BioF4 Module

LEARNING MODULE

BIOLOGY FORM 4 — 200 8 EDITION NAME CLASS

Prepared by : AL MUMIN HJ . AL KANTA SMK Agaseh, Lahad Datu, SABAH

DIRECTION & ORIENTATION Dorsal (top)

Anterior (front)

Posterior (back)

A

B

Total Surface Area per Volume (TSA/V)

Ventral (bottom)

Cross sectional

Longitudal section

Material A is breaks down into B. The volume is still the same but differ in total surface area. TSA/V of B is higher than A. Therefore, the smaller the higher the value of TSA/V. Food is need to be break down into a small pieces to increase its TSA/V so that easy for enzyme to digest.

TERMS, AFFIXES & S UFFIXES Gastro (stomach) Gaster juice is secreted by stomach wall.

H em (blood) Type of blood pigment are haemo globin globin & haemo eritrin. eritrin.

a, an, ar (without) e.g., an aerobic an aerobic respiration. ad (above) e.g., Ad e.g., Ad renal renal gland. aero (air) e.g., Aero e.g., Aero bic bic respiration.

Hepato (liver) Hepa tic tic portal vein carry digested food from small intestine to the liver.

Cardio (heart) Cardio vascular vascular disease—heart attack.

Reni, reno (kidney) r enal ine Ad renal ine is the hormone produced to prepare body to counter emergency such as fear and anger.

Cerebro (brain) Cereb rum rum is the structure that control conscious actions..

Thrombo (coagulate) Thrombo plastin & tromb in in (enzyme for blood coagulation).

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anti (anti/fight) e.g., anti body body & anti & anti toxin. toxin. b i (two) e.g., b i sep sep muscle & b & b i cuspid cuspid valve. co (together) e.g., co dominan co dominan gene. glyco (sugar) e.g., glyco lysis lysis & glyco & glyco gen. gen. homo (same)

hypo (low) e.g., hypo glisemia glisemia (low concentration of glucose) macro (big/large) e.g., macro nutrient. nutrient. mono (one/single) e.g., mono saccharides saccharides (single sugar molecule) multi/poly (many) e.g., multi cellular. cellular. peri (around) e.g., peri sikel sikel (plant tissue) po d (leg) pod ium. e.g. pseudo ium. su b (below) e.g., su b maksila maksila gland. genesis/genetic (formation) g enesis . e.g., oo genesis

hydro (water) e.g., hydro lysis. lysis.

lysis (break down) l ysis (red blood cell e.g., haemo lysis burst)

hyper (high) e.g., hyper tonic tonic

uria (urine) u ria . e.g., glycos uria

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4 M R O F Y G O L O I B E L U D O M G N I N R A E L

CELL—STRUCTURE CELL—STRUCTURE & ORGANISATION ORGANISATION Cell Structur e & Function Label the diagram and complete the table below.

Organelle

Function

Plasma membrane

Regulate (control) the movement of substances into and out of cell.

Cell wall (plant) Cytoplasm Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum

1. Controls all the activities inside the cell. 2. •

rough :

•

smooth :

Ribosome Mitochondrion Golgi apparatus Vacuole (plant) Chloroplast (plant) Min2009

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Cell Compari Compari son Compare the animal and plant cell based on aspects given below: i. ii. iii. iv. v.

cell shape plasma membrane and cell wall vacuole organelle food storage

Anim al Cell

Plan t Cell Cell’s shape is fixed and usually rectangular or hexagonal.

Has a plasma membrane and no cell wall.

Food is stored in form of glycogen.

Food is stored in form of starch.

The Density of Organelle •

Some of the organelles presence in a large amount (high density) density ) or abundance in cell. The density of organelles depends on cell / tissue functions. functions .

Complete the table below. Cell/Tissue

High density organelle

The importan ce

Muscle cell

Mitochondrion

Produce energy for contraction and relaxation of muscle for movement.

Mitochondrion

Produce energy for contraction and relaxation of muscle to pump blood to the entire body. body .

Liver cell

Sperm

Palisade cell

Heart muscle cell Min2009

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Unicellular Organisms

1. Label the diagram of Amoeba and Amoeba and Paramecium . 2. Explain how Paramecium and Paramecium and Amoeba Amoeba regulates regulates the excess amount of water moves into their body? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Compare Amoeba Compare Amoeba and and Paramecium based Paramecium based on aspects given below: i. Habitat ii. Reproduction iii. Movement iv. Nutrition v. Number of nucleus

Amoeba

Live in freshwater lakes and ponds.

Paramecium

Live in freshwater lakes and ponds.

4. Explain why the cell structure of the unicellular organism is more complex compare to human cells (e.g. epithelial cell). ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... Min2009

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Cell Specialisation & Organisation 1. Cell specialisation is

...................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Cell organisation is

...................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................

Cell specialisation Tissue

Function

Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Vascular tissue Meristematic tissue Nerve tissue Muscle tissue Adipose tissue

Cell organisation (animal—digestive system) Cell

Tissue

Organ

System

Esophagus, stomach

Smooth muscle cell

Circular muscle and longitudal muscle

and intestine. Digestive system

Inner layer of Epithelial cell

Endothelium

intestine and enzyme gland

Epithelial tissue Epithelial cell

Organ : Intestine Smooth muscle cell Min2009

Muscle tissue (circular muscle and longitudal muscle ) 5


•

List down the tissues that can be found in hand. .........................................................................................................................................

•

By giving the example, explain the formation of nerve system — name the cells, tissues and organs involved. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................

Cell organisation (plant—stem)

Cambium cell

Epidermal cell

Meristematic tissue

Parenchyma cell

Epidermal tissue

Xylem & Phloem cell

Cortex tissue Vascular tissue

Stem—organ (cross sectional)

Regulating the Internal Environment Osmosis pressure

Temperature Physical Factors

a f f e c t

Internal Environment of Cell

Enzyme t c e f f a

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C h e m i c a l Fa F a ct c t o rs rs

pH

Respiration t c e f f a

Concentration of minerals Concentration of glucose

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1. Why the internal environment of cells need to be maintained (constant)? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Based on diagram, diagram, give the meaning of homeostasis of homeostasis ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Explain the effect of factors given below.

Factor

Effect to the cell

Temperature Concentration of mineral

Environment with higher concentration (hypertonic) will caused water to move out of the cell. Cell become dehydrated and finally die. die .

Concentration of glucose The increase or decrease of pH will caused enzyme to denatured. Chemical reaction w ill stop and cell die. die .

pH Discussion

Predict the effect of factors given below to onion cell; cell ; temperature 0 oC

...................................................................................

ii. salt solution 50%

............................................. ....................... ............................................. ...................................... ...............

iii. solution with no glucose / sugar

................................................ ...................... ..................................................... ................................... ........

i.

iv. hydrochloric acid solution (pH 2.0) ............................................. ....................... ........................................... ...................................... .................

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MOVEMENT OF SUBS TANCES Substances listed below are essential to living things. Explain the importance substances to the cell. Substances

Function (the importan ce to the cell)

Glucose

Source of energy.

Amino acid Minerals Water Oxygen List out t w o substances that must be ex creted or removed form the cell and their effect. Substances

Effect if not excreted from the cell

Structure of Plasma Membr ane 1. Why substances need to move (in or out) the plasma membrane? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Explain the terms given below: i.

polar

............................................. ....................... .............................................. ................................................ ......................................... .................

ii. non-polar

............................................. ....................... .............................................. ................................................ ......................................... .................

iii. hydrophobic

..................................................... ........................... .................................................... .................................................. ............................... .......

iv. hydrophilic

..................................................... ........................... .................................................... ................................................... ............................... ......

3. State the characteristics of substances given below: i.

glucose

............................................... ......................... .............................................. .............................................. ....................................... .................

ii. amino acid

............................................. ....................... .............................................. ................................................ ......................................... .................

iii. sodium ions

..................................................... ........................... .................................................. ................................................. ................................. ........

iv. water

............................................... ....................... ............................................... .............................................. ........................................ .................

v. lipid

............................................... ....................... ............................................... .............................................. ........................................ .................

4. What is the meaning of selectively of selectively permeable? permeable ? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................

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4. Draw a simple diagram (2D drawing) of plasma membrane in given space below (based on Fluid Mosaic Model). Label the carrier protein , pore protein and phospholipids bilayer. bilayer .

List out t w o substances which pass (move) through the structure given below: Structures

Substances which pass through

Reasons — based on characteristic of substances and structure

Phospholipids

Carrier protein

Pore protein

Because its molecule is small enough to pass through pore and water soluble.

Based on the structure of plasma membrane, why it selectively permeable? permeable ? .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

Movement of substances — types movement Type

Type of mov ement — give tw o reasons

Two exam ples

Glucose and Amino acid

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Effect of osmosis to the cell Explain the meaning of terms given below: i.

hypertonic ............................................... ....................... .............................................. .............................................. ................................................... ...........................

ii. hypotonic ........................................................................................................................ iii. isotonic

..................................................... ........................... .................................................... .................................................... ......................................... ...............

Concentration of solution

Type of solution

Hypertonic (high concentration)

Isotonic (equal concentration)

Hypotonic (low concentration)

Cell shape (plant cell) Cell condition

Normal

Cell condition

Normal

Shape of mustard stem (longitudal section)

Outer layer

Inner layer

Based on the table above, make a conclusion about osmosis? osmosis ? .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

Practice 1.

Compare the passive transport and active transport.

Passive Transport

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Active Transport

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2.

What is the effect of the of the excess use of fertilizer to the plant? Why? ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

3.

Why fermented fruits are not rotten (busuk ) easily? ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

4.

Vegetables are wilt (layu ) if not soaked in the water. Why? ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

5.

The diagram shows the changing of visking tube size after being soaked in solution Q for a 60 minutes.

Solution P

Solution R

Solution Q

Tube N

60 minutes

Tube M

Tube N

Tube M

(a) Explain why does the experiment shows the result as shown above — inferences. inferences . N ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... M ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... (b) Arrange in sequence the concentration of solution used in the experiment. Begins with the highest. highest . .......................................................................................................................................

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4 M What is: R i. inorganic compound ............................................. ....................... .............................................. ............................................. .............................. ......... O F Y ......................................................................................................................................... G ii. organic compound ............................................. ..................... ................................................ ................................................ .............................. ...... O L ......................................................................................................................................... O I B State o n e the role of substances and organic compounds given below. E L U Substances The import ance (state one only) D O Nitrogen Synthesis of protein, nucleic acid and organic compounds. M G Sulphur N I N R Phosphorus A E L

CHEMICAL COM POSITION IN THE CELL

Calsium

Magnesium Sodium Organic compound

The importance to the cells

Carbohydrates Lipid Protein

Formation of plasma membrane and cell growth.

Nucleic acid

Role of W ater 1

.........................................................................................................................................

2

.........................................................................................................................................

3

.........................................................................................................................................

4

.........................................................................................................................................

Carbohydrates Carbo means carbon (C), while hydrates is water (H 2O). Based on that meaning, what are the elements that made up carbohydrates? .............................................................................................................................................. Min2009

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Short notes (structure & function)

Glucose

Glucose S ....................................................... F ....................................................... ....................................................... Starch

Cellulose

S ....................................................... F ....................................................... ....................................................... Glycogen S ....................................................... F .......................................................

Glycogen

....................................................... Cellulose S ....................................................... F .......................................................

Starch

.......................................................

Formation of disaccharides & polysaccharides Mon osaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharid es

Cellobiose

Cellulose

Glucose

Starch / Glycogen Sucrose (sugarcane)

-

Lactose (milk sugar)

-

Monosaccharides : Glucose-Fructose-Galactose (MonoGFG) Disaccharides Disaccharides : Sucrose-Lactose-Maltose (DiSuLaM)

Monomer

hydrolysis + H2O

condensation - H2O

Polymer Hydrolysis —addition of water that cause molecule to break down

Protein 1.

Elements that made up protein are

......................................... ................... ............................................ .................................... ..............

2.

Essential amino acid is.................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................

3.

Non essential amino acid is........................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

4.

Egg white changes its physical characteristic and colour when heated. Explain why? ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

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Essential amino acids 1. Alanine 2. Aspartic acid 3. Glutamic acid 4. Aspargine 5. Gyicine 6. Glutamine 7. Proline 8. Serine 9. Sisteine 10. Tyrosine

Protein Pepsin/tripsin ) O 2 H + ( s i s y l o r d y h

Polypeptide Eripsin/Peptidase

Dipeptide Eripsin/Peptidase

) O 2 H ( n o i t a s n e d n o c

Non essential amino acids 1. Arginine 2. Phenilalanine 3. Histidine 4. Isolucine 5. Leucine 6. Lysine 7. Methionine 8. Threonine 9. Tryptophane 10. Valine

DON’T MEMORISE THIS LIST

Amino acid

Types protein based on function Group

The role inside body •

Reacts to the antigen (foreign substance) which enter the body and acts as protector.

•

Stimulates reactions or process such as growth.

•

Haemoglobin acts as carrier to transport respiratory gases. There are also carrier protein in plasma membrane.

Contractile protein

•

Found in muscle and able to contract to produce movement.

Catalyst protein

•

Antibody Hormone Transport protein

All types of enzyme which is trigger or initiate chemical reactions.

Level of protein structure & exam ples Prim ary

Secondary

Tertiery

Quartenery

Polypeptide chain

Fibrous protein

Globular protein

Haemoglobin

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Lipids 1. Elements that made up lipid are

........................................... ..................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................

2. Fat or oil made up from ....................................... and ............................................... in the ratio of ..................... 3. In space given below, draw the “building block” of triglyceride (fat).

Type Fat

Location and function •

As a energy storage (under skin), organ protector, energy storage and isolation of heat.

Phospholipid

•

Found in plasma membrane—part of plasma membrane.

Cholesterol

•

Basic molecule for making steroid e.g. sex hormone.

Bile

•

Colesterol byproduct which emulsify fat and turn it into small droplets.

•

Synthesized on skin with the presence of ultraviolet rays and helps absorption of calcium ion for bone growth.

Vitamine D

•

Steroid

•

Oestrogen and progesterone involved in menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Adrenaline secreted by adrenal gland as a reaction to an emergency such as panic, fear and angry.

4. Compare the saturated and the unsaturated fat based on (i) chemical structure, struc ture, (ii) state of matter in room temperature, (iii) effect to the blood cholesterol level and (iv) sources. Differences of saturated fat and unsaturated fat Saturated fat Unsaturated fat

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Enzymes 1. Meaning of enzyme. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Function of enzyme. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Three exam ples of enzymes and its Enzyme

substrate:

Substrate

Gland

4. Four characteristics of enzyme: a ...................................................................................................................................... b ...................................................................................................................................... c ...................................................................................................................................... d ...................................................................................................................................... 5. What is active site? site ? ......................................................................................................................................... 6. Why does the denatured enzyme does not perform its function? Relate your answer with active site. site . ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ......................................................................................

reaction occur when enzyme collided/ make contact with substrate.

7. Draw a schematic diagram to show the synthesis of protein (e.g. enzymes).

8. By giving appropriate example, describe how different organelles work s together together to enable cell to function in orderly manner. (e.g. protein / enzyme) ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... Min2009

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9. Complete the graph below. Effect of pH

Effect of temperature n o i t c a e r f o e t a r e h T

n o i t c a e r f o e t a r e h T 10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

pH 1

( o C)

Effect of enzym e concentration

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

Effect of substrate concentration n o i t c a e r f o e t a r e h T

n o i t c a e r f o e t a r e h T

Concentration of substrate

Concentration of enzyme

10. Explain why acid able to stop the enzyme reaction? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 11. State two examples of intracellular enzymes and its function. Enzyme

Function

12. State two examples of extracellular enzymes and its function. Enzyme

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Function

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Practice 1.

Complete the diagram below to demonstrate the Lock and Key hypothesis.

Enzyme & substrate

Enzyme & substrate complex

Enzyme & product

substrate

Enzyme (globular shape) 2. In the space given below, draw an enzyme (based on answer in 1) and its shape after being denatured.

denatured (by temperature or pH)

3.

State four enzymes and its uses in industries. industries .

Enzyme

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Function

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CELL DIVISION Cell Cycle 1. Give two reasons why cell is need to be divided (increase in number)? i. ................................................................................................................................... ii. ...................................................................................................................................

2. Label the stages of cell cycle diagram above. 3. State the function of stages below; i.

Growth phase 1 (G1) ...................................................................................................................................

ii. DNA Synthesis (S) ................................................................................................................................... iii. Growth phase 2 (G2) ................................................................................................................................... iv. Mitosis ................................................................................................................................... v. Cytokinesis ................................................................................................................................... 4

5

6

a. What is replication ? ................................................................................................................................... b. Why does the chromosomes need to be replicated? replicated ? ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... Why does the chromosome number of an organisms are must to be in constant from a generation to the next generation? Explain. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... Explain the difference of cytokinesis in animal and plant cells. ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................

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Mitosis Explanations

Interphase

Number of chromosome ..... 1

...................................................................

2

...................................................................


...................................................................

2

...................................................................

3

...................................................................


...................................................................

2

...................................................................


...................................................................

2

...................................................................


...................................................................

2

...................................................................

3

...................................................................

4

...................................................................

Use Ward’s Finger Model Min2009

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4 i. ................................................................................................................................... M R ii. ................................................................................................................................... O F iii. ................................................................................................................................... Y iv. ................................................................................................................................... G O L O Uncontrolled Mitosis—Cancer I B What is cancer? E L .............................................................................................................................................. U D .............................................................................................................................................. O M Causes of cancer i. ......................................................................................................................................... G N I ii. ......................................................................................................................................... N R iii. ......................................................................................................................................... A E Treatments—explain L The significance of mitosis

i.

surgery

............................................. ....................... .............................................. ................................................ ............................................. .....................

ii. chemotherapy .................................................................................................................. iii. radiotherapy

............................................... ........................ .................................................. .................................................... ........................................ ...............

Application of Mi tosis Cloning—tissue culture Purpose Advantages

:................................................................................................................ i.

............................................................................................................

ii.

............................................................................................................

Disadvantages i.

............................................................................................................

ii.

............................................................................................................

Procedure ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ Min2009

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Cloning 1. What is cloning? cloning ? ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. 2. Draw a schematic diagram to show the cloning of Dolly. Dolly . 3. What is the role of ultraviolet of ultraviolet rays in cloning process? ................................................................. ................................................................. 4. Advantages of cloning: i.

.................................................................

ii.

.................................................................

iii. ................................................................. 5. Disadvantages of cloning: i.

.................................................................

ii.

.................................................................

iii. .................................................................

Practice Graph shows the division of cell inside organism X. 1. How many chromosomes in parent cell and daughter cell? i. parent ............ ii. daughter ............ 2. What type of division involved? .................................................................... 3. Give your reason for answer in 1. .................................................................... .................................................................... .................................................................... 4. What happen to the chromosomes ch romosomes during du ring stage M1 and M2? i. M1 ….................................................... ....................................................... ii. M2 ….................................................... ....................................................... 5. i. What is organism X? ............................................................... ii. Give your reason for answer in 5.i. .................................................................... .................................................................... Min2009

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6. Mark on graph the stage of: i. ii. iii. iv.

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Meiosis Meiosis with P aper Cuttings Cuttings 1. Make sure your group have 8 paper cuttings with 2 size and 2 colours . For example, large paper cuttings —2 cuttings —2 blue and 2 red and small paper cuttings —2 cuttings —2 blue and 2 red. 2. Analogy 1 : each paper cutting represent a chromosome. chromosome . 3. 3. Analogy 2: 2 : paper cuttings with the same size are homologous or identical (same size and shape). 4. Analogy 3 : do the replication by adding paper cuttings with same size and colour. 5. Analogy 4 : do the crossing over by “cut an d paste” the paper cuttings. 6. Draw a cell, nucleus membrane and spindle fiber on the table by using chalk. 7. Follow your teacher’s instruction and complete the worksheet for this activity.

Worksheet 1

2

Interphase

Prophase I

7

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3

4

Anaphase I

Metaphase I

5

6

Telophase I

Prophase II

Metaphase II

8

23

Anaphase II


8

Telophase II

Meaning of terms Synapsis

.....................................................................................................................

Chiasma

.....................................................................................................................

Crossing over

.....................................................................................................................

Variation

.....................................................................................................................

Role of m eiosis 1

............................................................................................................................................

2

............................................................................................................................................

3

............................................................................................................................................

Practice 1. Based on the diagram you’ve drew (in page 19 and 23), state the differences of mitosis and meiosis based on: i.

number of chromosome ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

ii. genetic content ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 2. Draw the chromosome for stages below: Mitosis - M etaphase etaphase

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Meiosis - Metaphase I

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3. Based on drawing in 2, explain the difference in term of chromosome of chromosome position. position . ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 4. Which cell division produce variation? variation ? How? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 5. Name the cell division, where the separation separation of hom ologous chromosome occurs? Name the stage. ........................................................................................................................................ Parent

46

Gametes

Offspring

23 46

46

23

6. In human, the diploid (2n) number of chromosomes are 4 6 . Based on diagram, explain how the number of chromosome is maintained (keep in constant) from a generation to the next generation. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 7. State the tissue where where the process of mitosis of mitosis and m eiosis take place in animal and plant.

Animal

Plant

Meiosis

.......................................................

.......................................................

Mitosis

................................... ........... ............................................ ....................

............................................. ...................... ................................. ..........

8. Draw the chromosome of daughter cells inside the diagram below.

Metaphase I

Daughter cell

Meiosis

Meiosis

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1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4


9. Compare mitosis and meiosis based on; i. the difference in chromosome number in daughter and parent cell; ii. number of cell division; iii. number of daughter cell; iv. crossing over; and v. the difference in genetic content in daughter and parent cell.

Mitosis

Meiosis

Number of chromosomes in parent’s and daughter’s cell are equal.

NUTRITION Fo u r process involved in nutrition are: i.

............................................... ....................... .................................. ..........

ii. ............................................... ......................... ................................ ..........

iii. ................................................ ....................... .................................. .........

iv. ...................................................... ........................... .............................. ...

Types of Nutrition Autotroph organisms are ....................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. Heterototroph organisms are ................................................................................................ ..............................................................................................................................................

Nutrition

Meaning and tw o example of organisms

Chemosyntesis

Synthesis the organic compound (glucose) by oxidizing in organic substances such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3).

Photosynthesis Holozoic Saprophytism Parasitsm Min2009

Obtained food by living on or in the body of living organisms. 26




Balanced Diet Meanin g of balanced diet

............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................

NOTE The role of water, carbohydrates, proteins & lipids aren’t stated here because its already being stated in Chapter 4. Draw a pyramid of food

The necessity of balanced diet ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................

Energy Value 1. How to prove that food contain / produce energy energy?? Explain. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. State the class of foods which does not contain/ produce energy energy . Explain why? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Explain how does the factors listed below affects the requirement of energy. energy . Body size

Gender

Age

Occupation 4. In a rest condition (such as sleep) we still need energy. Explain why? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 5. Why does the Eskimo (live in Artic region) consume a lot of fatty food ? i. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ii. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... Min2009

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Calculation of energy value

Mineral Mineral

Function

Deficiency Deficiency

Calcium

Bone and tooth formation, aids in blood clotting, Ricket (children), delayed blood needed in muscle and nerve coordination. clotting and osteoporosis.

Magnesium

Activates most types of enzymes (as a cofactor)

Retarded function of muscle.

Ferum / iron

Component of haemoglobin needed for oxygen transport in the blood.

Sodium

Maintain the osmotic pressure and important component in blood plasma.

Muscle cramps.

Potassium

Maintenance of acid-base and water balance.

Heart failure & muscular weakness.

Iodine

Component of the thyroxine hormone.

Goiter (adult) & kretinisme (children)

Phosphorus

Needed for muscle growth, bone and tooth formation, nucleotide and ATP synthesis.

Rickets & demineralization of bone (lost of calcium)

Chlorine

Maintenance of osmotic pressure.

Muscle cramps.

Anemia.

Vitamin Vitamin A Retinol

Function

Needed for formation of light pigment in retina and maintenance of epithelial tissue.

Deficiency Vision problem (night blindness) and scaling skin. Beriberi (muscle weakness, nerve disorder, heart disorder, swollen feet and loss of skin sensitivity.

B1 Thiamine

Precursor of a coenzyme which functions in carbohydrate metabolism.

B2 Riboflavin

Sore eyes and swollen tongues and Component of coenzymes in energy metabolism. skin lesions at the corner of mouth, nose and ears.

B3 Niacin

Pellagra (skin and gastrointestinal Component of coenzymes in energy metabolism. lesions, nervous, mental disorders and loss of appetite).

Component of coenzyme A, with a role in energy Muscle cramps, fatigue, impaired B5 Pantothenic acid metabolism. motor coordination. B6 Pyridoxine

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Coenzymes in amino acid metabolism.

28

Irritability, muscular twitching, convulsions, dermatitis, retarded growth, kidney stones and pernicious anemia.


Vitamin B12 Cobalamin

• •

C Ascorbic acid

Function

A coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism. Synthesis of red blood cells.

•

Required in the synthesis of collagen.

•

Maintenance of cartilage, bone and dentin.

•

A strong antioxidant.

D Calcipherol

Aids in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus ions for bones and teeth growth.

E Tocopherol

Produce red blood cells. Acts an antioxidant.

K Phylloquinone

Deficiency Pernicious anemia, neurological disorders and weight loss. 1. Poor collagen formation. 2. Scaly skin. 3. Scurvy: Scurvy : symptoms include swollen, bleeding gums and tooth loss. 4. Degeneration of blood vessels, muscles and cartilage. ♦ ♦

♦

Ricet (demineralization of bone) Tooth decay. Anemia.

Defective blood clotting which leads to excessive bleeding.

Important in blood clotting.

Gro ou u p W or ork k Group Discussion Discussion Explain the necessity of diet on a person below: 1. Expectant mother. 2. Sumo wrestler. 3. Long distance runner. 4. Everest climber. 5. Old man. 6. Children.

Scrap Book •

•

• •

Make a scrap book or book or booklet about the effect of vitamin and minerals deficiency and malnutrition in human. Information mainly based on pictures and simple explanation about the picture. Use internet search engine such as google.com, google.com , click on image and key in the key word of image you want. Make sure the pictures that you want to download not less than 40 kb (file size). size). The procedure of finding the information using internet will be provided.

Malnutrition •

Meaning

........................................................................................................................

•

Causes

........................................................................................................................

•

Effect

........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................

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Foods test—experiment test—experiment Reducing sugar test Material Benedict solution

...................................................................... ......................................................................

Water

...................................................................... Result ......................................................................

Glucose solution

...................................................................... ......................................................................

Non reducing sugar test

Solution sucrose + HCL

Sodium bicarbonate

Benedict solution

Water

Material

:.......................................................................................................................

Result

:.......................................................................................................................

Millon test (protein) Material Millon solution

...................................................................... ......................................................................

Water

...................................................................... Result ......................................................................

Egg white

...................................................................... ......................................................................

Starch and Fat Test Starch

:.......................................................................................................................

F at

:.......................................................................................................................

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Food Digestion-Huma Digestion-Huma n 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Name two organic polymer (large molecule) molecule) found in food and its source. i ................................................................................................................................... ii ................................................................................................................................... Can organic polymer absorbed into blood stream / cells? Why? ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... Why does the organic polymer need to be hydrolysed (break (break dow n) into its monomer? ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... Why does the food need to be break down into a sm all pieces pieces ? ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... Complete the short notes below by stating the adaptation (characteristic + role) of an organ to perform its function. Fill in only the main idea and use a simple and short sentences. sentences .

Mouth • Produce saliva to lubricate and digest starch. • Chewing breaks down food into small pieces to increase total surface area.

Oesofagus • Consist of circular and longitudal muscle. Foods are moved by peristalsis action. Liver ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. Stomach i. ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ii. ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ Small Intestine i. ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ii. ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ iii. ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ iv. ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ Large Intestine ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. .............................................................................................

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Digestive enzymes Gland

Enzyme

Salivary

Stomach

Rennin

(gastric juice)

Pepsin

Pancreas (pancreatic juice)

Substrate

Amilase

Starch

Amilase

Starch

End product

Trypsin Fatty acid + Glyserol Asid amino

Intestinal Maltose Lactose Sucrase

Experim ent — digestion of starch Purpose To investigate the digestion of starch.

Test tube Distilled water

Procedure 1. Apparatus as shown is prepared. 2. Iodine and Benedict test is done to the sample of water every 30 minutes. 3. Observation are recorded.

Yeast suspension Visking tube Yeast suspension + saliva

A Observation A

Note

B

: Iodine test : Benedict test

—> starch —> Glucose

—> Dark blue —> Copper

No change in color for Iodine and Benedict test

Inference A (reason) Observation B

No change in color for Iodine test but the colour of water turn into copper when tested with Benedict solution.

Inference B (reason)

Discussion

Conclusion Min2009

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Practice

1. Label the digestive system above. 2. State t w o the role of hydrochloric of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. i.

...................................................................................................................................

ii.

...................................................................................................................................

3. Explain the role of bile in digestion process. i.

...................................................................................................................................

ii.

...................................................................................................................................

iii.

...................................................................................................................................

4. Explain two adaptations adaptations of small intestine to increase the absorption of digested food. i.

................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

ii.

................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

Digesti Digestion on in Ru minant & Roden t Rodent

Ruminant mouth

anus

1. Label parts parts of ruminant’s and rodent’s stomach. 2. Draw an arrow to show the flow of food inside ruminant’s stomach. Min2009

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3. Animals unable to produce cellulase to digest cellulose (component of plant cell wall) into glucose. Explain how the ruminants digest the cellulose? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 4. Compare the digestive system of ruminant and rodent based on: i.

stomach structure ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

ii. Digestion of cellulose ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 5. Why ruminant need more than one stomach? stomach ? ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................

Absorp tion & Assim ilation ilation of Digested Food 1. Draw the structure of one of one villi inside the given space. 2. Three adaptations (characteristic + role) of villi to increase the rate of food absorption are; i.

...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ......................................................................................

ii.

...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ......................................................................................

iii. ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 3. State the digested food absorbed by the structure below: i.

Blood capillary .............................................. ..................... .................................................. ....................................................... ....................................... ......... ..............................................................................................................

ii. Lacteal

............................................... ....................... ............................................... .............................................. ........................................ ................. ..............................................................................................................



Creative essay If you’re the starch or protein (choose one), describe your experience in human digestive system start from mouth until you’re inside the liver.

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The Role of Liver Small intestine Glucose

Liver

Blood

Cell / Tissue Tissue

Glucose

Energy production

Amino acid

Protein synthesis

Glucose Glycogen

Amino acid

Amino acid

Urea Protein

Plasma protein

Other Functions • Break down old red blood cell and haemoglobin. • Storage of blood (300 cm3 – 1500 cm3). Synthesis of plasma protein such as albumin and • globulin. Storage of vitamine A, D and B12. • • Storage of minerals, Fe and Cu. • Detoxification of drugs, alcohol and poisons.

What is? •

Glycogen ...........................................

•

Urea ...........................................

•

Plasma protein ...........................................

Defaecation 1. State t w o functions of large of large intestine. intestine . i.

...................................................................................................................................

ii.

...................................................................................................................................

2. State the role of rectum of rectum . ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Why does the undigested food must be expelled (eliminated) (eliminated) out of the body? ......................................................................................................................................... 4. Explain the cause of constipation of constipation . ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................

Pro blems Related to Nutrition Nutrition Problem

Causes

Symptom & Effe Effect ct

Gastric

Anoreksia nervosa

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Problem Obesity

Causes

Symptom & Effe Effect ct

4 M R O F Y G O Belumia L O I B E L U D O Nutrient Requirem Requi rem ent in Plant M G N I 1 Does the plant able to live only by using product of photosynthesis (starch)? (starch) ? Explain. N ............................................................................................................................................ R A ............................................................................................................................................ E L 2 What is nutrients / minerals? minerals ? ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Complete the table below.

Macronutrient

Micronutrient

Meaning

Minerals

The Role of Macronutrient Minerals

Function •

Nitrogen (N) •

Effect Effe ct of deficiencies deficiencies

Synthesis of protein, chlorophyll & nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) Growth of leaf & stem

•

Synthesis of protein & nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) Enhanced cell division

Potassium (K)

•

Synthesis of protein & starch

Calcium (Ca)

•

Growth of shoot & root

Sulphur (S)

•

Synthesis of protein

Magnesium (Mg)

•

Synthesis of chlorophyll (constituent)

•

Phosphorus (P)

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♦

♦ ♦ ♦

♦ ♦ ♦ ♦

36

Yellowish & stunted leaves (chlorosis)

Stunted growth Poor root growth Formation of dull, dark green leaves Stunted growth Premature death of plants Stunted growth Leaves become distort & cupped

♦

General yellowing of leaves or entire plant

♦

General yellowing of leaves

Lack (deficiencies) of mineral will cause several symptoms. Based on minerals and symptoms given below, explain why the symptom occur? occur ? 1. Nitrogen—stunted growth ........................................................................................................................................ 2. Phosphorus—stunted growth ........................................................................................................................................ 3. Magnesium—yellowish leaves ........................................................................................................................................

Preparation of Culture Culture Solution Solution Knop Solution (complete solution) Calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) Potassium nitrate (KNO3) Potassium dehidrogen fosfat (KH2PO4) Magnesium sulfat (MgSO4) Ferum (III) fosfat (FePO4) Distilled water

0.8 g 0.2 g 0.2 g 0.2 g trace 1000 cm3

1. Objective :....................................................................................................................... 2. Variables i.

manipulated

:............................................ :...................... ............................................ .......................................... ....................

ii.

response

:......................................................................................

iii.

constant

:................................................ :....................... ..................................................... ...................................... ..........

3. Hypothesis :............................................... :........................ .............................................. ............................................. ................................................. ........................... ........................................................................................................................ 4. What the purpose of covering of covering jar with black paper? ........................................................................................................................................ 5. Why does the root need to be aerated (provided with air)? ........................................................................................................................................ 6. Name o n e mineral which provides elements listed below; i)

sulphur

........................................ ii)

iii) nitrogen ........................................ ......................... ...............

phosphorus

iv) calcium

................................................ ................................................ ......................... .......................

7. Based on Knop solution above, how do you prepare solution with lack of (without): i.

Nitrogen

............................................... ....................... ................................................ .............................................. ...................................... ................ .............................................................................................................

ii. Phosphorus

............................................. ..................... .............................................. ............................................. .......................................... ................... .............................................................................................................

iii. Calcium

................................................... ........................... .................................................... ..................................................... .............................. ..... .............................................................................................................

iv. All minerals

.............................................. ....................... .............................................. ............................................ ........................................ ................... .............................................................................................................

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Photosynthesis Purpose ............................................................................................... Result and Discussion ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... Conclusion ............................................................................................... Purpose ............................................................................................... Result and Discussion ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... Conclusion ...............................................................................................

Cross sectional of leaf

1. Label

the cross sectional of leaf above. Label must include palisade mesophyll, spongy

mesophyll, epidermal cell, cuticle, vascular bundle (xylem and phloem) and stoma. 2. State the function of structures below: i.

Palisade mesophyll

........................................... ..................... ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............

ii. Spongy mesophyll

............................................. ....................... ............................................ ............................................ ................................ ..........

iii. Vascular bundle

................................................ ........................ ..................................................... ........................................................ ...........................

iv. Stoma

............................................. ...................... ............................................... ............................................. ................................... ..............

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3. State three structural adaptations (characteristic + role) of leaf to increase the rate of photosynthesis. i.

...................................................................................................................................

ii.

...................................................................................................................................

iii.

...................................................................................................................................

4. State the adaptations to carry out photosynthesis for plants given below: i.

Seaweed (rumpair) ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

ii. Cactus ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

Mechanism of photosynthesis photosynthesis Structure of chloroplast

2 4 H2O

2 4 H+

24 OH6 O2

Photolysis 24 e24 H

Chlorophyll

24 e-

1 2 H 2O

Light reaction

Absorb energy from sunlight

6 H 2O

Dark reaction

1. Based on flow chart, explain what happen during: i.



REMINDER Do not memorized the number of molecules, ions and electron.

C 6 H 12 O 6

6 CO 2

light reaction ....................................................... ................................. .............................................. .............................................. ............................... ......... ..............................................................................................................

ii. dark reaction ......................................... ................. .............................................. ............................................ ............................................... ......................... .............................................................................................................. 2. What is the role of sunlight in photolysis (light reaction)? ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Does the dark reaction occurs at night? Why? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... Min2009

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+

4. Label the flow chart above to shows the summary of photosynthesis. 5. Based on flow chart in page 3 9 , summarized the chemical equation of photosynthesis. ......................................................................................................................................... 6. (a) What is the end product of photosyn thesis that useful to the plant? ................................................................................................................................... (b) State the two roles of substance stated in 5 (a). i.

..............................................................................................................................

ii.

..............................................................................................................................

7. Compare the light reaction and dark reaction based on: i.

Substrate (substance used in reaction)

ii. Site of reaction iii. End product iv. Time of reaction •

Note : use complete sentences. sentences . Light reaction

Dark reaction

Occurred in grana.

Factor affecting photosynthe sis

s i s e h t n y s o t o h p f o e t a R

s i s e h t n y s o t o h p f o e t a R

Light intensity Min2009

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10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

( o C)


1. Plot the graph in page 40. 2. Explain the relation of; i)

light intensity and rate of photosyn thesis. thesis . ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... .....................................................................................................................................

ii) temperature and rate of photosynt hesis ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... 3. Explain how the concentration of carbon dioxide become a limiting factor to the rate of photosynthesis. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................

Technology in Food Produ ction

Grou p discussion discussion •

Explain how methods listed below increase the quality and quantity of food production. i. Hydrophonics ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ii. Aerophonics. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... iii. Breeding. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... iv. Tissue culture. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... v. Genetic engineering. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

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Technology of Food Food Pro cessing Drying (dehydration)

Purpose

Purpose ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. Method ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. Advantages ................................................................. ................................................................. Sample of food .................................................................

1 ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... 2 ............................................................... ............................................................... 3 ............................................................... ............................................................... 4 ............................................................... ...............................................................

Pasteuraization Purpose To destroy bacteria and keeping the flavour and nutrient

Canning Purpose To kill microorganisms and its spore (survive up to 120 oC). Method (temperature) (temperature) Packed in cans and steamed with high temperature and high pressure. Advantages Keep food sterile (free from microorganisms) for a long period. Sample of food Sardines and pineapple

Method (temperature) (temperature) o 63 C in 30 minutes or 72 oC in 15 seconds Advantages Bacteria are destroyed but the nutrient (eg. protein) undamaged. Sample of food Milk and fruits juice.

Refrigeration

Vaccum packa ging

Purpose ................................................................. ................................................................. Method ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. Advantages ................................................................. ................................................................. Sample of food ................................................................. Min2009

Purpose ................................................................. ................................................................. Method ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. Advantages ................................................................. ................................................................. Sample of food ................................................................. 42


RESPIRATION 1. What is the substance act as source of energy in living things? ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Why substance in 1 contain energy? ......................................................................................................................................... 3. How to get energy from substance in 1 so that it can be use by living things? ......................................................................................................................................... 4. State three the role of energy of energy to living things. i.

...................................................................................................................................

ii.

...................................................................................................................................

iii.

...................................................................................................................................

5. State two cells/tissues in human body which used a lot of energy. Explain why? ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................

Aerob ic & Anaerobic Respira tion Glycolysis Break down of glucose Creb Cycle The process which produce a lot of energy. Note : do not memorized both terms.

1. If you’re not breathing for a certain period of time, you will be weak, then unconscious and finally die. Based on biology fact, explain why does it happen? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Sprinter athlete (such as 100m) hold their breathe while running. running . Can energy be produce in that condition (without air/oxygen)? Explain how? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 3. After reaching finishing line, the the athlete will be puffing (breathing in a fast rate) and exhausted. After a while, he/she will be recovered and back into normal condition. Explain these phenomena based on biology fact. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... Min2009

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Chem ical Equation of Respiration Aerobic Respirati on

Anaerobic Respiration Respiration I n Anim al & Yeast

Practice Apparatus A

Apparatus B

Questions 1 a. Why does the glucose solution need to be boiled? boiled ? ................................................................ ................................................................ b. Which apparatus acts as control? control? Explain the purpose of using control. ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ c. What the purpose of using paraffin oil? oil ? ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ d. What gas being produced? Give your reason. ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ Min2009

e. Name the other substance being produce. ................................................................ ................................................................ f. If paraffin layer is removed, removed , what will you expect? ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ g. How to increase the gas production? ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ h. If yeast is replaced with bacteria, bacteria , what is the expected result? ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................

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2.

3.

4.

Why does the unicellular organism such as yeast and bacteria are able to survive only by performing anaerobic respiration? respiration ? [only produce small amount of energy] ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... During flood, flood , most of plant will die. Explain why? [based on respiration] ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... Compare between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration based on: i) Substrate used ii) Product of reaction iii) The amount ATP produced iv) Site of reaction. Aerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration

Substrate used is glucose

Substrate used is glucose

Respiratory Structure—Hum Structure—Hum an •

Role of cartilage of cartilage rings? rings ?

................................................ ................................................ ................................................ •

Function of epiglottis of epiglottis ?

larynx epiglottis

................................................ ................................................ ................................................ •

Function of diaphragm of diaphragm ?

lung

................................................ ................................................ ................................................

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Explain the adaptations of alveolus to increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange. i. ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ii. ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ iii. ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

Draw the cross sectional of alveolus

Respiratory Structure—Animals 1 Explain the adaptations of respiration structure (way to increase the TSA/V) to facilitate the gaseous exchange. exchange . 2 Explain how the gaseous exchange. Unicellular organism—Amoeba 1 ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. 2

................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. Earth worm

1 ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. 2

................................................................................................. .................................................................................................

spiracle trachea

Insect-Cockroaches 1 .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... 2 .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... Min2009

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Frog 1

........................................................................... ........................................................................... ...........................................................................

2

........................................................................... ........................................................................... ........................................................................... draw gill filament

gill arch

gill arch

Gill raker

gill

operculum

Fish 1 ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2 ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................

Practice 1. Why does the unicellular organism organism do not require a respiratory structure? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Crocodile is able to chase its prey for a limited distance/time only, only , continue chasing will cause death. death . Explain why? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Whale use lungs for breathing. What happens if whale if whale using gill for breathing? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... Min2009

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Gaseous Exchange in Huma n Alveolus Partial pressure

O2  CO2 

CO2

O2

Tissue Partial pressure

O2  CO2 

O2

CO2

Oxygen transported in form of .................................................... while carbon dioxide transported in form of .................................................., .................................................., and .................................................. •

Haemoglobin is a ................................... ....................... ............ which contain ............................... ...................... .........

•

The gaseous exchange between respiratory structure and blood involving ......................... ........................................

•

Diffusion occurred due to the .............................................................................................

•

For example in alveolus, the partial pressure of oxygen is .............. then the blood inside the blood capillary. As a result, oxygen ............................. into the blood and combine with hemoglobin to form ...........................................

•

In tissue, partial pressure oxygen is ................... compare to blood inside blood capillary.

As

a

result,

........................................... releases

then ....................... into the tissue. •

Same condition is occur to the carbon dioxide.

1. Label the diagram above. Min2009

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its

oxygen.

Oxygen


2. Explain the condition of structures below during inhalation. i.

diaphragm

............................................... ....................... ............................................... .............................................. ..................................... ..............

ii. intercostals muscle ........................................................... .................................... ............................................. ................................................ .......................... iii. ribs

...................................................... ........................... .................................................. ................................................... .............................. ..

iv. lung

............................................... ....................... ............................................... .............................................. ..................................... ..............

Regulatory Regulatory Mechanism 1. What happen to the breathing and heart beat rate after doing vigorous activity? ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Does the breathing and heart beat beat rate rate changed after reaction in 1? 1 ? What happen? ......................................................................................................................................... Respiratory centre

Respiratory centre

Medulla oblongata

Chemoreceptor of medulla oblongata

Intercostals muscle

Chemoreceptor of carotid body Chemoreceptor of aortic bodies

Diaphragm

Regulation of carbon dioxide • Carbon dioxide in the blood is in form of carbonic of carbonic acid. acid . • The increase of carbonic acid will increase the acidity of blood (drop of pH) and this changes is detected by (or stimulate the) chemoreceptor of respiratory centre in medulla oblongata. • Respiratory centre send impulses impulses to intercostals intercostals muscle and diaphragm diaphragm muscle to increase the relaxation and contraction of muscles. Hence, the rate of breathing is increased. increased . • As a result, more carbon dioxide expelled out of the body and partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood is decreased. The reduction of partial pressure will reduce the acidity (or carbonic acid) and pH value of • blood is return into normal. Regulation of oxygen • Partial pressure of oxygen inside the blood is detected by carotid body and aortic bodies. bodies . • Low partial pressure of oxygen stimulate the chemoreceptor of carotid of carotid body and aortic bodies. bodies . • Carotid body and aortic bodies send impulses to the respiratory centre and the breathing rate is increased. • The increase of breathing rate w ill increase the partial pressure of oxygen. oxygen . • The increase of the partial pressure of oxygen, will cause the chemoreceptor not stimulated and the breathing rate return into normal. Min2009

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Respira tion in in Plant

Cross sectional of leaf

Cross sectional of lenticels

1. State how the structures below gets its oxygen . i)

leaf

............................................. ....................... .............................................. ............................................. .............................................. ............................. ....

ii) stem

............................................... ....................... .............................................. .............................................. .................................................. ..........................

iii) root

.................................................... .......................... ................................................... ................................................... .......................................... ................

2. Write down the chemical equation of anaerobic respiration in plant. ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Explain how submerged plant gets its oxygen. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................

Comparison—Respiration Comparison—Respirati on & Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Compare based on: i. substrate iii. condition for reaction v. occur in...

ii. end product of reaction iv. site of reaction / organelle involved

Respiration

Photosyntesis

Use glucose and oxygen.

Use carbon dioxide and water.

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Respira tion & Photosynthesis Photosynthesis produce glucose and oxygen that required by respiration, and respiration produce carbon dioxide that required by photosynthesis.

glucose oxygen

respiration In darkness photosynthesis Photosynthesis stop and plant carry out respiration—use • carbon dioxide oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The increase of light intensity • The rate of photosynthesis increase due to the increase of light intensity. •

Production of oxygen will increase.

•

Respiration still occur—oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is released.

•

Carbon dioxide from respiration is used in photosynthesis and oxygen produced by photosynthesis is used in respiration. respiration .

Compensatio n point (photosynthesis = respiration) •

•

•

•

•

•

All carbon dioxide produced by respiration is used in photosynthesis, while all oxygen produced by photosynthesis is used in respiration. respiration . At compensation point, no excess amount of oxygen because the rate of oxygen of oxygen production (by photosynthesis) is equal to the rate of oxygen of oxygen usage (by respiration). Same condition occurs to carbon dioxide, the rate of carbon of carbon dioxide production (by respiration) is equal to the rate of carbon of carbon dioxide usage (by photosynthesis). So, no excess amount of carbon dioxide. dioxide . At this point, all glucose produced by photosynthesis is used in respiration. respiration . As a result, n o excess amount of glucose for storage (starch production). So, the rate of photosynthesis must be higher then the rate of respiration to make sure there are excess amount of glucose for storage in form of starch. Hence, the light intensity must be higher then compensation point, so that the rate of photosynthesis is higher then t he rate of respiration. respiration. 2

O C f o e e s k a a e r t c n n I i

2

O f o e m u l o v

light intensity 2

Graph 1

O C f o e e s s a a e e r l e c n R i

light intensity

Graph 2

1. Plot the graph above and mark the mark the compensation point. 2. Based on graph, how do you determine the compensation point? 3. At low light intensity, intensity , certain plant become retarded or gradually die. Explain why? (based on compensation point) Min2009

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DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM Pyramid of Number

Decomposer Producer

Consumer

Forth trophic level (tertiary consumer)

e s a e r c e d s i m s i n a g r o f o r e b m u N

Biotic Component Third trophic level (secondary consumer)

Ecosystem

Second trophic level (primary consumer)

Abiotic Component pH

Humidity

Temperature

Topography

Light intensity

Microclimate

•

First trophic level (producer)

Draw a food web based on pyramid of number above.

Energy Flow Flow in Food Webs energy input (sunlight )

energy lost in respiration

death


10%

herbivores excursion & defecation


90%

90%

90% producer


death

10%

90%

carnivores excursion & defecation

death

10%

top carnivores excursion & defecation

decomposer —fungi, decomposer —fungi, bacteria, worm & scavenger

Interacti Interaction on Between Biotic Biotic Com ponent Commensalism .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... Mutualism .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... Min2009

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death

energy lost in


Saprophytism .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... Prey-Predator .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... Parasitism .......................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................

Investigate the effect of competition

Paramecium aurelia

Experiment

Result (plot the graph)

Paramecium caudatum

Paramecium aurelia + aurelia + P. caudatum

Experiment 1

Experiment 2

Separated population

Mixed population

n o i t a l u p o P

n o i t a l u p o P

Days

Days

................................................................................................................... Discussion (why the curve is like that?) Conclusion

................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................

Colonisation & Succession Explain the terms below: i)

habitat

............................................... ....................... .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ......................... ...

ii) species

............................................... ....................... .............................................. .............................................. ................................................. .........................

iii) niche

................................................... ......................... .................................................... .................................................... ......................................... ...............

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4 v) community ...................................................................................................................... M R vi) ecosystem ............................................... ........................ ............................................. .............................................. ................................................. ......................... O F vii) colonisation ...................................................................................................................... Y viii) succession ................................................. ......................... .................................................... ..................................................... ......................................... ................ G O L O I Colonisation & Succession in Pond B E Pioneer species L U s c D u a e D u p c algae and submerged plant c s o O e e s s i p s M i i o t o die and submerge n o n n d G p g o N r e f First successor species I o d c t N e e t i n a s R d s g / A d s h e E c a a L l l iv) population

............................................. ...................... ............................................. ............................................. ................................................... ............................

die and submerge

o y w e d / r o e r d g u a c n e i c t h m e a d e e t r p a i t h l — i n i n b i a t i s a e t e m t h e n e t

Second successor species

die and submerge

Third successor species

Climax community

•

Explain the adaptation of;

i)

pioneer species (algae and submerged plant) ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................

ii) primary successor species ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... iii) secondary successor species ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... •

What are the changes that cause the succession in pond? ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................

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Colonisati Colonisation on & Succession in Mangrove

. d n u r i o m e t h i s & g o r i e p t h e g d t n e a i m t t h c t e i g f n k o a n e g r a s o u b a e c d a h e e T b d

Map below shows the effect of succession in mangrove after 20 years. Complete the diagram below by using appropriate symbol. • What are the changes after 20 years? A

B

Avicennia sp.

S

Sonneratia sp.

R

Rhizophora sp.

B

Brugueira sp. B B

Forest

B

B

B

B

B B

Muddy and sand bank F

B

B B

B

Year 2000

B

B B

Year 2020

high tide Year 2020

low tide

Year 2000

•

Avicennia s p . (pokok api-api putih) and Sonneratia s p . (pokok perepat) are the pioneer species in the muddy and sandy bank. This species are able to stands a high salinity, wave and wind.

•

The extensive root system traps and collects the sediment, including organic matter from decaying plant parts. The soil become more compact and firm (kukuh).

•

This condition favours the Rhizophora s p . Consequently, the Avicennia the Avicennia sp. sp. and Sonneratia sp. are replace by Rhizophora .

•

The prop roots (akar jangkang) of the Rhizophora sp. traps silt (selut) and mud and creating firmer soil.

•

The ground (or bank) getting higher and less submerged by sea water.

•

The soil getting firm and hard and this condition favours the Brugueira s Brugueira s p .

•

Consequently, the Rhizophora sp. Rhizophora sp. is replaced by Brugueira sp. Brugueira sp.

•

The root of Brugueira of Brugueira sp. sp. traps silt and mud and further modified the soil structure. structure .

•

Over the time, plants like nipah and nipah and Pandanus begin Pandanus begin to replace the Brugueira sp. Brugueira sp.

•

The gradual transition and succession from a mangrove to a terrestrial forest and eventually to a tropical forest —a climax community. community .

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Popu lation lation Ecology Capture, Mark, Release and Recapture Technique

Quadrate sampling technique

This technique is used to estimate the population of animal such as ant, birds and mammals by using ink/ r i n g / t a g. g . Some precaution and assumption to be considered;

Quadrate frame - metal / wood

•

Quadrate frame—rope and stick Examples of Quadrate

•

Quadrate for small organism (eg. fungus)

Percentage coverage Total coverage of all quadrate Example of coverage

Density

Number of quadrate

The mark not harmed to the animal or predator. Animal captured randomly. randomly .

•

Let the animal free to mixed with original population.

•

Assumption — no migration and mortality due to disease.

•

Capture a large animal.

•

The experiment is repeated to increase the validity (kesahan ) of data.

X 100%

x quadrate area

samples of

No. of org. in first sample x No. of org. in second sample

Frequency

No. of marked of marked org. recaptured

Sampling of soil organisms Tullgren Funnel

The principle of both instruments; .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

•

Bearmann Funnel The difference; difference ; .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

•

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The Effect of Abiotic Abiotic Factors on Popu lation Factors

Effect

pH

temperature

humidity

light intensity

Biodiversity Definition .......................... ...................................... ......................... .......................... ........................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................... ....... .......................... ...................................... ......................... .......................... ........................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................... ....... The importance .......................... ...................................... ......................... .......................... ........................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................... ....... .......................... ...................................... ......................... .......................... ........................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................... ....... .......................... ...................................... ......................... .......................... ........................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................... ....... .......................... ...................................... ......................... .......................... ........................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................... ....... Protista Paramecium Amoeba Euglena

...................... .......................... .......................... ..........................

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Kingdoms

...................... .......................... .......................... ..........................

57

...................... Yeast Mold Mushroom

...................... .......................... .......................... ..........................

Classification Classification of Organism s Kingdom

Phyllum

1. Why does an organisms must be

K

classified? classified ? ..................................................

P

Class

C

Order

O

Family

F

.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. 2. Why does the Latin language is used for naming the species? .................................................. ..................................................

G

..................................................

Genus

..................................................

S Species Category Category

Housefly

Human

Corn / Maize

Rat

Kingdom

Animalia

Animalia

Plantae

Animalia

Phyllum

Arthropoda

Chordata

Trachaeophyta

Chordata

Class

Insecta

Mamalia

Angiospermae

Mamalia

Order

Diptera

Primate

Glumnifloflorae

Rodentia

Family

Muscidae

Homonidae

Maydeae

Muroidae

Genus

Musca

Homo

Zea

Rattus

Species

domestica

sapiens

mays

rattus

Law of scientific names — Linnaeus Linnaeus Binom ial System • Species has two names - genus + species. • Genus begins with capital letter and species all small letter. • Written in italics (usually italics (usually in printing) or underline (usually in hand writing). Local name

Printing

Hand writing

Toad (katak (katak puru )

Bufo melanogaster

Bufo melanogaster

Cockroach (lipas (lipas rumah )

Periplaneta americana

Periplaneta americana

Durian

Durio zibethinus

Durio zibethinus

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The Impact of Microorganisms Fungi & Algae Fungi ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................

Algae ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................

Bacteria & Virus 1. Label the bacteria structures. Label — capsule, cell wall, flagella, cytoplasm and genetic material-DNA/RNA.

2. Label the virus structures. Label — capsid dan nucleic acid (genetic material-DNA/RNA)

4 1

5 2 3

6

7

1 – binary fission-bacteria, 2 – Streptococcus , 3 – flagella-bacteria, 4 – bakteriofaj, 5 – budding-yis, 6 – tobacco mosaic virus, 7 – bacteria spore. Min2009

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Coccus C a diplococcus, p s u l N streptococcus, F o e l a staphilococcus ( s g e s p e p o l c i l r e a f i ) - e d – m p r Bacillus o r o t o v e g a e c m t i o n e s e n e n l l e Nutrition - auxotroph, parasite & saprophyte

n o i t a r i p s e R

Bacteria

n + n e i o a n n ) s i r s e i b t a f c o y l y e m p r g a r m o – n i l t i d b l n o a p – n p e N A l w ( o l D i e t s c C e r i d u u l e h a o d c c r u c a N e p y s R l p o



Vibrio

p a h s

t

reminder

Spirillum

Aerobic

Anaerobic

& n o o i t i r t u n n o – g n o i n t i o v i l i r a n s p N o r e

in ce in n g – reprodu i v i in L i v ly. hos t cell on y.

t e i s a a r p l l t A

s l e l a m s e h T

Don’t use short form in answering the examination and test.

) s s d + i A l t n ) c N a a m n a R i l i e i n p c / t A a k o e c r l N k a c t p c D ( ( t a u t a d i N t a – s – A p a A N C N R D

O u t e r h o s t c e l l — b e c o m e c r y s t a l l i z e

Protozoa .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Amoeba Moves and captures its prey by using pseudopodium using pseudopodium (false leg) also known as phagocytosis. Antibiotic effect A substances produces by microorganism to stunned/ stop/kill other microbe. Based on picture-the effect are vary.

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Experiment—handling Experiment—handling microbe P r e c a u t i o n —e —e x p e r i m e n t i n v o l v i n g m i c r o b e In experiment involving microorganisms, apparatus must be free from microbe (sterile) to prevent contamination and the validity of an experiment. Several precautions and steps have to be taken during experiment; 1. Wash your hand using antiseptic before and after the experiment. 2. Table is cleaned by using antiseptic before before and after the experiment. 3. Food not allowed in the lab. 4. Clean with antiseptic if the microbe culture is spilled. 5. After the experiment, wash all apparatus with antiseptic. 6. Don’t throw agar medium into the bin or sink. Discard by using antiseptic or burning.

The formation of colony (spot)

Term/ Term/ scale used used to describe the growth of microorganisms Cloudy — clear, light & heavy Numbers of colony — 2, 3, 4, .... Size of colony — colony — measure the diameter

1. Agars is used us ed in experiment involving microbes which contain agar and nutrient. What is the initial colour of agars? What happens after the microbe colonize (growing) in the agar? ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 2. The agars need to be sterile (free from microbe) before the experiment. Why? ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... Min2009

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Experiment— growing growing microbe 1. Wash your thumb. 2. Press (gently) the agar using your thumb. 3. Mark your thumb and group members on Petri dish. 4. Overturned the Petri dish and store in dark place. 5. Live for 3 days and record record the result—numbers, size and colour of the colony.

Practice Experiment was carried out by growing the bacteria Bacillus subtilis (round subtilis (round and white colony) inside Petri dish which contain nutrient agar under different condition. Numbered of colony are measured after 24 hours.

Temperature factor

Condition

Petri dish A

Petri dish B

Petri dish C

5 oC (refrigerator)

37 oC (oven)

60 oC (oven)

Result

Observation (state) 1.

2.

3.

4.

State the inference for the observation in: i. Petri dish A ............................................. ..................... .............................................. ............................................ ................................ .......... ................................................................................................... ii. Petri dish B ............................................. ....................... ............................................ ............................................. ................................ ......... ................................................................................................... State the variables: variables : i. manipulated ............................................. ....................... .............................................. ............................................. .............................. ......... ii. responding ............................................. ....................... ............................................ ............................................. ................................ ......... iii. constant .................................................. ........................ .................................................... ................................................. ....................... State two hypothesis for this experiment. i. ................................................................................................................................. ii. ................................................................................................................................. What the meaning of growth of growth based on this experiment (defining (defining operationally). operationally ). ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

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Useful Microorganism Microorganism s 1. What are the role of bacteria of bacteria and protozoa in the alimentary canal of ruminant? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. “Microorganisms helps the hum an digestion system”. system”. Explain this statement. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Sate the role of Trichonympha of Trichonympha in in the alimentary canal of termite. .........................................................................................................................................

Animals

death & waste

SOIL

. . . y b b r o s b a

a i r e t c a b g n i y f i r t i n e D

Organism P Organism Q Bacteria Z

Bacteria X 4. a. b.

c.

Bacteria Y

Complete the diagram above. Name the: i.

Bacretia X

............................................ ..................... ......................................... ..................

ii.

Bacteria Y

............................................ ..................... ......................................... ..................

iii.

Bacteria Z

...................................................... ............................ .................................. ........

Give t w o example of organism of organism Q and their role. ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

d.

What are the importan ce of nitrogen cycle to the human being? ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

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Harm ful Microorganisms Pathogens

Disease

Method of transmission

Signs and symptoms

Protozoa (Plasmodium sp.) Plasmodium sp.)

Malaria

Vector. Anopheles Vector. Anopheles sp. sp. mosquito

High fever, fever , violent shivering profuse sweating.

Virus

Bacterium (Vibrio cholerae )

Dengue fever

Cholera

Aedes sp. Aedes Vector:sp. mosquito

1. by drinking water or eating food contaminated with the cholera bacterium. 2. faeces of an infected person. 3. inadequate sewage treatment and improper treatment of drinking water.

Fever with severe body pain and rashes over parts of the body. Profuse and watery diarrhea, arrhea , vomiting and leg cramps. Rapid loss of body fluids leads to dehydration and shock.

Fungi

Ringworm (Tinea corporis )

Contagious and is spread through infected pets or through direct contact with infected individuals.

Rashes on the body which look like red circular lesions with a scaly border. These infected areas may be itchy.

Bacteria related food poisoning is the most common for example, Salmonella sp. Salmonella sp.

Food poisoning

Contamination of cooked food and inappropriate handling and preparation of food.

Diarrhea, Diarrhea, nausea, chills, vomiting and fever within 12 to 24 hours.

1. Unprotected sex with an infected partner. 2. Blood transfusion from an infected person. 3. Transmission from a pregnant mother to an unborn child. 4. Contaminated syringes, needles or other piercing instruments. Through the respiration droplets released into the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

People with AIDS often suffer diseases of the lungs, brain, eyes and other vital organs along with debilitating weight loss and diarrhea.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Coronavirus

Viruses

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Severe acute respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis B

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by contaminated food or water and personal contact. contaminated blood or needles, as well as sexually

64

High fever (body temperature of more than 38.0 °C (100.4 °F). After two to seven days, SARS patients may develop a dry cough. Most patients develop pneumonia. Jaundice, Jaundice , inflammation of the liver, fever, fatigue, diminished appetite, nausea and abdominal pains. Severe - lead to liver cancer, liver failure, and eventually death.


Controlling Pathogen —Sterilization —Sterilization Meaning

........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................

Method

Explanation

Antibiotics Antiseptics

Disinfectants

Autoclave

o Heated over 120 C to kill microbe and bacteria spore. In medical use-sterilized the instruments.

Microorganism in Biotechnology Production of Vaccine Mikroorganism .............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Production of Antibiotic Mikroorganism .............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Cleaning Oil Spills Mikroorganism ............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Waste Treatment Mikroorganism .............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Food Processing Mikroorganism .............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Bioplastic (biodegradable) Industry Mikroorganism .............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Production of Energy from Biomass-biogas Biomass-biogas & biofuel Mikroorganism .............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Min2009

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ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM The effect of unplanned management Soil erosion

Extinction of species

Global warming

Flash flood

Deforestation

Climate change

Landslides

Thinning ozone layer

air

Water Pollution

noise

Thermal

Group Project—Presentat Project—Presentation ion Topic (one topic for each group) 1. Soil erosion & landslides. 2. Flash flood. 3. Air pollution. 4. Water pollution & eutrophication. 5. Thermal pollution & radioactive pollution. 6. Global warming & climate change. 7. Thinning of ozone layer. 8. Deforestation and extinction of species. Format 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

of presentation — comput er & booklet Introduction (meaning) Example (local / global) Source Effect Steps taken to overcome the problem. Closing (conclusion) NOTE : use picture in presentation & booklet.

Using search engine (Google & M s Internet Explorer) Searching for text / document. • •

• •

Searching for picture. • •

Search Engine www.yahoo.com www.altavista.com www.google.com

•

•

Useful key w ord for internet searching soil erosion, flood, eutrofication, water pollution, air pollution, thermal pollution, global warming, green house effect, climate, world’s climate, el nino, la nina, deforestation, endangered species. Min2009

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Key in key word, pres Enter. Click on link you want or Right click, Open in New Window. Save file— File, Save as... Press Back Button Back Button to go to previous page.

• •

Click on Images . Key in key word, pres Enter. Click on picture you want or Right click, Open in New Window. Right click on picture you want, Save Picture As... Saving / downloading. Press Back Button Back Button to go to previous page.


Notes— based on presentation presentati on


t n e v e r p o t s y a W

t c e f f E

) s e c r u o s ( s e s u a C s e i & - t i u v n h i o i f t s e c o a o i r d l e n e s l p a i d n y o a T m S l Min2009

d o o l f h s a l F

l n a i o m r t u e l l h o T p

67

n o i t a t s e r o f e D

f o n o i s t e c i n c i t e x p E s

The effect of polluted substances Pollutan ts

Source

Effect to the living things

Heavy metal Smoke & haze ( jerebu jerebu ) Carbon monoxide

Fossil fuel burning

Oxides of sulphur

Fossil fuel burning

Oxides of nitrogen

Radioative

Nuclear power plant

Water borne mikroorganism Chemical fertilizer

Agriculture

Pesticides (racun perosak )

Agriculture

Global W arm ing—Green ing—G reen H ouse Effect Effect Causes / source .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. How it happen? .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Effect 1

.........................................................................................................................................

2

.........................................................................................................................................

3

.........................................................................................................................................

4

.........................................................................................................................................

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infrared red (heat) reflected to space

Ways to prevent 1 .................................................................. ..................................................................

CO2 absorbed the reflected ray (heat)

2 .................................................................. .................................................................. 3 .................................................................. ..................................................................

Atmosphere

EARTH

4 .................................................................. ..................................................................

Acid R ain n o i t a u q e l a c i m e h c — n i a r d i c a f o n o i t a m r o F

N O2 g as

Causes / source of acid rain gaseous ....................................................................... ....................................................................... Effects

Nitrogen dioxide + water —> Nitric acid

NO gas 1 .................................................................. .................................................................. 2 .................................................................. .................................................................. 3 .................................................................. .................................................................. 4 .................................................................. ..................................................................

Nitrogen monoxide + water —> Nitrous acid + water —> Nitric acid

S O2 ga s Sulphur dioxide + water —> Sulphuric acid

Thinning The Ozone Layer Note : high intensity of ultra violet light will damage DNA/nucleus/cells.

Formation of ozone oxygen molecule + oxygen atom —> Ozone Destruction—by CFC C FC (strike by UV ray)—-> ray )—-> chlorine atom Ozone + chlorine atom (C (C FC ) —> oxygen molecule + chlorine monoxide Chlorine monoxide + oxygen atom —> oxygen molecule + chlorine atom Min2009

Source of CFC ....................................................................... ....................................................................... Effects 1 .................................................................. .................................................................. 2 .................................................................. .................................................................. 3 .................................................................. .................................................................. 4 .................................................................. .................................................................. 69


Ways to prevent thinning of ozone layer 1

.........................................................................................................................................

2

.........................................................................................................................................

3

.........................................................................................................................................

4

.........................................................................................................................................

Biochemical Oxygen Oxy gen Dem and (BOD) Definition .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Relationship with dissolved dissolved oxygen level .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Eksperiment-measuring BOD value •

Blue methylene

will decolorises in a sort time due to l o w

level of dissolved oxygen where the oxygen usage by microbe is high. •

This means the BOD value is high .

•

The increase usage of oxygen will reduce the oxygen level and increase the BOD value. [O2  — BOD ]

The effect effect of high BOD value to aquatic organism . .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Eutrophication occur due to the sudden in crease of algae population and increased the BOD value (low level of dissolved oxygen). Explain that phenomena. [algae is producing oxygen trough photosynthesis] .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Why the presence of organic of organic waste or fertilizer will increase the BOD value? .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Min2009

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Steps for Ma intaining intaining Stable Environm Envi ronm ent Why environment need to be maintained in stable condition? condition? .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Steps

Implementation of lows

Education

The use of technology

Concept of 4 R R ecycle-R euse-R educe-R enew

Preservation and conservation of the environment Land-WaterForest-Mangrove

Biological control

The use of renewable energy

The efficient use energy

Technology-Preven Technology-Preven tion of Po llution llution 1. Palm oil waste •

Converted into organic fertilizer (baja (baja kompos ). ).

•

Breakdown by mikroorganism for production of methane of methane..

•

Used in palm oil plant to generate electricity.

2. Exhaust filter •

3.

Complete the combustion of fuel by converting/changing carbon monoxide and other hidrocarbons into carbon dioxide and water.

Funnel filter ( penapis penapis cerobong ) •

Filters the acid rain gaseous such as nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen monoxide and sulfur dioxide.

4. Fuel •

Using unleaded petrol. petrol .

•

Using natural gas and biofuel. biofuel .

5. Recycle •

Metal, paper and glass.

6. Modern equipments •

To detect the source and level of pollution.

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BioF4 Module

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