LTE Radio Dimensioning Tuesday, 03.04.2008, 16:30 - 18:00 Finish time Presenter: Tomas Novosad MS/Dallas
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Contact information / download location • If you have any questions, please contact presenter: Tomas Novosad
[email protected] phone: +1 469 855 0738 MS Dallas
• Slides will be available in IMS/Sharenet • References: material from Dr. Harri Holma, NSN COO RA RD SA NE, and Dr. Carlsten Ball
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LTE Radio Dimensioning • LTE Radio Interface specifics • Comparison of LTE radio interface against UMTS and WIMAX • LTE Power Budget – what is new? • Radio Dimensioning & tool info • LTE Performance examples
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Main LTE Features/Targets Packet switched optimized Peak rates uplink/downlink 50/100 Mbps Enables round trip time <10 ms Ensure good level of mobility and security Improve terminal power efficiency Frequency flexibility with 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz allocations Capacity 2-4 times higher than with Release 6 HSPA
Soc Classification level 4 © Nokia Siemens Networks
LTE/SAE Overview Two mandatory Network Elements: eNB and aGW Focus is on enhancement of Packet Switched technology high data rates, low latency, packet optimised flat IP system Comprehensive Security
Radio Network
Mobility Concept with tight Integration for 3GPP accesses Streamlined SAE Bearer Model with Network Centric QoS Handling On/Offline & Flow Based Charging
Core Network
Core Control PCR F
eNode B PCRF: Policy and Charging Control Function Access SocaGW: Classification levelGateway 5 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Access Gateway (aGW)
IMS HSS/AAA
Key Radio features of LTE
Many similarities with HSPA/HSPA+….
Fast Link Adaptatio n due to channel bahaviou r
Short TTI = 1 ms Transmission time interval
Up to 64QAM Modulation
scalable
ARQ
RX
TX DL: OFDMA UL: SC-FDMA
Tx
MIMO Channel
Rx
Frequency re-use 1 Soc Classification level 6 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Advanced Scheduling Time & Freq.
Automatic Repeat Request
Scalable & spectrum efficient air interface
Downlink: OFDMA
• Orthogonal sub-carriers: improved spectral efficiency and simple UE processing • Frequency domain scheduling and interference co-ordination/avoidance (not possible with WCDMA) • Better suited for MIMO than WCDMA
Uplink: SC-FDMA
• Lower peak-to-average power ratio: improved power-amplifier efficiency, low cost terminals with long battery life, good coverage • Localized allocation for frequency domain scheduling and interference co-ordination/ avoidance (not possible with WCDMA) • Orthogonal transmission from multiple users: reduced eNB complexity
Soc Classification level * At 20 MHz bandwidth, FDD, 7 © Nokia Siemens Networks
2 Tx, 2 Rx, DL MIMO, PHY layer gross bit rate
** roundtrip ping delay (server near RAN)
Frequency Domain Scheduling • •
Frequency domain scheduling uses those resource blocks that are not faded Not possible in CDMA based system Carrier bandwidth Resource block
Frequency
Soc Classification level 8 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Transmit on those resource blocks that are not faded
Gain of Frequency Domain Scheduling • •
Cell throughput gain can ideally exceed 40% with at least 5 simultaneous users System simulations show a gain up to 30-40% 60
FDPSgain over ref. (D+PF) [%]
50 40 30 20
Cell capacity User data rate (5% outage)
10 0 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Max. no. of users per sub-frame [-] Soc Classification level 9 © Nokia Siemens Networks
9
10
Performance Numbers
Peak Data Rates
> 150 Mbps
• Rather similar Peak Data Rates for HSPA evolution and WiMAX • LTE provides outstanding Data Rates beyond 150 Mbps in 2 x 20 MHz Bandwidth
due to less overhead • WiMAX uses asymmetric 29:18 TDD in 10/20 MHz, whereas HSPA and LTE use FDD with 2 x 5 and 2 x 10/20 MHz • Prerequisite: 2x2 MIMO with 64-QAM in Downlink Soc Classification level 10
© Nokia Siemens Networks
Performance Numbers
Mobile Technology Capability Limits WCDMA HSPA R6 Theoretical peak bit rate in ideal case DL/UL Latency (round trip)
HSPA R7 (HSPA+)
WiMAX TDD 20 MHz
14 / 5 Mbps 42 / 11 Mbps 80 / 16 Mbps
LTE R8 FDD 2x20 MHz
WLAN 802.11g/n
160 / 50 Mbps
54 Mbps 260Mbps
50 ms
30 ms
30 ms
10 ms
<5 ms
Spectral efficiency data DL/UL [bps/Hz/cell]
0.7 / 0.4
1.4 / 0.6
1.5 / 0.6
2.1 / 0.9
<0.51.0
Spectral efficiency voice [users/MHz/cell]
1823
30
18
4555
12
Max path loss 1 Mbps / 64 kbps
162 dB
162 dB
153 dB
162 dB
110 dB
Spectrum
IMT-2000 bands
IMT-2000 bands
2300, 2500, 3500
IMT-2000 bands
2400, 5400
Cell range in urban area (indoor – outdoor)
2.87.4 km
2.87.4 km
0.61.5 km
2.87.4 km
30100 m
All radio standards show comparable performance under comparable conditions and similar feature set: • Laws of physics apply to all of them • User rates mainly depend on bandwidth, modulation/coding and availability of MIMO (2x2 assumed) • Spectrum Efficiency is determined by Frequency Reuse and Feature Set (e.g. FSPS, MIMO, …) • Latency (e.g. PING Performance) depends on chosen Frame Duration or TTI • Coverage depends on frequency band, RF power limitations and duplex mode
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Frequency Reuse One in LTE • • • •
LTE is designed for frequency reuse of one no frequency planning required Inter-site interference coordination is possible by exchanging load information over X2 interface = soft frequency reuse Current simulations show no clear performance gains in downlink from inter-site interference coordination Some performance potential in uplink by exchanging overload indicator information
Soc Classification level 12 © Nokia Siemens Networks
X2 X2
LTE Frequency Variants in 3GPP – FDD Total [MHz]Uplink [MHz] Downlink [MHz]Europe Japan Americas UMTS core 1 2x60 1920-1980 2110-2170 US PCS 2 2x60 1850-1910 1930-1990 3
2x75
1710-1785
1805-1880
1800
4
2x45
1710-1755
2110-2155
US AWS
5
2x25
824-849
869-894
US 850
6
2x10
830-840
875-885
Japan 800
7
2x70
2500-2570
2620-2690
2600
8
2x35
880-915
925-960
900
9
2x35 1749.9-1784.9 1844.9-1879.9
Japan 1700
10
2x60
Extended AWS
11
2x25 1427.9-1452.91475.9-1500.9
12
2x18
698-716
728-746
Japan 1500 US700
13
2x10
777-787
746-756
US700
14
2x10
788-798
758-768
US700
832-862?
UHF (TV)
1710-1770
Soc Classification level xx 2x30? 790-820 13 © Nokia Siemens Networks
2110-2170
Wimax & LTE, 3G and HSPA FEATURES AND
Wimax/LTE
TECHNIQUES
3G
HSPA
Frequency reuse
4-1(WiMAX) 1 (LTE)
1
1
Terminal antenna
Omni or directional
Omni
Omni
Channel impairment
Sensitive to doppler
Sensitive to multipath
Sensitive to multipath
Base station antenna
Directional, array
Directional
Directional
Main radio KPI
SINR
EcNo
EcNo (SINR)
Dominant Traffic
Data
Voice
Data
Handover Scheme
HHO
SHO
HHO (HSDPA) SHO (HSUPA)
Own-cell Interference
Adjacent subcarriers at high doppler
Other codes in the cell, nonorthogonality issues
Other codes in the cell, nonorthogonality issues
Capacity Expansion
Increasing the OFDMA bandwidth or more carriers
More carriers using More carriers Inter-frequency Handover
Detail comparison LTE-WiMAX is on the Appendix slides Soc Classification level 14 © Nokia Siemens Networks
LTE Power Budget Based on NSN COO RA RD SA NE 2 material
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Presentation / Author / Date
Where to find the LTE Power Budget? •LTE Power budget is provided by NSN COO Network
Engineering •IMS link for current version •https://sharenetims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/livelink/livelink? func=ll&objId=375035353&objAction=Browse&viewType=1
•The budget should be accessible later via Network Planning IMS
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Target of the Link Budget calcuation • Estimate the maximum allowed path loss on radio path from transmit antenna to receive antenna • Reach the specific radio and service conditions i.e.: – – – –
User Service Throughput BER/BLER (SINR) requirements location probability settings Required penetration loss
PathLossmax_UL
• Calculate maximum cell range for estimated PathLoss
PahtLossmax_DL
R Soc Classification level 17 © Nokia Siemens Networks
LTE Link Budget – Tool structure • Tool is composed of five excel sheets – Instructions General tool info User’s guide – Link Budget main part of the tool, all input parameters and outputs are generated in this section
– Graphs Plots of Interference Margin in a function of neighbour cell load for UL and DL for specified parameters • User Service Throughput • Neighbour Cell Load • Chosen Modulation and Coding Scheme
– Calculations Internal calculation data and constants are stored in this section – user mustn’t interfere in stored data
– Doc History Information about released versions
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LTE Link Budget – performance
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LTE Link Budget – Resource and power allocation • Power Allocation – Downlink Power per subcarrier is constant Maximum eNB transmission power is allocated on the whole available bandwidth i.e. in a 10 MHz power there are 50 RBs in frequency domain available and transmission power will always be equally distributed on all 50 RBs
– Uplink
Maximum UE Transmission power is allocated on RBs allocated to the user.
– Subchannelisation gain in Uplink:
User can get lower than Max number of RBs in frequency domain to obtain link balance: Receiver Sensitivity decrease Transmission bandwidth decrease user throughput decreases UL cell range increases
• Resource Allocation (theoretical)
– In two domains: time and frequency – Channel dependant scheduling scheduler assigns resources on which a given user perceives good propagation conditions
very beneficial at low speeds (channel variations in time domain are slow)
scheduling done per subframe (1 ms) sheduling done wit RB granularity In UL allocated resources must be continuous in frequency domain
higher implementation complexity
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LTE Link Budget – Resource and power allocation • Resource allocation (dimensioning example) – Assumptions:
On this example – on the figure: 1.4 MHz bandwidth i.e. 6 RBs in frequency domain (but 25 RBs for 5MHz) Resource Block capacity is estimated for a given MCS Service Throughput is specified
– Calculation algorithm:
Firstly resources in time domain are allocated (assuming single resource block in frequency domain)
If there are not enough resources in time domain of single resource block, another resource block in frequency domain is allocated to the user
NoOfRBUser round .up (
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CellEdgeUserThroughp ut ) *12 (1 / 0,0005) * RBCapacity / 1000 * (1 BLER Overheaed )
LTE LB – Capacity Section
User Throughput & Overhead Approach • The approach was created to easily and in a convenient way estimate cell range for a given service or cell edge criteria – User has to type in Service Throughput only – The tool calculates minimum bandwidth which is needed for a given service (No. of RBs needed per one user) – all overheads are can be calculated automatically
• User is able to set the criterion for cell edge*: – Max Coverage – Max Cell Capacity – Service Throughput
*Only for UL; In DL power per subcarrier is constant
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LTE LB – Capacity Section General Settings • Cyclic prefix – Prevents from inter-symbol interferences Normal – 7 OFDM symbols per slot for
data transmission Extended – 6 OFDM symbols per slot for data transmission (large cells or MBMS)
• Resource block capacity – Depends on used MCS – RBCapacity (bit) = M * Coding * 7(6) * 12
(M – Modulation Density, 7 (6) – seven or six OFDM symbols, 12 – number of subcarrier per PRB)
• Number of Resource Blocks per second – Depends on chosen Channel Bandwidth – RBSecond = MaxRB/0,0005
(MaxRB – maximum number of RBs in frequency domain; 0,0005(s) – time interval of a subframe
• Throughput per subchannel (kbps) – Throughput of one resource block in frequency domain over one second for a chosen MCS • Maximum MCS Throughput – MCSThroughput = RBCapacity*RBSecond*(1-BLER-Overheads)/1000 – Depends on:
chosen MCS channel bandwidth Cyclic Prefix option Overheads
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LTE Link Budget – Receiver Sensitivity & SINR • Receiver sensitivity
– gives an indication of receivers ability for detection of low level signals – is a function of: Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio Receiver’s Noise Figure Channel bandwidth
– RxSensitivity (dBm) = PNoise (dBm) + SINR (dB) + NF (dB) + 10* log (NoOfRB*12) where: PNoise (dBm) = 10 log ( k T B) + 30 = - 132.24 (dBm) (=Noise Power per subcarrier) NF – Receiver’s Noise FIgure NoOfRB – Number of Resource Blocks used for transmission Note! In Uplink this is Number of Resource Blocks assigned for user transmission, in Downlink this is maximum number of Resource Blocks for a chosen bandwidth.
• SINR (based on link level simulations)
– defines what should be the minimum relation between useful signal (meaningful inforamation) and sum of interferences coming from own and neighboring cells and the received noise power – Depends on: Modulation and coding scheme Antenna configuration (SISO, MIMO, Rx Diversity) Channel bandwidth and channel type (currently AWGN only values are implemented)
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LTE Link Budget – Interference Margin Downlink
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LTE Link Budget – Interference Margin Uplink
• Uplink Interference Margin – –
Currently obtained from system level simulations Is a function of cell load
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LTE Link Budget – Maximum Allowable Pathloss • Maximum Allowable Pathloss
Calculation: – MAPL formula expresses the
maximum allowable attenuation of the radio wave traversing air interface – Together with propagation model it is used for cell range estimation – The formula is the same for UL and downlink
MaxPathloss EIRP RxSensitivity RxFeederLoss RxG Ant Interferen ceMArgin BodyLoss PenetrationLoss Shadowing
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Network Dimensioning based on Dim Tool v 0.3 AFI Air Interface Dimensioning Based on NSN COO RA RD SA NE 2 material
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LTE Dimensioning
General Parameters
Equipment Parameters
Radio Propagation Parameters
Maximum Path Loss
Radio Propagation Prediction
Cell Range
Radio Network Conf.
Cell Area, Site to Site Distance
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User Service Characteristics
Where to find the LTE Dim Tool? •Tool is provided by COO Network Engineering •IMS link for current version (DRAFT) •https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/liveli
nk/livelink?func=ll&objId=375039115&objAction=Browse&viewTy pe=1
•The tool should be accessible later via Network Planning IMS
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LTE Dim Tool – Tool structure • Tool is composed of six excel sheets – Instructions
General tool info User’s guide – Link Budget the same functionality and GUI as in Link Budget tool, the inputs of this section are used also for capacity dimensioning Link Level (LL) results provided by COO RA RD
– Capacity
Sector throughput estimation Based on System Level results provided by COO RTP – Network Dim Site count with respect to coverage, capacity and traffic dimensioning – Calculations Internal calculation data and constants are stored in this section – user mustn’t interfere in stored data
– Doc History
Information about released versions
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LTE Dim Tool - dimensioning process User Interface Outputs
Input parameters
• LL results • SINR distribution • Antenna Conf. • etc.
• Operating band • Transmitter/receiver parameters • etc.
Network dimensioning
• MCS Maximum Throughput • UL/DL Pathloss • Cell Load
Link Budget • MCS • Target User Throughput • etc. • Maximum Pahtloss • Cell ranges • etc.
Capacity dimensioning
• Areas • No. of Subscribers • Phases •etc.
• UL/DL Max sector throughputs
- Calculation - Inputs/Outputs Soc Classification level 32 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Traffic dimensioning
LTE Dim Tool – Capacity Dimensioning section • Capacity Dimensioning provides Maximum Sector Throughput values per scenarios defined in 3GPP TR 25.814 – DL based on LL results
for chosen antenna and SINR distribution – for UL two methods available Max Pathloss MCS distribution User can choose appropriate method in Network Dimensioning tab.
• Sector Throughputs are calculated with respect to Neighbor Cell Load defined by user and used also for Interference Margin calculations • All inputs for Capacity Dimensioning are defined in LB module – mainly in capacity section • To recalculate scenario user has only to push one button
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LTE Dim Tool – Capacity Dimensioning Principle • Current Dimensioning based on MCS Distribution – Cell Throughput is calculated on basis of area covered by each available MCS
• Alternative possibility is to replace the calculated results by simulation results/estimations or by throughput-SINR curves.
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SINR distribution provided by COO RTP
Simulation environment is described in "LTE Downlink Performance Results with Time-Domain Scheduling - Using UPRISE" by Klaus I Pedersen et al. Soc Classification level 35 © Nokia Siemens Networks
LTE Dim Tool – Capacity Dimensioning
Downlink – DL MAX Throughput values are multiplied by SINR Distribution and summarized – In last step the obtained sum is multiplied by Neighbor Cell Load factor which scale the final result – Sector Throughput
X
=
Σ SINR Histogram
Soc Classification level 36 © Nokia Siemens Networks
X
LTE Dim Tool – Capacity Dimensioning Uplink – UL MCS distribution
• Dimensioning based on UL MCS Distribution – Calculation steps: Main parameters have to be set: Cell Edge User Throughput,
Neighbor Cell Load, Maximum MCS Throughput) For each MCS the corresponding Site Area is read and written into the table Area covered by each MCS is calculated (e.g. For QPSK 1/6: MCS_Area = QPSK_1/6_Site Area - QPSK _1/3_Site Area) MCS Area is divided by total Site Area (Site Area of lowest MCS) which gives MCS distribution factor Max MCS Throughputs are multiplied by MCS Distribution factor and summarized In last step the obtained sum is multiplied by Neighbour Cell Load factor which operation gives the final result – Sector Throughput
X
= Σ
Soc Classification level 37 © Nokia Siemens Networks
LTE Dim Tool – Network dimensioning • Network Dimensioning module provides site count for defined scenarios • Network dimensioning module parameters: – phase selection ( currently four but it’s a minimal effort to extend number of phases) – traffic requirements: Population Penetration rate Number of Subscribers
Subscription rate • Total throughput of all users’
service subscriptions Subscriber Overbooking factors Population * PenetrationRate • gives an indication how much bandwidth can be overbooked by network operator (e.g. for 1 Mb bandwidth and overbooking factor of 10, the operator can sell services with total throughput of 10 Mb) Total peak traffic
TrafficTot al Soc Classification level 38 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Subscribers * SubscriptionRate Overbooking
Dimensioning results – sites per cov & cap Site Capacity (kb/s) Macro Case 1 NO 16,003 10,512
Macro Case 3 NO 14,956 11,656
Micro Outdoor YES 8,069 5,228
Micro Indoor YES 8,192 5,308
Macro Case 1 2.49 2.26
Macro Case 3 2.36 2.08
Micro Outdoor 0.375 0.356
Micro Indoor 0.083 0.078
64 83 178 200
154 181 366 390
269 307 605 630
410 461 894 920
49 53 138 155
117 116 283 301
205 197 467 487
312 296 690 710
21 34 14 13
23 39 27 25
25 43 41 37
27 47 54 49
Macro Case 1 Macro Case 3 Micro Outdoor-to-Outdoor Micro Outdoor-to-Indoor
23 39 15 13
25 44 29 26
27 49 43 39
29 53 57 52
Macro Case 1 Macro Case 3 Micro Outdoor-to-Outdoor Micro Outdoor-to-Indoor
64 83 178 200
154 181 366 390
269 307 605 630
410 461 894 920
Uplink Capacity based on DL Pathloss Downlink Uplink
Site Area (square km) Downlink Uplink
Number of Sites - Capacity - DL Macro Case 1 Macro Case 3 Micro Outdoor-to-Outdoor Micro Outdoor-to-Indoor
Number of Sites - Capacity - UL Macro Case 1 Macro Case 3 Micro Outdoor-to-Outdoor Micro Outdoor-to-Indoor
Number of Sites - Coverage - DL Macro Case 1 Macro Case 3 Micro Outdoor-to-Outdoor Micro Outdoor-to-Indoor
Number of Sites - Coverage - UL
Number of Sites
Soc Classification level 39 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Cell Ranges Examples, Outdoor, OH model
Soc Classification level 40 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Different Technologies within same BW=5MHz Cell Range for 384k-1M DL / 64k -500k UL 7.00 6.00
[km]
5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00
Soc Classification level 41 © Nokia Siemens Networks
DL UL
Different technologies within maximum BW (UMTS=5MHz, WiMAX=10MHz, LTE=20MHz) Cell Range for 384k-4M DL / 64k-2M UL 7.00 6.00
[km]
5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00
Soc Classification level 42 © Nokia Siemens Networks
DL UL
Thank you for your attention
Soc Classification level 43 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Appendix: Comparison WiMAX - LTE
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Presentation / Author / Date
LTE vs. WiMax Comparison (Radio Perspective 1) WiMax 802.16e
LTE
Comments
Flat, IP based; BS + ASN GW
Very Flat, IP based eNodeB + aGW
Both technologies with significantly reduced number of nodes compared to 2G/3G.
Services
Packet Data, VoIP
Packet Data, VoIP
Mobility
Mobile IP with targeted Mobility < 120 km/h
Full 3GPP Mobility with Target up to 350 km/h; 2G/3G Handover and Global Roaming
LTE is fully embedded in the 3GPP world incl. interRAT HO.
Scalable OFDMA in UL & DL
DL: OFDMA, UL: SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA reduces PAPR by ~5 dB UL improvements !!!
1.25, 3.5, 5, 7, 8.75, 10, 14, 15, 20, 28 MHz
1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz
Both very flexible
128 – 2048; dF variable; 7- 20 kHz typically 10 kHz
128- 2048; fixed dF = 15 kHz
Large dF required against Doppler => higher velocity
Cyclic Prefix
Flexible 1 / 32, ….,1 / 4; CP required 1 / 8
Short (5 s) or Long CP (17 s)
Both designed to combat Multipath Fading in different Environments
Spectrum
Licensed & unlicensed, 2.3, 2.5, 3.5 & 5.8 GHz
Licensed, IMT-2000 Bands
LTE available at preferred low Frequency Bands Coverage Advantage
Duplex Mode
TDD + FDD TDD focus
FDD + TDD FDD focus
TDD requires Synchronization, FDD can be asynchronous.
Framing, TTI
2, …, 20 ms; 5 ms required
fixed 2*0.5 ms slots = 1 ms sub-frames
TTI determines the Latency / PING
BPSK, …, 64-QAM; CC + CTC (+BTC+LDPC)
QPSK, …, 64-QAM; CC + CTC
Network Architecture
Access technology Channel BW FFT-Size and Subcarrier Spacing
Modulation & Coding
Soc Classification level 45 © Nokia Siemens Networks
LTE vs. WiMax Comparison (Radio Perspective 2) WiMax MIMO, # Antennas MIMO Modes HARQ Subchannel / Physical Resource Block
BS: 1, 2, 4 ; MS: 1, 2 Closed + open Loop
LTE
Comments
eNodeB: 1, 2, 4 ; UE: 2 LTE working assumption is 2 DL Closed + open Loop Antennas per UE
Diversity + Spatial Multi.
Diversity + Spatial Multi.
Chase Comb. + IR; stop & wait
Chase Comb. + IR; N=8 stop & wait; UL Sync., DL Async.
24 x 2 Constellation Points in PUSC Mode
12 x 14 Constellation Points
LTE prefers frequency selective Adjacent AMC 2x3 or Localized + Distributed; Packet Scheduling, Interleaving / Mapping PUSC/FUSC Permutation; Focus Localized WiMax focuses on interference Focus Permutation averaging.
Pilot Assisted Channel Estimation (PACE)
DL Preamble + distributed permuted Pilots depending on # Antennas
Distributed Pilots depending on # Antennas
Overall Overhead @ MAC Layer
VoIP + Data Mixture typically ~ 25 %
VoIP + Data Mixture typically ~ 15-20 %
LTE is more efficient, e.g. VoIP optimizations
Flexible FCH + MAP following the Preamble; Sync. by Ranging CH
Signaling Channels in max. first 3 Symbols; Separate BCH, SCH
LTE provides optimized and more efficient L1/L2-Signaling also utilizing CDM components
L1/L2 Signalling User Multiplexing Soc Classification level 46 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Flexible arbitrary Stripe-wise Allocation in Rectangles in T-F-Domain F-Domain
LTE with less complex Ressource Signaling