initial MCS is provided by O&M (parameter INI_MCS_DL) and is set as default MCS • If DL AMC is not activated (O&M parameter ENABLE_AMC_DL) the algorithm always uses this default MCS • If DL AMC is activated HARQ retransmissions are handled differently from initial transmissions (For HARQ retransmission the same MCS has to be used as for the initial transmission) • A MCS based on CQI reporting from UE , shall be determined for the PRBs assigned to UE as indicated by the downlink scheduler Soc Classification level 43 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
START
Retrieve Default MCS
no
Dynamic AMC active?
HARQ retransmission?
yes
no Use Default MCS
Determine avaraged CQI value for allocated PRBs
Determine MCS
END
Use the same MCS as for initial transmission
Link Adaptation / AMC for PUSCH
RL10
Functionality • UL LA is active by default but can be deactivated by O&M parameters. If not active, the initial MCS is used all the time • UE scope • Two parallel algorithms adjust the MCS to the radio channel conditions:
– Inner loop link adaptation (ILLA): Slow Periodic Link adaptation (10-500ms) based on BLER measurements from eNodeB – Outer loop link adaptation (OLLA): event based In case of long Link Adaptation updates and to avoid low and high BLER situations, the link adaptation can act based on adjustable target BLER: - “Emergency Downgrade” if BLER goes above a MAX BLER threshold (poor radio conditions) - “Fast Upgrade” if BLER goes below of a MIN BLER threshold (excellent radio conditions)
Soc Classification level 44 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Comparison: DL and UL Link adaptation for PSCH
Downlink – fast – – –
–
– slow periodical
1 TTI channel aware CQI based MCS selection 1 out of 0-28 output MCS TBS up to 64QAM support
Soc Classification level 45 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Uplink
Presentation / Author / Date
– – –
–
~30ms channel partly aware average BLER based MCS adaptation +/- 1 MCS correction output MCS ATB up to 16 QAM support
Outer Link Quality Control (OLQC)
RL10
Optimize the DL performance
Feature: CQI Adaptation (DL) • CQI information is used by the scheduler and link adaptation in such a way that a • • •
• •
certain BLER of the 1st HARQ transmission is achieved CQI adaptation is the basic mean to control Link Adaptation behaviour and to remedy UE measurement errors Only used in DL Used for CQI measurement error compensation – CQI estimation error of the UE – CQI quantization error or – CQI reporting error It adds a CQI offset to the CQI reports provided by UE. The corrected CQI report is provided to the DL Link adaptation for further processing CQI offset derived from ACK/NACK feedback
Soc Classification level 46 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Feature ID(s): LTE30 Presentation / Author / Date
RL10
Power Control
Improve cell edge behaviour, reduce inter-cell interference and power consumption
Downlink: • There is no adaptive or dynamic power control in DL but semi-static power setting
• eNodeB gives flat power spectral density (dBm/PRB) for the scheduled resources: – The power for all the PRBs is the same, it is evenly distributed over the spectrum – If there are PRBs not scheduled that power is not used and the power of the remaining scheduled PRBs doesn’t change: Total Tx power is max. when all PRBs are scheduled. If only half of the PRBs are scheduled the Tx power is half of the Tx power max ( i.e. Tx power max 3dB)
• Semi-static: PDSCH power can be adjusted via O&M parameters – Cell Power Reduction level dlCellPwrRed [0...10] dB attenuation in 0.1 dB steps
Soc Classification level 47 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Feature ID(s): LTE27 Presentation / Author / Date
RL30
Power Control Downlink Power Boosting for Control Channels •
Offsets determine power shifts for subcarriers which carry PCFICH/PHICH or cell-specific Reference Signal
Benefits: • Better PCFICH detection avoids throughput degradation due to lost subframes • Higher reliability of PHICH avoids unnecessary retransmissions causing capacity degradation and additional UE power consumption • Better channel estimation avoids throughput degradation and improves HO performance
Cons: • Small degradation on PDSCH subcarriers: Subcarrier power boosting only allowed if the excess power is withdrawn from the remaining subcarriers
More info: https://sharenetims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Overview/D 428533788
Soc Classification level 48 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Feature ID(s): LTE430 Presentation / Author / Date
RL10
Power Control
Improve cell edge behaviour, reduce inter-cell interference and power consumption Uplink: • Uplink PC is a mix of Open Loop Power Control and Closed Loop Power Control: PPUSCH (i ) = min{PCMAX ,10 log10 ( M PUSCH (i )) + P0 _ PUSCH ( j ) + α ( j ) ⋅ PL + ∆TF (i ) + f (i )}[dBm]
• Closed Loop PC component f(i): Makes use of feedback from the eNB. Feedback are TPC (Transmit Power Control commands) send via PDCCH to instruct the UE to increase or decrease its transmit power
• UL Power control is Slow power control: every 100ms – No need for fast power control as in 3G: if UE Tx power was high it incremented the co-channel for other UEs – In LTE each UE has their own channel (subcarriers) Soc Classification level 49 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Feature ID(s): LTE27<E28 Presentation / Author / Date
Conventional and Fractional Power Control • Conventional PC schemes: – Attempt to maintain a constant SINR at the receiver – UE increases the Tx power to fully compensate for increases in the path loss • Fractional PC schemes: – Allow the received SINR to decrease as the path loss increases. – UE Tx power increases at a reduced rate as the path loss increases. Increases in path loss are only partially compensated. – [+]: Improve air interface efficiency and increase average cell throughputs by reducing intercell interference
• 3GPP specifies fractional power control for the PUSCH with the option to disable it and revert to conventional based on α UL SINR
UL SINR
Fractional Power Control: α ≠ { 0 ,1} Conventional Power Control: α=1
UE Tx Power
If Path Loss increases by 10 dB the UE Tx power increases by 10 dB Soc Classification level 50 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
UE Tx Power
If Path Loss increases by 10 dB the UE Tx power increases by <10 dB
RL10
Power Control
Uplink (cont.): • Uplink PC is a mix of Open Loop Power Control and Closed Loop Power Control: PPUSCH (i ) = min{PCMAX ,10 log10 ( M PUSCH (i )) + P0 _ PUSCH ( j ) + α ( j ) ⋅ PL + ∆TF (i ) + f (i )}[dBm]
• PCMAX: max. UE Tx power according to UE power class. E.g. 23dBm for class 3 • MPUSCH: # allocated PRBs. The UE Tx Power is increased proportionally to the # of • •
• •
allocated RBs. Remaining terms of the formula are per RB P0_PUSCH:eNB received power per RB when assuming path loss 0 dB. Depends on α α: Path loss compensation factor. Three values: – α= 0, no compensation of path loss – α= 1, full compensation of path loss (conventional compensation) – α ≠ { 0 ,1 } , fractional compensation PL: DL Path loss calculated by the UE Delta_TF: It links the UE Tx power to the MCS. Increases the UE Tx power to achieve the required SINR when transmitting a large number of bits per RE (high MCS)
Soc Classification level 51 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Feature ID(s): LTE27<E28 Presentation / Author / Date
Power Control P0 and α From simulation results • α= 1: conventional power control – increases the cell edge data rates (coverage) only • α= 0.5: example of fractional power control: – Increases average cell throughput because the system does not promote ‘poor’ UEs (i.e. it doesn’t give them as much power as if α= 1) – Interference is reduced as UEs at cell edge are allocated smaller power so more terminals can operate with higher MCS
• If α =1 P0_PUSCH is minimum (e.g. -96dBm) to allow sufficient UE Tx power headroom for when the path loss increases • If α =0 Po_PUSCH is maximum (e.g. 9dBm) i.e. UE transmits at its maximum capability independently of the PL Soc Classification level 52 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Radio Admission Control (RAC)
RL10
Objective: To admit or to reject the requests for establishment of Radio Bearers (RB) on a cell basis so eNodeB is stable and gives a minimum service level per end user
• Based on number of RRC connections and number of active users per cell – Both can be configured via parameters RRC connection is established when the SRBs have been admitted and
successfully configured UE is considered as active when a Radio bearer is established – Upper bound for maximum number of supported connections depends on the BB configuration of eNB (e.g. up to 840 active UEs for 20MHz). However, typical values for RL10/RL20 RAC are ~100…120 irrespective of the
bandwidth as, as long as DRX is not supported (RL30) the max. number of active UEs would consume too many resources for PUCCH (scheduling requests, CQI, etc)
• HO RAC cases have higher priority than normal access to the cell • RL20: RAC is upgraded to support the admission control of multiple DRBs.
Soc Classification level 53 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Feature ID(s): LTE20 Presentation / Author / Date
RL10
Transmit diversity for two antennas Benefit: Diversity gain, enhanced cell coverage • Each Tx antenna transmits the same stream of data with different coding and different subcarriers -> Receiver gets replicas of the same signal which increases the SINR. • Synchronization signals are transmitted only via the 1st antenna
• eNode B sends different cell-specific reference signals per antenna • It can be enabled on cell basis by O&M configuration • Processing is completed in 2 phases: • Layer Mapping: distributing a stream of data into two streams • Pre-coding: generation of signals for each antenna port
Soc Classification level 54 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Spatial multiplexing (MIMO) for two antennas Benefit: Double the peak rate compared to a 1Tx antenna
• Can be open loop or closed loop depending if the UE provides feedback
Two code words (S1+S2) are transmitted in parallel to one UE which doubles the peak rate S2
• Spatial multiplexing with two code words • Supported physical channel: PDSCH S1 Layer Mapping Code word 1
Modulation
L1
Precoding × Scale
Code word 2
Soc Classification level 55 © Nokia Siemens Networks
L2
Presentation / Author / Date
×
OFDMA
Σ
Map onto Resource Elements
OFDMA
W1 ×
Modulation
Σ
Map onto Resource Elements
× W2
Precoding • Precoding generates the signals for each antenna port • Precoding is done multiplying the signal with a precoding matrix selected from a predefined codebook known at the eNB and at the UE side • Closed loop: UE estimates the radio channel and selects the best precoding matrix (the one that offers maximum capacity) and sends this information to the eNB • Open loop: no need for UEs feedback as it uses predefined settings for SM and precoding
Pre-coding codebook for two transmit antenna case Soc Classification level 56 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
RL20
DL adaptive closed loop MIMO for two antennas Benefit: High peak rates and good cell edge performance
• 2 TX antennas • Dynamic selection between: • Transmit diversity (SFBC) • Closed loop spatial multiplexing with
One code word A is transmitted via two antennas to one UE which improves the A link budget
two code words
• Closed loop= feedback from UE •Pre-coding is done according to
A B
the codebook described in TS 36.211 (also in previous slide)
• Operator configurable threshold • Supported physical channel: PDSCH • This feature is an improvement over theRL10 feature: DL adaptive open loop MIMO for two antennas feature (LTE_70) Soc Classification level 57 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Two code words (A+B) are transmitted in parallel to one UE which doubles the peak rate.
Feature ID(s): LTE703 Presentation / Author / Date
MIMO, DL channels and RRM Functionality RRM MIMO Mode Control Functionality • Refers to switch between: – Transmit Diversity (single stream) – MIMO Spatial Multiplexing (double stream) – SISO (1x1 SISO, 1x2 SIMO) • Provided by eNB only for DL direction
In UL, Flexi eNodeB has 2Rx Div. : • Maximum Ratio Combining – Benefit: increase coverage by increasing the received signal strength and quality
Available MIMO options vs. channel type • Options for Transmit Diversity (2Tx): – Control Channels – PDSCH • Options for Dual Stream (SM): – Only DL PDSCH • MIMO is SW feature Channel can be configured to use MIMO mode Channel cannot be configured to use MIMO mode Soc Classification level 58 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Connection Mobility Control: Handover Types • Intra-RAT handover – Intra eNodeB and Inter eNodeB handover – Above handovers can also be Inter-frequency handovers (RL20) i.e. to support different frequency bands and deployments within one frequency band but with different center frequencies
– Data forwarding over X2 for inter eNodeB HO – HO via S1 interface (RL20): HO in case of no X2 interface configured between serving eNB and target eNB
• Inter-RAT handover – – – –
LTE to WCDMA: RL30 WCDMA to LTE: RL40 LTE to CDMA2000: RL40 (CDMA2000 to LTE not assigned) LTE GSM and GSM LTE: not assigned
Soc Classification level 59 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
RL20
Intra LTE Handover via S1 Extended mobility option to X2 handover • Applicable for intra and inter frequency HO • DL Data forwarding via S1 • Handover in case of – no X2 interface between eNodeBs, e.g. not operative, not existing or because blacklisted usage
– eNodeBs connected to different CN elements
• Not visible for the UE is HO is executed via X2 or S1 interface • MME and/or SGW can be changed during HO (i.e. if source and target eNodeB belong to different MME/S-GW)
Soc Classification level 60 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Feature ID(s): LTE54
RL20
Inter Frequency Handover Multi-band mobility • Network controlled and UE assisted • UE needs to support both bands and inter-frequency HO
• Event triggered based on DL measurement RSRP and RSRQ
• Inter frequency measurements triggered by events A1/A2
• Operator configurable thresholds for coverage based (A5), best cell based (A3) handover • Service continuity for LTE deployment in different frequency bands as well as for LTE deployments within one frequency band but with different center frequencies • Blacklists Soc Classification level 61 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Feature ID(s): LTE55 Presentation / Author / Date
RL30
Inter RAT Handover to WCDMA • Coverage based inter-RAT PS handover • Only for multimode devices supporting LTE and WCDMA
• Event triggered handover based on DL measurement RSRP (reference signal received power)
• Operator configurable RSRP threshold • Network evaluated HO decision • Target cells are operator configurable • Blacklisting • eNB initiates handover via EPC (S1 interface used) • CPICH EcNo or RSCP of WCDMA cells is measured previous to the HO
Soc Classification level 62 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Feature ID(s): LTE56 Presentation / Author / Date
RL30
eNACC to GSM Network Assisted Cell Change to GSM Service continuity to GSM
• Network change from LTE to GSM in RRC Connected Mode when LTE coverage (RSRP) is ending
• Prior to actual reselection process the measurements of 2G network are triggered
• Only applicable for NACC capable devices
• Inter RAT measurements triggered by events A1/A2
• Operator configurable handover threshold
• Target cells for IRAT measurements can be configured by the operator
• Blacklisting of target cells is supported Soc Classification level 63 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Feature ID(s): LTE442
LTE Performance
Soc Classification level 64 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Downlink and Uplink Spectral efficiency • LTE Spectrum Requirement: Capacity 2-4 times bigger than with HSPA R6 baseline
• Downlink spectral efficiency shown to • Uplink spectral efficiency shown to be be 3 x HSPA R6 (=UTRA baseline), which was the target of LTE
Soc Classification level 65 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
>2 x HSPA R6, which was the target of LTE
Key Features for LTE Downlink Spectral Efficiency Compared to HSPA R6
OFDM with frequency domain equalization
+20..70%
MIMO = combined use of 2 tx and 2 rx antennas
+20%
Compared to single antenna BTS tx and 2-rx terminal
Frequency domain packet scheduling
+40%
Not feasible in HSPA due to cdma modulation
Inter-cell interference rejection combining or cancellation
+10%
Possible also in HSPA but better performance in OFDM solution
Total gain
up to 3.1x
Soc Classification level 66 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Due to orthogonality
LTE Efficiency vs. Bandwidth • •
LTE maintains high efficiency with bandwidth down to 5 MHz The differences between bandwidths come from frequency scheduling gain and different overheads Spectral Efficiency Relative to 10 MHz 120 % 100 %
-40%
-13%
Downlink Uplink
Reference
80 % 60 % 40 % 20 % 0% 1.4 MHz Soc Classification level 67 © Nokia Siemens Networks
3 MHz
Presentation / Author / Date
5 MHz
10 MHz
20 MHz
LTE Peak Data Rates •
Downlink: Peak Rate 172 Mbps with 2x2 MIMO and 20 MHz Modulation coding QPSK 1/2 Single stream 16QAM 1/2 Single stream 16QAM 3/4 Single stream 64QAM 3/4 Single stream 64QAM 4/4 Single stream 64QAM 3/4 2x2 MIMO 64QAM 1/1 2x2 MIMO 64QAM 1/1 4x4 MIMO
•
1.4 MHz 0.7 1.4 2.2 3.3 4.3 6.6 8.8 16.6
3.0 MHz 2.1 4.1 6.2 9.3 12.4 18.9 25.3 47.7
5.0 MHz 3.5 7.0 10.5 15.7 21.0 31.9 42.5 80.3
10 MHz 7.0 14.1 21.1 31.7 42.3 64.3 85.7 161.9
15 MHz 10.6 21.2 31.8 47.7 63.6 96.7 128.9 243.5
20 MHz 14.1 28.3 42.4 63.6 84.9 129.1 172.1 325.1
Uplink: Peak Rate 57 Mbps with 20 MHz and 16QAM Modulation coding QPSK 1/2 Single stream 16QAM 1/2 Single stream 16QAM 3/4 Single stream 16QAM 1/1 Single stream 64QAM 3/4 Single stream 64QAM 1/1 Single stream 64QAM 1/1 V-MIMO (cell)
Soc Classification level 68 © Nokia Siemens Networks
1.4 MHz 0.7 1.4 2.2 2.9 3.2 4.3 8.6
Presentation / Author / Date
3.0 MHz 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.1 9.1 12.1 24.2
5.0 MHz 3.5 6.9 10.4 13.8 15.6 20.7 41.5
10 MHz 7.1 14.1 21.2 28.2 31.8 42.3 84.7
15 MHz 10.8 21.6 32.4 43.2 48.6 64.8 129.6
20 MHz 14.3 28.5 42.8 57.0 64.2 85.5 171.1
RL10
Bandwidth 5 MHz 10 MHz and 20 MHz Efficient RF band utilization for most typical start up sites 20 MHz BW for highest capacity for commercial LTE network
• Maximum Peak Layer 1 Rates to one user according to 3GPP specifications and UE capability Downlink [Mbit/s per cell] Modulation QPSK 16QAM 64QAM 64QAM
LTE cell bandwidth Resource blocks MIMO usage
1.4 MHz
Single stream Single stream Single stream 2x2 MIMO
3.0 MHz
5.0 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz 75
20 MHz
6
15
25
50
100
0.9 1.9 4.4 8.8
2.3 5.0 11.1 22.2
4.0 8.0 18.3 36.7
8.0 16.4 36.7 73.7
11.8 24.5 55.1 110.1
15.8 32.9 75.4 149.8
3.0 MHz
5.0 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
25
50
75
4.4 11.4
8.8 22.9
13.0 35.2
Uplink [Mbit/s per cell] LTE cell bandwidth Resource blocks Modulation QPSK 16QAM
1.4 MHz
MIMO usage Single stream Single stream
6 1.0 2.8
15 2.7 7.0
Feature IDs: LTE115 (5 MHz) , LTE114 (10 MHz) , LTE112 (20 MHz) Soc Classification level 69 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
100 17.6 46.9
Single user Peak and Average Throughputs Example of Trial Results (Etisalat, RL10) Downlink UDP
• More results about this and other trials can be found in IMS: https://sharenetims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/ Open/416686784
Uplink UDP
Note: Poor condition was not achieved during the test due to sudden increase in the SINR during testing session
Soc Classification level 70 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
LTE 2.6 GHz; 20MHz bandwidth
DL TCP Peak and Average sector throughputs Example of Trial Results (Etisalat, RL10)
Soc Classification level 71 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
LTE 2.6 GHz; 20MHz bandwidth
UL TCP Peak and Average sector throughputs Example of Trial Results (Etisalat, RL10)
LTE 2.6 GHz; 20MHz bandwidth Soc Classification level 72 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Latencies Example of Trial Results (3HK, October 2010) • User plane latencies for different ping sizes: 32 Bytes, 1000 Bytes and 1500 Bytes • Full report: https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Open/416686784 • LTE 2.6 GHz; 10MHz bandwidth (RL10) SINR Range (dB) Cell centre Cell middle Cell edge
FT_03.3-4 Latency Ping
45
15 <= SINR <25 10<= SINR <15 0<=SINR <10
Max of RTT (ms) 42
40
37
35
37
33 31
30 30
28 26
25
26
26
27
26
Ping size
24
25
32B 1000B 1500B
22
20 15 10
10
10
10 5 0 cell centre
cell middle
edge
cell centre
Non-scheduled
Pre-scheduled Schedule mode Location
Soc Classification level 73 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
cell middle
edge
Cell Range Coverage • Low Bands and FDD are best for Coverage
Soc Classification level 74 © Nokia Siemens Networks
BS antenna height [m] MS antenna height [m] Standard Deviation [dB] Location Probability Slow Fading Margin [dB] Correction factor [dB] Indoor loss [dB]
30 1.5 8.0 95 %
8.8 -5 15
LTE Terminals
Soc Classification level 75 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
LTE UE Categories • • •
All categories support 20 MHz 64QAM mandatory in downlink, but not in uplink (except Class 5) 2x2 MIMO mandatory in other classes except Class 1
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Class 5
10/5 Mbps
50/25 Mbps
100/50 Mbps
150/50 Mbps
300/75 Mbps
RF bandwidth
20 MHz
20 MHz
20 MHz
20 MHz
20 MHz
Modulation DL
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
Modulation UL
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
64QAM
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
1-4 Tx
1-4 Tx
1-4 Tx
1-4 Tx
1-4 Tx
Optional
2x2
2x2
2x2
4x4
Peak rate DL/UL
Rx diversity BTS Tx diversity MIMO DL
Soc Classification level 76 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
LTE modems (widely used in trials)
LG USB Modem (Cat 3)
Link to LG-G7 configuration:
Link to LG-LD100 configuration:
https://twiki.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks. com/bin/view/LTESyVe/LG-G7
https://twiki.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks. com/bin/view/LTESyVe/LG-LD100
Samsung USB Modem https://twiki.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks. com/bin/view/LTESyVe/LG-G7
Soc Classification level 77 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
LTE end user device examples
Samsung B3730 2600 LTE LTE/HSPA/EDGE E.g. TeliaSonera
Pantech UML290 USB modem 700 LTE LTE/EVDO Verizon
L-02C USB-modem 2100 LTE LTE/HSPA F-06C PC Express Cards NTT DoCoMo
LG VL600 USB modem 700 LTE LTE/EVDO Verizon
Soc Classification level 78 © Nokia Siemens Networks
LG Adrenaline AD600 1700/2100/700 LTE LTE/HSPA/EDGE AT&T
Samsung Craft 1700/2100 LTE LTE/CDMA MetroPCS
Huawei E398, 2100/2600 LTE LTE/HSPA/EDGE E.g. Tele2, Telenor
AVM FRITZ!Box WLAN router 800 (1800/2600) LTE O2 Germany
Samsung TD-LTE prototype
Huawei B390 Router 800 LTE DT, O2 Germany
Many more devices coming in diverse band combinations along communication service providers requirements.
Sequans TD-LTE trial device
Samsung N350 LTE/HSPA+
LTE Radio Planning
Soc Classification level 79 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Radio Planning Process Overview
DIMENSIONING
•
DIMENSIONING: Computation of number of sites to serve certain area to fulfil customer requirements (Dim Tool)
•
NOMINAL PLANNING: Creation of a nominal Plan – Coverage planning with planning tool (i.e. Atoll, Planet) Based on coverage thresholds – Capacity analysis – Site surveys and site pre-validation
•
DETAILED PLANNING: – Capacity analysis with planning tool – Site validation – eNodeB Parameter planning (i.e. frequency, site data built with default parameters)
•
PRE-LAUNCH OPTIMISATION: Cluster acceptance – Drive test measurements, analysis and changes implementation – Data build assessment/ consistency
Nominal Planning
Detailed Planning
Pre-launch Optimisation
Soc Classification level 80 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
LTE Dimensioning
Soc Classification level 81 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Purpose and Scope • Scope of dimensioning: To define a network configuration that meets the expected traffic and service quality based on the operator’s business case
• Scope of the dimensioning tool: Calculate the number of sites required to serve certain area while fulfilling the coverage and capacity requirements. COVERAGE REQUIREMENTS: Achieve a ‘required SINR’/target cell throughput at cell edge
CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS: Serve a given traffic density
COVERAGE OUTPUT:
CAPACITY OUTPUT:
Coverage cell area
Capacity cell area
Soc Classification level 82 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Link Budget
Soc Classification level 83 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Coverage Dimensioning: Link Budget • Estimating maximum allowable path loss for a single radio link • Calculate the cell ranges for the different clutter types based on the maximum allowable path loss and on the propagation environment Transmitter/receiver end modeling
Requirements
Antenna gain, feeder/cable losses, noise figures, etc.
User data rate, system overhead, cell load, coverage reliability, BLER, number of retransmissions, etc.
Propagation environment Clutter type, propagation model, channel model, etc.
Path Loss max _UL
Path Loss max _ DL
Cell Range Soc Classification level 84 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Transmitting end modeling • EIRP: Effective Isotropic Radiated Power EIRP = PTx _ antenna + Gantenna − L feeder − LTMA ins − Lbody + GMIMO Tx Power per antenna connector: • eNodeB 8/20/40/60 W license based control • UE 23± 2dBm
Antenna Gain • 18dBi (although variable with frequency band and antenna type)
Feeder Loss (only in DL): • 0.4 dB in DL with Feederless solution • 3 dB in DL otherwise (exemplary value)
TMA (MHA) insertion loss • Only affects downlink • 0.5 dB if TMA is used
Body Loss (UE only) • 0 dB for PC cards/laptops
Soc Classification level 85 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Total power increase due to transmit diversity techniques • 3 dB in DL for 2Tx diversity if not already considered in SINR
Receiving end modeling • Receiver sensitivity Single RB bandwidth
S Rx = −174dBm / Hz + 10 ⋅ log(15kHz ⋅ 12⋅# RB) + NF + SINR Receiver bandwidth Noise power Number of Physical Resource Blocks • DL: all available in the channel bandwidth • UL: only those RBs allocated for transmission OFDMA / SC-FDMA
Thermal Noise Density: 10*log (KT)+30
Noise figure (HW specific)
DL: OFDM receiver looks at the whole bandwidth, thus all available Resource Blocks should be considered. UL: SC-FDMA receiver looks only at the allocated bandwidth, thus not all but only assigned Resource Blocks are assumed in sensitivity formula. Soc Classification level 86 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Signal to Interference Ratio • Source: link level simulations
Receiving end modeling Required SINR • Required SINR is the required signal level at the receiver compared to noise and interference • SINR requirement is obtained from link level simulations • Specific channel models are designed for OFDM link level simulation – Channel model is a way to consider UE mobility and environment in the link budget calculation
• Different SINR requirements are specified for different antenna schemes • Tool considers EPA 5Hz and ETU70Hz channel models f Doppler =
f carrier ⋅ vUE vlight
Soc Classification level 87 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Example SINR table used by the Dim Tool (parameters sheet) for the case DL 2Tx-2Rx
Example: EPA 5Hz Doppler frequency=5Hz for 1800MHz and 3km/h Presentation / Author / Date
Link Budget Example Downlink
63.5 dB
43 dBm
0.5 dB
18 dBi
0 dB
Output power per antenna connector
Losses (Cable, jumpers, …)
eNode B Antenna Gain
2Tx MIMO Gain
MAPL 160 dB
3 dB
- 98.6 dBm 2.1 dB
Path loss
EIRP Soc Classification level 88 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
-96.5 dB
IM
0 dB
UE ant. gain
0 dB
UE body loss
Receiver Sensitivity
Dimensioning Tool V2.3.4
Soc Classification level 89 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
LTE Dim Tool Overview User Interface Input parameters
• Operating band • Transmitter/receiver parameters • BLER • Propagation data • Channel model
Link Budget
• Antenna Diversity • Channel BW • Scheduler • Cell Load
•System Overhead •Required SINR (LL) •Interference (SL)
• Maximum Path loss • Cell ranges (outdoor and indoor) • Cell area, • Site-to-site distance
- Calculation
Soc Classification level 90 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Outputs
•Spectral Efficiency (SL)
Capacity dimensioning
• UL/DL sector (cell) throughputs. ONLY valid for outdoor scenarios!
• Areas • No. of Subscribers • Phases • Subscribers densities
Network dimensioning (site count) Traffic dimensioning
• For each application: • Call duration • Data rates • Protocol Overheads…
- Inputs/Outputs
Baseband dimensioning
SL: System Level Simulations LL: Link Level Simulations
Link Budget Module
Soc Classification level 91 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Link Budget Module Overview • Link Budget is calculated based on service throughput defined by the user – Cell range also considers a given service or cell edge criteria
• Link Level (LL) simulations,4GMax – Define a SINR for each MCS • System Level (SL) simulations, MoRSE – To calculate the interference margin • From v2.3.4 is possible to calculate indoor Link Budget by the inclusion of 3 different indoor propagation models:
- EIRP - RX sensitivity - Other margins (i.e. body loss, gains, interference margin)
Maximum Allowable Path Loss Propagation Propagation models: macro and indoor Coverage reliability
– WINNER A1 – COST231 Multi-Wall – ITU-R, P1238
• More information about indoor planning can be found in: – Annex D of E-UTRAN guideline: Indoor planning Soc Classification level 92 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Coverage
Presentation / Author / Date
Cell range
Site count
- Carrier frequency - eNB / UE height - Clutter specific corrections - Shadowing std. deviation
Link Budget Module General Parameters • Operating Band: – 3GPP TS 36.104 specifies 19 operating bands for FDD – Dimensioning tool generalises these to 730, 750, 800, 850, 900, 1500, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100 and 2600 MHz – Defined by customer
• RF Unit: – Flexi RF modules FDD, 20W, 30W and 40W Flexi RRH, 0.1W Femto (in RL40) – Default SW license is for 20W (FDD), using any other power has additional SW license cost – Power is referred to the power at 1 single antenna connector – Usually defined by Customer
• UE Power Class: – Defined by 3GPP Class 3: 23 dBm +/- 2 dBm.
• Channel Bandwidth: – 3GPP TS 36.104 specifies values of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz – Defined by customer. Note: RL10 supports 5, 10 and 20 MHz; Soc Classification level 93 © Nokia Siemens Networks
RL20/RL30 additionally support 15MHz Presentation / Author / Date
Link Budget Module Transmitting End Tx Power per Antenna [dBm]
• DL: eNodeB – Automatically updated by the tool when selecting the flexi RF module in General Parameters
Antenna Gain [dBi] • DL: eNodeB – Antenna gain changes with the antenna type and frequency band
– Common value: 18 dBi directional antenna
– Typical value: 43dBm (20W)
• UL: UE – Automatically updated by the tool when selecting the UE Power Class in General Parameters
– Typical value: 23dBm (UE Class 3)
• UL: UE - 0 dBi for UE antenna - CPEs: Variable gains Soc Classification level 94 © Nokia Siemens Networks
- Outdoor: 14 dBi - Indoor: 2 dBi Presentation / Author / Date
Link Budget Module Transmitting End Feeder Loss [dB] • 0.4 dB if Feederless solution (jumper looses) • 2 dB feeder solution w/o TMA • 2.4 dB if feeders with TMA used (2 dB feeders + 0.4dB additional jumpers for TMA). Automatically updated if TMA is enabled
TMA (MHA) Insertion Loss [dB] • 0.5 dB assumed if TMA in use, otherwise 0 dB. Editable from parameters worksheet • only considered in calculations if TMA is enabled • No TMA used with feederless solution
Body Loss [dB] (only UL) • UE: 0 dB (data user) and 2-3dB (VoIP users) • Otherwise (card) : 0dB
User EIRP [dBm] EIRP: Tx Power per Antenna + Antenna Gain – Feeder Loss – TMA Insertion Loss (if TMA is present) + Total Tx Power Increase
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Presentation / Author / Date
Rooftop Model site pricing comparison – Feederless and feeder solution performance differences Feederless Solution
Feeder solution
Feeder solution
(with <=15m 7/8” cables)
(with >=20m 7/8” cables + MHA)
Downlink Uplink 39W e.g.142 dB
LTE DL Loss 0.4 dB
UL Loss 0.4 dB
0.4 dB
Downlink Uplink 21.5W e.g.142 dB
Downlink Uplink 32W e.g.142 dB
LTE
LTE
0.4 dB 0.4 dB
43W Carrier in eNB
141.6dB ~1.23 km ~2.94sqkm
DL RF power lost in antenna line 43W – 0.4dB = 39W (or 2 x 19.5W) -10% when using feederless
Feederless provides: Higher capacity Higher coverage Better overall RF performance Less sites Soc Classification level 96 © Nokia Siemens Networks
DL Loss 1.3 dB (1.8dB)
UL Loss 1.3 dB (1.8dB)
0.5-1 dB
MHA
DL Loss 3.0 dB
UL Loss 0 dB
0.4 dB >1.2 dB
7/8” 2.1.GHz 0.5 dB =7.5m 1 dB = 15m
0.4 dB
0.5 dB
0.4 dB
43W 140.7 dB Carrier in eNB
1.16 km, 2.6 km2 (2.45 sqkm)
DL RF power lost in antenna line 43W – 1.3dB = 32W (or 2 x 16W) -25% when 7/8” cable 7.5m UL site area degradation vs. feederless -12% when 7/8” cable 7.5 m -17% when 7/8” cable 15 m Presentation / Author / Date
43W ~142 dB Carrier in eNB DL RF power lost in antenna line 43W – 3dB = 21.5W (or 2 x 10.75W) -44% when 7/8” cable 20m UL site area can be slightly higher than with feederless, but depends on antenna line quality
Link Budget Module Receiving End Noise Figure [dB] • NF depends on the receiver equipment design and represents the additive noise generated by various HW components
DL: UE – Default value: 7dB (pessimistic) UL: eNodeB – Automatically updated by the tool. – Default values can be changed in the corresponding table inside the parameter sheet (see previous slide)
– Default values: 2 dB for eNodeB (FDD HW with TMA) 2.2 dB for eNodeB (FDD HW w/o TMA) 2.8 dB for eNodeB (TD-LTE HW with TMA)
3 dB for eNodeB (TD-LTE HW w/o TMA) Soc Classification level 97 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Additional Gains [dB] – Possibility of considering additional gains or losses. In case of additional losses the number entered must be negative
– Default value: 0dB
Link Budget Module System Overhead • Overheads are automatically calculated by the tool and indicate how many resources are left for user data
• Total Number of PRBs per TTI: Depends on the available BW 1.4 MHz: 6 RBs 3 MHz: 15 RBs 5 MHz: 25 RBs 10 MHz: 50 RBs 15 MHz: 75 RBs 20 MHz: 100 RBs
• NOTE: The eNodeB scheduler works with TTI (Transmission Time Intervals). Therefore, within the dimensioning tool context, the term RB is referred to 1ms (TTI) rather than 0.5ms periods as per the standard. RB within this context should be understood as a ‘scheduling resource block’ of 1ms interval in time domain and 12 subcarriers in frequency domain Soc Classification level 98 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Link Budget Module System Overhead • Cyclic Prefix (CP): – Two options: Normal: 7 symbols/slot; 7x12: 84 RE per RB Extended: 6 symbols/ slot; 6x12: 72 RE per RB – Default: Normal – Extended CP Not common dimensioning case. Currently not supported. Use in cells with long delay spread
• Number of OFDM symbols per subframe: – Depends on the type of CP selected Normal: 7 symbols per slot x 2 slots per subframe :14 symbols Extended: 6 symbols per slot x 2 slots per subframe: 12 symbols
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• Number of PDCCH Symbols per Subframe – PDCCH carries Downlink Control – – – –
Information (DCI) Signalled by the PCFICH under the indication of the eNodeB RRM Based on number of active connections (increase in active connections = increase in PDCCH signalling) Automatically updated by the tool when selecting the Bandwidth Possible values: 1 to 4 PDCCH symbols Dimensioning recommendation: 3 PDCCH symbols per frame
Link Budget Module System Overhead • Number of PRBs for PUCCH – PUCCH carries the Uplink Control Information (UCI) i.e. scheduling requests, HARQ ACK/NACKS, CQI and MIMO information (Rank Indication and Precoding Matrix Indication) – PUCCH PRBs are always allocated at the edges of the channel bandwidth to avoid fragmenting PRBs allocated to PUSCH – Automatically updated by the tool when selecting the Bandwidth – Recommendation (used by tool) 1 PUCCH PRB in 1.4 MHz bandwidth 2 PUCCH PRBs in 3 and 5 MHz bandwidth 4 PUCCH PRBs in 10 MHz bandwidth 6 PUCCH PRBs in 15 MHz bandwidth 8 PUCCH PRBs in 20 MHz bandwidth The scope of RACH Density and Number of PRBs for PUCCH in the tool is to calculate UL overheads Soc Classification level 100 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
• RACH Density for 10ms (frame) – RACH resources occupy 6PRB in frequency domain (1.08MHz) and can occupy 1, 2 or 3 subframes (ms) in time domain – Density indicates how many RACH resources are used per 10ms frame and it is part of the different preamble configurations – Recommended: 1 (1 RACH resource per frame)
Link Budget Module System Overhead Downlink Reference Signal - If 1 Tx antenna: 4 Reference Signals per RB - If 2 Tx antenna, there are 8 Reference Signals per Resource Block - If 4 Tx antenna, there are 12 Reference Signals per Resource Block Example below: Normal CP (84 RE) and 2Tx antenna, overhead = 8 / 84= 9.52 %
Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) - Occupies 144 Resource Elements per frame (20 timeslots) I.e. (62 subcarriers +10 DTx) x 2 times/frame Example below: Normal CP and 2Tx antenna, overhead = 144 / (84 × 20 × 50) = 0.17 %
Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) – Identical calculation to PSS
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Presentation / Author / Date
Link Budget Module System Overhead Downlink PDCCH, PCFICH and PHICH - The combination of PDCCH, PCFICH and PHICH is able to occupy the first 1, 2 or 3 time domain symbols per TTI - The number of RE occupied per 1 ms TTI is given by (12 × y – x), where: • y depends upon the number of occupied time domain symbols per TTI (1, 2 or 3) • x depends upon the number of RE already occupied by the Reference Signal x = 2 for 1 transmit antenna x = 4 for 2 transmit antenna x = 4 for 4 transmit antenna when y = 1 x = 8 for 4 transmit antenna when y = 2 or 3 Example in screen shot illustrates the case for normal CP, 2 Tx and the first 3 time domain symbols occupied: overhead = (12 × 3 - 4) / (12 × 7 × 2) = 19.05%
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Link Budget Module System Overhead Uplink Reference Signal • The ‘Demodulation Reference Signal is sent within the 4th time domain RE of each RB occupied by the PUSCH • Occupies all RBs not used by the PUCCH. For a 1.4 MHz Channel Bandwidth, the PUCCH occupies 1 RB per Slot. The number of RE per RB is 84 when using the normal CP. This means the overhead generated by the Ref. Signal is (5 × 12)/(6 × 84) = 11.9 % • For the normal cyclic prefix: Channel BW 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
Soc Classification level 103 © Nokia Siemens Networks
PUCCH RB/slot 1 2 2 4 6 8
Presentation / Author / Date
Overhead ((6-1) × 12) / (6 × 84) = 11.9 % ((15-2) × 12) / (15 × 84) = 12.38 % ((25-2) × 12) / (25 × 84) = 13.14 % ((50-4) × 12) / (50 × 84) = 13.14 % ((75-6) × 12) / (75 × 84) = 13.14 % ((100-8) × 12) / (100 × 84) = 13.14 %
Link Budget Module System Overhead Uplink PRACH • PRACH uses 6 Resource Blocks in the frequency domain. • The location of those resource blocks is dynamic. Two parameters from RRC layer define it: – PRACH Configuration Index: for Timing, selecting between 1 of 4 PRACH durations and defining if PRACH preambles can be send in any radio frame or only in even numbered ones – PRACH Frequency offset: Defines the location in frequency domain • PRACH overhead is calculated as: 6RBs * RACH Density / (#RB per TTI)* 10 TTIs per frame – RACH density: how often are RACH resources reserved per 10 ms frame i.e. for RACH density: 1 (RACH resource reserved once per frame) Channel BW 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
Soc Classification level 104 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Overhead (6 × 1) / (6 × 10) = 10 % (6 × 1) / (15 × 10) = 4 % (6 × 1) / (25 × 10) = 2.40 % (6 × 1) / (50 × 10) = 1.20 % (6 × 1) / (75 × 10) = 0.8 % (6 × 1) / (100 × 10) = 0.6 %
Presentation / Author / Date
Link Budget Module System Overhead Uplink PUCCH • Ratio between the number of RBs used for PUCCH and the total number of RBs in frequency domain per TTI Channel BW 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
PUCCH RB/slot 1 2 2 4 6 8
Overhead 1 / 6 = 16.67 % 2 / 15 = 13.33 % 2 / 25 = 8 % 4 / 50 = 8 % 6 / 75 = 8 % 8 / 100 = 8%
Additional Overhead (%) • Tool allows to consider additional overheads not included in the overhead section
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Link Budget Module Capacity
• Modulation and Coding Scheme – 3GPP TS 36.211 specifies modulation schemes of QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM for the Physical DL and UL Shared Channel
– Tool automatically selects the best possible MCS for DL and UL (automatic link adaptation) maximizing the MAPL for a certain Cell Edge User Throughput
• Service Type – Two possible options: Data AMR for different codecs (VoIP) – Default: Data – Typical dimensioning cases will be for data. However, customer may require specific dimensioning for VoIP: v 2.3.4 offers the possibility to do the dimensioning for VoIP as cell-edge service. Default in this case is: AMR12.2
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Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) 3GPP TS 36.213 specifies tables to: • link the MCS Index to a Modulation Order (modulation type) and TBS Index • link the TBS Index to a Transport Block Size (TBS) for a specific number of Physical Resource Blocks (PRB) Only a subset of the complete table (3GPP TS 36.213 specifies 110 columns)
High MCS corresponds to high throughput Soc Classification level 107 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Modulation Order 2 ≡ QPSK 4 ≡ 16QAM 6 ≡ 64QAM
Link Budget Module Capacity
• Cell Edge User Throughput (kbps) – Target throughput requirement to be achieved at the cell edge; minimum single UE throughput requirement. Determines the service that can be provided at the cell border.
– It can limit the MCS to be used if the required cell edge user throughput is higher than the Max MCS Throughput
– Normally customer requirement – Tool automatically updates the MCS each time a different cell edge user throughput value is entered.
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Link Budget Module Capacity: VoIP Dimensioning • • •
Default scenario for VoIP dimensioning is represented in scenario 2 of the tool Service Type: AMR + codec Cell Edge User Throughput: automatically updated based on codec according to values in the VoIP worksheet of the tool • VoIP Layer 2 Segmentation Order (UL) RL30: – Divides packets into segments on L2. Each segment is transmitted in a smaller Transport Block than the original one. MCS can be more robust and VoIP coverage increases – Capacity decreases and cell edge user throughput is automatically adjusted because the additional RLC/MAC overhead – Not to be used together with TTI bundling (RL40)
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Link Budget Module Capacity
•
Residual BLER/Number of Transmissions: –
– – –
Defines the number of HARQ transmissions and a residual BLER after the last transmission Recommended value (data): 10% at 1st transmission because of the nature of link adaptation Recommended value (VoIP): 1% after the 4th transmission Tool also considers the possibility of BLER 1% and 2% at 2nd, 3rd and 4th transmissions but its use is only recommended in particular cases not strictly related to an RFQ dimensioning (e.g. comparison between LTE and GSM/UMTS link budgets on lower frequency bands or to show the potential of HARQ gain)
Soc Classification level 110 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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Link Budget Module Capacity: Number of PRBs per User TBS set • Number of user data bits transmitted to single user during one TTI (1 ms) • Transport Block occupies two resource blocks in time domain MCS = 10-16QAM TBS_index = 9
Air Interface User Throughput = 384 / (100% - 10%) = 427 kbps …search for TBS in ITBS9 >= Air Interface #RB_used = 3 TBS = 456 bits 456 bits / TTI = 456 bits / 1 ms = 456 kbps >= 427 kbps Conclusion: # RB used= 3
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Link Budget Module Capacity Channel Usage per TTI • Resource utilization by the user: how •
many PRBs are allocated for PDSCH/PUSCH Ratio between Number of RB per User and Total number of RB available in the frequency domain
Transport Block Size for PDSCH/PUSCH • Defined by cell edge throughput and •
BLER requirements Determines the Number of RBs per User
Modulation Efficiency • Transmitted bits per modulated symbol
CR =
TBS # RB⋅# RE ⋅ (1 − overhead ) ⋅ M order
TBS: transport block size [bits]
Effective Coding Rate • Coding rate applied on PDSCH/PUSCH with respect to the allocated resource blocks, TBS and overheads Soc Classification level 112 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Overhead: system overhead Modulation order: QPSK=2, 16QAM=4, 64QAM=6 #RE per RB: 168 normal CP, 144 extended CP
Link Budget Module Channel Channel Model Link level simulation results available for: • Enhanced Pedestrian A 5Hz (EPA 05) propagation channel: 5Hz Doppler shift (low speed mobiles) • Enhanced Typical Urban (ETU70) propagation channel: 70Hz Doppler shift valid for higher speed mobiles (>30km/h) Doppler Freq = Carrier Freq * UE Speed / Speed Of Light E.g. If 2000MHz frequency band then 5Hz Doppler shift corresponds roughly to 3km/h
Antenna Configuration • DL: 2Tx -2Rx refers to single stream 2x2 MIMO (transmit diversity only) because at cell edge is not likely to have Spatial Multiplexing (SM) • When calculating capacities MIMO Spatial Multiplexing is considered • UL: 2Rx is the default option in Flexi eNB Soc Classification level 113 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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Link Budget Module Channel
Note: in 3GPP terminology, CL TxDiv is regarded as a variant of spatial multiplexing (single layer)
Tx/Rx Algorithm at eNB • Allows to select the type of transmit diversity to be considered in calculations: Open Loop ( OL TxDiv) or Closed Loop (CL TxDiv)
• Both algorithms send one code word through the 2Tx using a pre-coding matrix when generating the info that goes through each antenna Tx.
• In CL pre-coding matrix is based on feedback provided by UE (optimal for the radio conditions)
• OL lacks the UE feedback therefore pre-coding matrix is always the same • Benefits: Improved cell edge performance (respect OL) i.e. better DL MAPL and better capacity
• Recommendation: Select OL TxDiv (SFCB) if dimensioning is to be aligned with RL10, otherwise (RL20 or RL30) select CL TxDiv (with PMI) as it provides better cell capacity results
Soc Classification level 114 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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Link Budget Module Channel FDPS (Frequency Domain Packet Scheduler) Type DL : Channel aware/ Channel unaware
• NSNs DL scheduler is channel aware (i.e. Proportional Fair in time and frequency domain) • Round Robin is the reference case in the tool for the FDPS channel aware gains UL : Channel unaware/ Interference aware (from RL30)
• Interference aware scheduler (IAS) improves the UL coverage based on IM value such as: – IM<=1 then IAS gain=0 – IM>1 then IAS gain=1, reflected in field FDPS gain field • Channel aware in UL is currently planned for RL40
FDPS Gain • Round Robin is the reference case in the tool for the FDPS channel aware gain
• Depends on the required capacity per user • FDPS Gain table specified for a 10MHz bandwidth. A scaling factor is applied for other bandwidths Soc Classification level 115 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Link Budget Module Channel DL Power Boosting and PDSCH Power Penalties • RL30 feature affecting the PCFICH, PHICH and cell specific Reference signal • It is possible to boost the power of REs carrying the above control channels respect the REs carrying PDSCH
• Benefits: better detection of PCFICH, higher reliability of ACK/NACK and better channel estimation from the RS ( i.e. may improve handover)
• Cons: It reduces the power of the REs carrying PDCCH/PDSCH • Recommendation: Off , however if it needs to be ‘On’ the effects in LiBu are small i.e. small reduction in DL MAPL that normally is not the limiting factor
• Below penalties are applied on PDSCH if DL power boosting is ‘on’
Soc Classification level 116 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Link Budget Module Channel Number of Users per TTI (Loaded cell)
• Ratio between total number of RB available in the frequency domain and Number of RB per User
• Maximum number of users (100% load =100% resource utilization) which can be scheduled in the frequency domain in a single TTI are:
• 1.4 MHz: 1 • 3 MHz: 3 • 5 MHz: 7
• 10MHz:10 • 15 MHz: 15 • 20 MHz: 20
HARQ Gain • Only applicable when using retransmissions • Gain is the SINR delta between the required SINR for BLER 10% after 1st transmission and the required SINR to achieve the required BLER Soc Classification level 117 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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Link Budget Module Channel Required SINR @ BLER10% • Value comes from system level simulations (SINR tables in the Parameters Sheet) • Values is for 10% BLER after 1st Transmission • In order to get the required SINR, the following inputs must be determined: Modulation and Coding Scheme Number of resource blocks Antenna scheme Channel model
Soc Classification level 118 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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Link Budget Module Channel Coding Rate Offset [dB]
• It compensates for SINR differences between the particular link budget case and the simulated one (link level).
• Defined as: – SINR for the effective coding rate – min required SINR
Required SINR at Cell Edge [dB]
• Required signal level at the receiver
Maximum SINR at Cell Edge [dB]
compared to noise and interference in • Obtained from SL simulations (MoRSE SL simulation for 3GPP Macro Case 1 order to achieve the desired cell edge (ISD=500m) represents the 10th throughput requirement percentile of the SINR CDF • Final SINR at the cell edge taking into • Input in the Interference Margin account possible gains (e.g. FDPS Formula gain and HARQ gain) and the coding rate offset Soc Classification level 119 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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Link Budget Module Channel Cell Load (%)
• Cell load represents the resource utilization in terms of RBs • It refers to neighbour cells: no information about own cell load is considered in LiBu as intra-cell interference is not taken into account
• Affects the Interference Margin (IM) – High neighbour cell load increases the IM that in terms reduces the MAPL
• Affects also the cell capacity as cell load is related to the resource utilization and to the inter-cell interference level
• Recommended value: 50% (subject to change in future LTE releases) • Customer may provide this value • UL and DL cell load can have different values
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Link Budget Module Channel Interference Margin (IM) • Relation between signals received with and without interference • DL: IM is defined by analytical methods (formula below) • UL: value is taken from simulations due to non-deterministic user’s distribution • Tool offers additional possibility of entering user defined values for DL and UL • The DL Interference Margin is defined as -10 LOG(1 – Load) where load is defined by:
Load = 10
Req.SINR at Cell Edge 10
× Cell Load ×10
−
Max. SINR at Cell Edge 10
• From the formula above it shall be noted that Interference Margin is a function of required SINR, Cell Load and Maximum SINR at cell edge
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Link Budget Module Channel Receiver Sensitivity [dBm] • Gives and indication of receiver’s ability for detection of low level signals Single RB bandwidth
S Rx = − 174 dBm / Hz + 10 ⋅ log( 15 kHz ⋅ 12 ⋅# RB ) + NF + SINR Receiver bandwidth Noise power
Maximum Allowable Path Loss [dB] • Maximum allowable attenuation of the radio wave traversing the air interface • Excludes clutter data (e.g. penetration looses, propagation data) – Tx EIRP – Rx Sensitivity + Rx Ant. Gain + Additional Gains - Interference Margin Body Losses
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Link Budget Module Propagation Model: Macro Case General Information
• Tool considers three deployment classes each one refers to a certain BTS Antenna Height [m], Average Penetration Loss [dB], Combined Standard Deviation [dB] and Cell Edge Probability [%]
• User can select one of these deployment class or enter the values manually MS Antenna Height [m]
BTS Antenna Height [m]
• Default: 1.5 m
• Default: 30 m
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Link Budget Module Propagation Model: Macro Case Average Penetration Loss (dB) • Depends on clutter type and frequency band • Recommendation: If not provided by values use the default ones according to the deployment scenario selected
•
Note: Default values are calculated for the reference of 1500 ≤ f ≤ 2600MHz. If using lower frequency bands these values are automatically corrected by a delta as per the graph below. This will have a big impact in the site count results!
Delta values: • - 4dB for f < 700MHz • - 2dB for 700MHz <= f < 1500MHz • +1dB for 2600MHz < f <= 3600MHz • +2dB for f > 3600MHz
Soc Classification level 124 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Link Budget Module Propagation Model: Macro Case Combined Standard Deviation (dB) • Combined slow fading standard deviation
2 2 σindoor = σoutdoor + σbuilding
Location Probability (%) • Probability for a user to be located in the cell area or at the cell edge Log Normal Fade Margin (dB) • Also Shadow Fading Margin or Slow Fading Margin • Difference between the signal level necessary to cover the cell with a certain probability of coverage and the average signal level at the cell edge • Calculated using the standard deviation and location probability requirement
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Link Budget Module Propagation Model: Macro Case Gain Against Shadowing (multi cell coverage) • Since the UE can be standing at the edge of two or more cells the slow fading margin can be smaller because only one of the cells needs to be offering sufficient signal strength at any point in time • Automatically calculated by the tool. Computation based on modified Jake’s formula Maximum Allowable Path Loss [dB] (clutter considered) • Propagation data is included in the calculation •
MAPL (clutter not considered) – Penetration Losses – Fading Margin + Gain Against Shadowing
• Base for cell range calculations
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Link Budget Module Propagation Model: Macro Case Propagation Model • Tool offers the possibility of two propagation models: – Cost 231 Model (one and two slopes) – User Defined • Recommended input: Cost 231/two slopes for all clutter types unless the customer provides the propagation model data
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Link Budget Module Propagation Model: Macro Case
• Modified Cost231-Hata
• Clutter correction Factors
f h h d L = A + B log − 13.82log BS − a MS + s log + Lclutter MHz km m m Frequency
A
B
150-1500 MHz
69.55
26.16
1500-2000MHz
46.3
33.9
• UE Height Correction Factors 3.2[lg(11.75hMS )]2 − 4.97 DU,U a(hMS ) = [1.1lg(f ) − 0.7]hMS − [1.56 lg(f ) − 0.8] SU,R
•
Slopes
hBS d ≥ 1km 44.9 − 6.55log m , s= 47.88 + 13.9log f − 13.82log hBS × 1 , d < 1km MHz m log50
Soc Classification level 128 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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L clutter
3 0 2 f − ⋅ + 2 lg 5 . 4 = 28 − 4.78[lg(f )]2 − 18.33 log(f ) + 40.94 − 4.78[lg(f )]2 − 18.33 log(f ) + 35.94
( (
DU U SU
) )
RURAL ROAD
• One slope for d>= 1km and two slopes for d<1km • Two slope is an extension of one slope model for d<1km – If cell range >1km results are the same for one slope and two slope models (same formula used) – If cell range <1 km then two slope model provides better results
• Recommended value: 2 slopes for all clutter types
Link Budget Module Site Count: Macro Case Cell Range • Calculated based on the modified Cost231-Hata formula for each clutter type: d f h h L = A + B log − 13.82log BS − a MS + s log + Lclutter MHz m m km
Site Layout Options: • Omni • 6 sectors • 3-sector antenna BW> 90o • 3-sector antenna BW<= 90o (default)
Additional information provided by the tool: • Cell area (km2) • Site area (km2) • Inter Site Distance (km)
Deployment Area (sq Km) • Rough site count estimation, considering ONLY the coverage conditions, not the capacity constraints. For a full (coverage and capacity) dimensioning refer to the figures in the site count sheet
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Capacity Module
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Capacity Calculations • DL/UL Cell throughput automatically calculated by tool • Algorithm calculates the Average Cell throughput (capacity) for a single cell • Capacity is based on: • System Level simulations (spectral efficiency) for 800MHz, 2100MHz and 2600MHz to cover for different bands
• LiBu inputs: operating band, channel bandwidth, channel model, cell load, scheduler and inter-site distance (ISD).
• Possible to select also the MIMO settings and % of PRB utilization in the victim cell • Cell load represents the load of the neighbour cells as per Link budget cell load. Values lower than 100% will provide better throughputs as the interference will be lower
• Load in victim cell is considered by default 100% ( i.e. 100% PRB utilization) as it provides better throughputs. It is not recommended to change this value
• The Deployment class should be aligned with the one in the LiBu ( i.e. basic/mature or high end)
Soc Classification level 131 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Capacity Calculations Methodology • Four representative site grids (defined by the inter site distance) have been simulated in dynamic system level environment (MoRSE) for 800, 2100 and 2600MHz bands
• UL & DL spectral efficiency figures have been gathered for all available channel bandwidth configurations (1.4 … 20 MHz) and for three scenarios according to the penetration losses:
– Outdoor only: 0 dB penetration loss (all UEs located outside) – Outdoor-to-Indoor Basic & Mature: penetration loss 20dB for ISD=500m,1732m; 10dB for ISD=3000m and 5dB for ISD=9000m. (UEs located in buildings)
– Outdoor-to-Indoor High End: penetration loss 20dB for ISD=500m,1732m,3000m,9000m. (UEs located in buildings)
• When the channel bandwidth and the ISD are known from the link budget scenario, the spectral efficiency is interpolated/extrapolated based on a look-up table obtained from the simulator
Soc Classification level 132 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Capacity Calculations Inputs Most capacity inputs are imported from LiBu sheet based on the scenario. Further tuning of parameters is possible: Extended UL MCS Range (RL30 onwards)
• Allows for signalling of MCS21…24 as 16QAM instead of 64QAM which improves the data rate of Category 1…4 terminals (otherwise limited to MCS20-16QAM since they don’t support 64QAM) by using larger Transport Blocks an utilizing higher coding rate with 16QAM
Soc Classification level 133 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Capacity Calculations Inputs Victim Cell Always Fully Loaded (100% PRB utilization)
•
Recommendation: Yes (100% PRB utilization) as it provides the best throughput values
6-sector Deployment
•
In a 6 sector deployment the average cell capacity per cell is lower due to the interference increase of having 6 sectors
•
Note however that the overall site capacity is higher than the 3 sector deployment
•
Default: n/a depends if link budget is done for 6 sector sites or not
Soc Classification level 134 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Capacity Calculations Outputs
• DL and UL spectral efficiency for the particular Link Budget scenario (inter-site distance and bandwidth) is calculated by interpolation with the simulated results.
Purple bars obtained from simulations. Yellow bars have been interpolated based on simulation results. Soc Classification level 135 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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Downlink Results
Effect of cell load on capacity calculations • Cell load impacts the resource utilization AND the inter-cell interference level • Simulated spectral efficiency (SE) figures consider 100% load in all cells: – Best case from the resource utilization point of view (all resources -RBs- are utilized) – Worse case from the interference point of view • Tool considers by default 100% cell load when calculating cell capacity • If cell load is other than 100% (i.e. normal case if cell load is taken from Link Budget) the final spectral efficiency/cell throughput figures in the tool reflect the improvement (by using an scaling factor) in SE/capacity due to the reduction of interference as load will be less than simulated 100% Inter-cell interference significantly impacts the average cell throughput in tight grids (interference limited scenarios) In typical noise limited scenarios (ISD >3km), the effect is neglectable
Soc Classification level 136 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Cell Capacity Calculation Example Example for ISD=500m, 10MHz, 2x2MIMO, 50% load 1. Cell capacity is estimated based on link budget scenario (ISD and channel bandwidth). MIMO gain is applied in case of 2 TX antennas at eNB. 2. Spectral efficiency figures have been simulated for 100% load case. It is needed to scale them according to the resource utilization and intercell interference level. Step1: SE = interpolate_SE(ISD, channel_bandwidth) Step2: C = SE x channel_bandwidth Step3: C = C x (1 + MIMO_gain(ISD)) Step4: C = C x load x scaling_factor(load)
Step1: interpolate_SE(500m, 10MHz) = 1.19bps/Hz Step2: C = 1.19bps/Hz x 10MHz = 11.9Mbps Step3: C = 11.9Mbps x (1+20%) = 14.28Mbps Step4: C = 14.28Mbps x 50% x 1.37 = 9.8Mbps Soc Classification level 137 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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Traffic Modelling
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Traffic Model Scope: To calculate the total amount of offered traffic data in the BH (Total Offered Traffic) Tool offers three ways to introduce traffic data based on customer inputs: 1. Import traffic from the ‘Traffic Model’ Sheet – Customer provides their own traffic model and traffic figures are entered in the Traffic Model (TM) Sheet 2. Directly enter traffic with the User Defined Option – User calculates traffic figures outside the tool and enters the total average traffic figures per user in the Site Count Sheet – Can be used if the customer provides total data figures 3. Use NSN Traffic Model (TM) – Customer doesn’t provide any traffic data. Possible to use NSN Default values in Site Count Sheet
NSN traffic model: https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Overview/413311463 Soc Classification level 139 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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Traffic Model From Traffic Model Sheet • Represent the total traffic (sum of traffic from all services) for DL and UL per user in the BH • Used as an input in the Site Count Sheet when option ‘Import from TM Sheet’ option is selected
• Tool reflects the most common inputs that define each service • By default all applications except flat rate are off. It is up to the user what applications to select
Flat Rate • Frequently used when no particular service is specified but just a generic application • Typical for operator policies offering a peak rate in the subscriber contract but assuming that not all subscribers will use the available resources simultaneously • Link: Defined for UL and DL separately • Subscription Rate: Peak data rate expected by an active user during the BH • Overbooking Factor (OF): Throughput reduction. Fraction of total throughput. OF can also be interpreted as proportion of users active and that need to be scheduled (see note for this slide) Soc Classification level 140 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Traffic Model From Traffic Model Sheet VoIP • Link: Both (default) when VoIP is part of the TM • • • •
because VoIP is a two-way application Call attempts: call attempts during BH Call Duration [s]: sum of the durations of all calls during BH Data Rate [kbps]: data rate depends on the codec Service Activity: Activity factor. Normally less than 50% since only one person talks at a time
Services listed as VoIP, Streaming, Www, etc. are examples of traffic model formats: a set of input parameters for data volume computation Since the customers provide this information in very different manner, one should choose the most appropriate format to calculate data volume
Soc Classification level 141 © Nokia Siemens Networks
1024kbps/128kbps flat rate subscription with overbooking of 25 (all subscribers use1/25th of the subscription rate or 1/25th of subscribers are using the purchased subscription flat rate)
Site Count Sheet
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Site Count Sheet Overview Calculates the total number of sites required to serve certain area while fulfilling the coverage and capacity requirements Inputs: • Population and geographical data • Subscriber distribution • Site area (from link budget) • Site capacity based on the Link Budget parameters and simulations • Average data volume per subscriber for DL and UL
Outputs: • Site count for Capacity (UL and DL) and Coverage is calculated for each clutter type and for each phase • Others: – Amount of required FSMx – Throughput per eNode B
Soc Classification level 143 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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Site Count Sheet Phase: • Population and penetration rate are normally customer inputs. Data is usually provided yearly or quarterly. • Both inputs allow for the calculation of LTE subscribers.
NOTE: If LTE subscribers are provided directly then, enter the subscribers in the population field and use 100% for penetration rate
Area Size: • Customer provided input per clutter type Geographical Subscriber Distribution: • % of subscribers for each clutter type • Customer provided input per clutter type • Together with the Area size allows for the calculation of the number of subscribers per clutter type (dense urban, urban,…) Soc Classification level 144 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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Number of Subscribers: • Subscriber distribution per clutter type • Calculated as: Total number of LTE subscribers * Geographical Subscriber Distribution
Site Count Sheet • Site Capacity is calculated based on the number of cells per site and the cell throughputs • Cell throughputs are the figures calculated in the Cell Capacity Sheet
• Number of capacity sites: Sites= Roundup(Total OfferedTraffic /Site Capacity)
• Number of coverage sites: e A r e a
Soc Classification level 145 © Nokia Siemens Networks
e a S i z e / S i
A r
(
R o u n d u p
S i t e s
=
)
Site Count Sheet Sites (Final Figure) • Total number of sites is defined by the maximum between the amount of sites needed for coverage -in blue - and for capacity (UL and DL) -in orange -: – Also calculated for all defined clutter types and phases
Soc Classification level 146 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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Site Count Sheet Baseband dimensioning • This module allows to estimate HOW MANY sites are required taking into account the HW (System Module) Limitations • Current version contains updated figures for RL10, RL15TD,RL20 and RL30.
System Module: Options: – FSME: high capacity system module – FSMD: lower capacity system module – FSMF+FBBB: only for TDD RL25TD • FSME is the only one supported by RL10/RL15TD. From RL30 is possible to use FSMD
Product Release: • As the number of supported active users per FSME module (see next slide) changes with the releases it is necessary to specify the RL xx release . • Recommended: n/a (it needs to be in line with the dimensioning/features used)
Soc Classification level 147 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Site Count Sheet Baseband dimensioning Active Subscribers • Flexi SM processing power has a strict limitation for the number of active UEs which can be handled
• UE in E-UTRAN RRC_Connected and with DRB (Data Radio Bearer) established but with or without data to be transmitted in the buffer
– Term refers to terminals actively using applications as well as those which do not need to be considered for scheduling
Share of active Subscribers • Percentage of active subscribers which should be handled by the eNB
• Share of Active Subscriber values have been calculated for each of NSN Traffic Models defined in the tool:
– Voice Dominant: 11% – Data Dominant: 40% – Voice & Data Mix: 30% • If a default traffic model is not used user should assume 30% Share of Active Subscribers for dimensioning Soc Classification level 148 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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Site Count Sheet Baseband dimensioning #Sites (Baseband) • Number of Sites required based on the number of active users: #Sites =
Subscribers x ShareOfActiveSubscribers #MaxActiveSubscribers x NoOfCellsPerSite
# Sites Final Site Count: • Maximum figure (limiting) between # sites needed for DL/UL capacity, coverage and baseband
Soc Classification level 149 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
DL/UL Throughputs per eNB (Mbps/site) • Based on the total offered traffic and the final # of sites
Dimensioning exercise
Soc Classification level 150 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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Dimensioning Exercise • Groups of 3-5 persons • Calculate the number eNodeB necessary to fulfill the coverage, capacity and HW requirements presented in the next slides
• Consider RL20 features enhancements when appropiate • Prepare to explain shortly the dimensioning methods used, results and the main difficulties you experienced
• Please notice that not all parameters are defined by the operators in these cases. You should assume reasonable values for these parameters
• Exercise based on real RFQ cases although modified to adapt to the training
Soc Classification level 151 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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Dimensioning Exercise Link Budget Data Parameter:
• Dimensioning should be
Value:
Used DL spectrum
2670-2690 MHz
Used UL spectrum
2550 -2570 MHz
Channel BW Ant. Configuration
20 MHz 2x2 MIMO in DL (RL20) 1x2 in UL 3 sectors per site
Transmitted power per antenna
20 W
Power UL
Class 3
Jumper Loss
0.5 dB
LTE Antenna
Antenna Gain: 18dBi Antenna Beam width: 65
UE Noise Figure Default COST231-Hata Area Coverage Probability User Throughput @ cell edge
8 dB Default COST231-Hata 95% DU, U, SU clutter types DL 2Mpbs, UL 512kbps 50%
Cell Load
Soc Classification level 152 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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done for RL20 i.e. considering RL20 features • Consider all UEs as unrestricted terminals of maximum data rate, at least assume class 3 terminals • Load level is defined as percentage of used resource blocks (RB) in neighbor cells transmitting at max. power • Assume Feederless solution (NSN preferred) and no TMA
Dimensioning Exercise • Geographical/Population Data for Scenario Area per clutter type Region A (Phase 1 to 3)
Target Area (Km2)
Dense Urban
Urban
Suburban
780
5%
29%
66%
Dense Urban (pop/km2)
Urban (pop/km2)
Suburban (pop/km2)
40,000
12,447
300
Density of Population Region A (Phase 1 to 3)
• LTE Subscribers per subscriber type LTE Subscribers in Region A Fixed + Nomadic Wireless
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
60,000
130,000
200,000
• Traffic Data Phase
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
13.8
49.5
100.6
Total (DL/UL) Busy Hour Traffic (Gbps)
Customer provides total figures w/o detailed specification of any particular application. Consider 80/20 (%) DL/UL distribution of traffic
Soc Classification level 153 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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LTE 6 sectors vs. 3 sectors
Soc Classification level 154 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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LTE 3-sector vs 6-sector LTE 3-sector (1Mbps/64kbps) • •
Enhanced Pedestrian A 5Hz (EPA05) Equipment parameters: – – – –
•
eNB 40W eNB 18 dBi DL 0.5 dB eNB 2.0 dB
•
•
LTE:
eNB: 1 Tx antennas, 2 Rx antennas (MRC) UE: 1 Tx antenna, 2 Rx antennas (MRC) DL F-domain Scheduler: channel-aware UL F-domain Scheduler: channel-unaware Interference margin for 50% load (~2..3dB) 0 dB fast fading margin (due to scheduling gain) 0 dB soft HO gain (no SHO in LTE) 2.5 dB gain against shadowing
UL 160 dB* DL 166 dB* Propagation •
Operating Band –
eNB 40W / UE 24 dBm eNB 19.5 dBi / UE 0 dBi DL 0.5 dB / UL 0.5 dB (feederless) eNB 2.0 dB / UE 7 dB
Additional margins: – – – –
Interference margin for 50% load (~1…2dB) 0 dB fast fading margin (due to scheduling gain) 0 dB soft HO gain (no SHO in LTE) 2.5 dB gain against shadowing
Tx Power: Antenna Gain: Feeder Loss: Noise Figure:
Other features: – – – –
eNB: 1 Tx antennas, 2 Rx antennas (MRC) UE: 1 Tx antenna, 2 Rx antennas (MRC) DL F-domain Scheduler: channel-aware UL F-domain Scheduler: channel-unaware
DL 165 dB*
Enhanced Pedestrian A 5Hz (EPA05) Equipment parameters: – – – –
•
Additional margins: – – – –
• •
/ UE 24 dBm / UE 0 dBi / UL 0.5 dB (feederless) / UE 7 dB
Other features: – – – –
•
Tx Power: Antenna Gain: Feeder Loss: Noise Figure:
LTE 6-sector (1Mbps/64kbps)
COST 231 Hata 2-slope propagation model with – –
2600 MHz
•
Soc Classification level 155 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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Antenna height NB: Antenna height MS:
30m 1.5m
Clutter dependent figures (Dense Urban / Urban / Suburban / Rural) – –
* Max allowable path loss (clutter not considered, only system gains/losses)
UL 161 dB*
Std. dev.: Cell area prob.:
9 / 8 / 8 / 7 [dB] 93 / 93 / 93 / 90 [%]
LTE 3-sector vs 6-sector Urban indoor (BPL 17dB BPL)
3-sector
Cell Range (R3) = 0.73 km Cell Area = 0.35 km2 Site Area (S3) = 1.04 km2 Inter Site Distance (ISD3) = 1.1km
6-sector
Cell Range (R6) = 0.77 km Cell Area = 0.26 km2 Site Area (S6) = 1.54 km2 Inter Site Distance (ISD6) = 1.3km
LTE 6-sector site solution reduces the number of coverage sites by ~35%
• LTE 6-sector site solution gives a benefit of larger coverage (mainly due to higher gain antennas) and different network layout • It can happen that average interference level is higher from the point of a single cell nevertheless 6-sector solution requires 35% less sites compared to corresponding 3-sector configuration
Soc Classification level 156 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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LTE 3-sector vs 6-sector Mean CELL throughput
Mean SITE throughput
Instantaneous USER throughput
LTE 6-sector site solution brings >70% site throughput gain compared to 3-sector
• Single cell capacity decreases 6% mainly because of increased inter-cell interference (more neighbours higher interference) • In total per site, capacity is increased more than 70% in DL compared to 3-sector site • User experience is also improved (for cell-center as well as cell-edge UEs)
Soc Classification level 157 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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LTE Rural at 800MHz (Digital Dividend)
Soc Classification level 158 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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LTE Rural at 800MHz (Digital Dividend) LTE@20MHz • •
Tx Power: Antenna Gain: Feeder Loss: Noise Figure:
eNB 2x60W eNB 18 dBi DL 0.5 dB eNB 2.0 dB
Different UE types to reflect various deployment scenarios (see next slide with results)
/ UE 24 dBm / UE 0 dBi / UL 0.5 dB (feederless) / UE 7 dB
Other features: – – – –
•
•
Enhanced Pedestrian A 5Hz (EPA05) Equipment parameters: – – – –
•
Study case
eNB: 2 Tx antennas, 2 Rx antennas (MRC) UE: 1 Tx antenna, 2 Rx antennas (MRC) DL F-domain Scheduler: channel-aware UL F-domain Scheduler: channel-unaware
Additional margins: – –
Interference margin for 50% load (~1…2dB) 1.6 dB gain against shadowing (only for moving mobiles)
Propagation •
•
Operating Band –
LTE:
COST 231 Hata 2-slope propagation model with – –
800 MHz
•
Presentation / Author / Date
50m see next slide
Clutter dependent figures (Dense Urban / Urban / Suburban / Rural) – –
Soc Classification level 159 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Antenna height NB: Antenna height MS: Std. dev.: Cell area prob.:
9 / 8 / 8 / 7 [dB] 93 / 93 / 93 / 90 [%]
LTE Rural at 800MHz (Digital Dividend) Downlink Handset (outdoor coverage) Height = 1.5m; Antenna gain = 0dBi;
Uplink
AMR12.2, G.7111)
MAPL4) Cell range 157dB 151dB
54km 36km
USB modem (10dB pen. loss) Height = 1.5m; Antenna gain = 0dBi;
30Mbps peak2)
512kbps
150dB
17km
Indoor CPE (10dB pen. loss) Height = 3m (e.g. 1st floor); Antenna gain = 2dBi;
30Mbps peak2)
512kbps
152dB
50km
Indoor CPE (3dB3) pen. loss) Height = 3m (e.g. 1st floor); Antenna gain = 2dBi;
18Mbps peak2)
128kbps
157dB
71km
Outdoor CPE Height = 5m (e.g. 1st floor); Antenna gain = 14dBi;
50Mbps peak2)
2Mbps
159dB
110km
1)
Dimensioning aligned with RL20 feature set (QCI=1 support, no TTI Bundling). Downlink does not limit the coverage (higher eNodeB transmit power in noise-limited deployment leads to better capacity); 2x60W per sector is assumed. 3) 3dB penetration loss for window sill installation near non-coated regular window. 4) Max allowable path loss (clutter not considered, only system gains/losses) 2)
Soc Classification level 160 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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LTE Rural at 800MHz (Digital Dividend) 2x60W
~110km 50Mbps/ 2Mbps
30Mbps/512kbps AMR12.2
20Mbps/128kbps 30Mbps/512kbps
Format0
Format2
Format1
Format3
LTE deployment at Digital Dividend band provides extreme coverage and makes difference for PRACH planning • Format 0 is not applicable for coverage driven rural deployment because of too short Guard Time for timing adjustment. • Format 2 is not reasonable for rural deployment. It repeats the preamble sequence which is however not needed in open rural areas. • Format 1 is the most reasoned choice for the majority of rural deployments at low band. • Format 3 might be needed in case of gold high-end services to subscribers with outdoor CPE. Soc Classification level 161 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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How to improve the Link Budget
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How to improve the Link Budget? Potential changes for discussion Release independent (1/2): • Lower the interference margin – LTE air interface is not impacted by own-cell interference (as in WCDMA). Perfect intra-cell orthogonality can be assumed for LTE. Thus one can claim the interference margin is lower compared to 3G (WCDMA/HSPA). Simple 3G formula : -10xlog10(1-50%)=3dB where 50% stands for the cell load – Use values <3 dB. In particular, for the rural case (LTE800MHz) as the cells will be coverage instead interference limited it can be safe to consider 1dB
• Increase UE Tx Power – Use 24dBm (typical TX power assumed for 3G data dimensioning) instead the default 23dBm (nominal output power for Class 3 terminals; see 3GPP TS 36.101)
Soc Classification level 163 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
How to improve the Link Budget? Potential changes for discussion Release independent (2/2): • Change the deployment class from mature to ‘basic’ – Basic scenario is characterised by 2 dB less than ‘mature scenario’ in indoor penetration looses. In some scenarios the penetration loss can be even lower (e.g. at the window sill -3dB loss from non coated window to ‘typical’ 20 dB concrete wall loss) – Requirement for cell area probability is lower (compared to Mature) however cell area probability lower than 90% for DU/U/SU might be too aggressive. On the other hand, even 85% cell area probability for open/rural areas is acceptable
• Change UE antenna gain (depending on the device considered) – Default: 0dBi (no external antenna; e.g. handset, USB modem) – Aggressive: 14dBi (CPE with outdoor high gain antenna, e.g. 800EU), 2..6dBi (external antenna for indoor CPE/router/PCMCI card)
Soc Classification level 164 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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How to improve the Link Budget? Potential changes for discussion Release dependent: They can be pointed out as future areas of improvement taken into account when the release will be commercial
• Consider UL channel aware (RL40) – It brings gains of 2.5dB – Backed up by simulations – Dim Tool: Use “Additional Gains (dB)” field to enter the gains • Change the antenna scheme: – UL 1Tx-4Rx (RL50) instead 1Tx -2Rx – It should be easy to deploy 4Rx (MRC) at eNB with dual cross-polar antennas. 4Rx MRC brings about 3..4.5 dB over 2Rx MRC – Dim Tool: Change the antenna scheme for uplink
Soc Classification level 165 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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Coverage Criteria for Field Measurements
Soc Classification level 166 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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Field measurement parameters • Terminals are measuring from serving cell: – RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power) – RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality) • Scanners are measuring from all decoded cells: – RSRP – RSRQ – Wideband channel power, RSSI – P-SCH, S-SCH power – Reference signal SINR
• System and link level simulations gives SINR thresholds for a certain service level (MCS or throughput) • RSPR and RSRQ are more common measurements ⇒Mapping from SINR thresholds to RSRP/RSRQ threshold needed
Soc Classification level 167 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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RSRP and RSRQ RSRP: • RSRP is the power of a single resource element. • UE measures the power of multiple resource elements used to transfer the reference signal but then takes an average of them rather than summing them. • Reporting range -44…-140 dBm RSRQ: • RSRQ = RSRP / (RSSI/N) – N is the number of resource blocks over which the RSSI is measured – RSSI is wide band power, including intracell power, interference and noise. • Reporting range -3…-19.5dB Soc Classification level 168 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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3GPP RSRP Definition: Reference signal received power (RSRP), is defined as the linear average over the power contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that carry cell-specific reference signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth. 3GPP RSRQ Definition: Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) is defined as the ratio N×RSRP/(E-UTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of RBs of the EUTRA carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. The measurements in the numerator and denominator shall be made over the same set of resource blocks. E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), comprises the linear average of the total received power (in [W]) observed only in OFDM symbols containing reference symbols for antenna port 0, in the measurement bandwidth, over N number of resource blocks by the UE from all sources, including co-channel serving and nonserving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise etc.
Mapping between RSRP, RSRQ and SINR (1/2) • An study was conducted to establish the relationship between RSRP, RSRQ (used by measurement terminals) and the SINR (used by SL simulations and the dimensioning tool) • Full study can be found: https://sharenetims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Overview/D411620577 • SNR vs RSRP has a linear relation: SNR =
RSRP Pn _ RE
RSRP vs. SNR 40.00
Pn _ RE = 15KHz _ noise _ power
35.00 30.00 25.00
• RSRP is measured for a single subcarrier – noisepower_for_15KHz= 125.2dBm Including Noise figure UE = 7 dB • Assumption: RSRP doesn’t contain noise power
Soc Classification level 169 © Nokia Siemens Networks
SNR (dB)
20.00 15.00 SNR 10.00 5.00 0.00 -135
-130
-125
-120
-115
-110
-105
-100
-95
-90
-85
-80
-5.00 -10.00 -15.00 RSRP (dBm )
Curve gives upper limit to SINR with certain RSRP. SINR is always lower than SNR in in live network due to interference. Presentation / Author / Date
-75
-70
Mapping between RSRP, RSRQ and SINR (2/2) • RSRQ depends on own cell traffic load, but SINR doesn’t depend on own cell load – Used Resource Elements per Resource Block (RE/RB) in serving cell is an input parameter for RSRQ -> SINR mapping – Assumption: RSRP doesn’t contain noise power
• Equation used: SINR
=
RSRQ vs SINR
12 1 RSRQ
30.00
− x
25.00
20.00
– x=RE/RB
Reference Signal power is considered from serving cell. • 12RE/RB equals to fully loaded serving cell. All resource elements are carrying data. Presentation / Author / Date
SINR (dB)
• 2RE/RB equals to empty cell. Only
Soc Classification level 170 © Nokia Siemens Networks
2 RE/RB
15.00
4 RE/RB 6 RE/RB
10.00
8 RE/RB 10 RE/RB
5.00
12 RE/RB
0.00 -20
-19
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-5.00
-10.00 RSRQ (dB)
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
Coverage criteria for field measurements • Coverage criteria for field measurements can be estimated with link budget tool Depends on UL and DL parameters • Typical coverage requirement is that 95% of the measurement samples is fulfilling the criteria (depends on operators coverage requirements)
• Example, outdoor coverage: Throughput requirement 4096/384kbps 20W BTS Tx power 10MHz BW If DL only considered: – SINR requirement ≈ 0.60dB RSRQ>-11dB, empty serving cell RSRQ>-13.5dB, fully loaded serving cell RSRP>-124dBm (1dB interference assumed) Important Note: Field measurements have shown that RSRQ can not be estimated from the LiBu following previous formulas as LiBu tool is not a dynamic simulator. With lab measurements it is possible to set certain load but this will not be the case in the field. RSRP thresholds should be reliable Soc Classification level 171 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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LiBu, RSSI and RSRP • LiBu provides the RSSI – RSSI = wideband power= noise + serving cell power + interference power – RSSI at the cell edge is the Rx Sensitivity • RSSI=12*N*RSRP – RSRP is the received power of 1 RE (3GPP definition) average of power levels received across all Reference Signal symbols within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth – RSSI per resource block is measured over 12 resource elements (in LiBU 100% of the power is considered i.e. 43dBm) – N: number of RBs across the RSSI is measured and depends on the BW • Based on the above UNDER FULL LOAD AND HIGH SNR: RSRP (dBm)= RSSI (dBm) -10*log (12*N)
Soc Classification level 172 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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RSRP coverage thresholds Example Parameters: • Cell maximum TX power per antenna 43dBm • 2Tx MIMO used • 10MHz carrier bandwidth • 18dBi BTS antenna gain • 0.4dB jumper cable loss • Required cell edge throughput 4Mbps in DL and 384kbps in UL Coverage threshold (RSRP) without LNF margin, Gain Against Shadowing and BPL: • = 43dBm + 18dB - 0.4dB -156.65dB - 27.78dB + (156.65-149.70) = -116.88 dBm Coverage threshold with LNF margin and Gain Against Shadowing: • = 43dBm+18dB-0.4dB-156.65 dB -27.78dB + (156.65-149.70) • +6.4dB = -110.48dBm Coverage threshold with LNF margin, Gain Against Shadowing and BPL: • = 43dBm+18dB-0.4dB-156.65 dB -27.78dB + (156.65-149.70) +6.4dB +22dB =-88.50dBm Soc Classification level 173 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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RSRP Estimation Based on BCCH Measurements • • •
A GSM operator may want to estimate what is the difference in coverage that would have at the same location if it was to re-use the existing GSM network as LTE (i.e. sites, antennas) RSSI in GSM is a good measure as BCCH is on all the time with constant power. Load independent measurement RSRPlte, independent of the load, is the power of one RE that is why it needs to be scaled down. E.g. BW=10MHz, 50PRBs; 12*50=600 subcarriers (RE); 12*log(600) RSRPLTE= PmaxLTE- 10*log(12*N) – PLLTE RSSIGSM= BCCH_DLpower –PLGSM
PL: Propagation loss N: number of RBs
RSRPLTE (dBm)= RSSIGSM (dBm) – (BCCH DL power – PmaxLTE) -10*log (12*N) – (PLLTE-PLGSM)
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Term (PLLTE-PLGSM) accounts for the differences in propagation if different frequencies are used. See next slide
Soc Classification level 174 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
RSRP Estimation based on CPICH RSCP Measurements •
A WCDMA operator may want to estimate what is the difference in coverage that would have at the same location if it was to re-use the existing WCDMA network as LTE (i.e. sites, antennas) RSRPLTE= PmaxLTE- 10*log(12*N) – PLLTE RSRPCPICH = PmaxUMTS-10*log(PmaxUMTS/PCPICH) –PLUMTS
From both equations:
PL: Propagation loss N: number of RBs depending on bandwidth
RSRPLTE (dBm) = RSRPCPICH - (PmaxLTE - PmaxUMTS) - (10*log(12*N) 10*log(PmaxUMTS/PCPICH)) -(PLLTE - PLUMTS)
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The path loss difference (delta: PLUMTS - PLLTE) is meant for propagation differences in different frequency bands. It can be estimated in different ways. E.g. from Okumura Hata or from measurements f h h d L = A + B log − 13.82log BS − a MS + s log + Lclutter MHz km m m
Soc Classification level 175 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Frequency
A
B
150-1500 MHz
69.55
26.16
1500-2000MHz
46.3
33.9
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