]pfmhehmathng 8 1/4 x 11 =/0 hg 64: shgicf-mncnr paifs, pcus 15 paifs ne mncnr 1,022 d/w pjntns & 50 mncnr pjntns? 122 `rawhgis? Rudchmathng `atf; Gnvfldfr 4215 Chst prhmf; $96.22
Arlnurf` Prahgs Ag Hccustratf` Fgmymcnpaf`ha 1:45”4215 Rauc Laclassarh Pragscatf` atf` ag` F`htf` dy Tnifr Dragehcc-Mnno
Mnpyrhijt © Rauc Laclassarh
Gavac Hgsthtutf Rrfss Aggapnchs, Larycag`
Mngtfgts
KARAG
Rrfeamf
xx Eragmf
xx
Gnrway
xx
Hgtrn`umthng
xx Ifnriha
xx
xx
Raraiuay
Ifrlagy
xx
Rfru
xx
xx
Rncag`
xx
Aginca
xx
Irfat Drhtahg
Arifgthga
xx
Irffmf
xx
Rnrtuiac
xx
Arlfgha
xx Iuatflaca
xx
Tfpudchm ne Mngin
xx
Austrha
xx Jng`uras
xx
Tjn`fsha ([hldadwf)
xx
Austrn-Jugiarhagg Flphrf Austrn-Jugiarha
xx
Jugiary
xx
Tnlagha
xx
Dfcihul
xx
Hg`ha
xx
Tussha ag` VT]]
xx
Dnsgha Jfrzfinvhga
xx
Hg`ngfsha
xx
]cnvaoha (E (Erff ]tatf)
xx
Drazhc
xx Hraq
xx
]cnvaoha (pnst 1800)
xx
Duciarha
xx
Hrfcag`
xx
]nutj Aerhma
xx
Durla (Lyaglar)
xx
Htacy
xx
]nutj Onrfa
xx
Maldn`ha (Oalpumjfa)
xx
Kapag
xx
]pahg
xx
Maga`a
xx
Catvha
xx
]wf`fg
xx
Mjhcf
xx Chtjuagha
xx
]whtzfrcag`
xx
Mjhga
xx Lacaysha
xx
Pjahcag`
xx
Mncnldha
xx
Lacawh
xx
Pughsha
xx
Mngin-Cènpnc`vhccf
xx
Laurhtagha
xx
Purofy
xx
Mrnatha (Rnst 1881)
xx
Lfxhmn
xx
Vorahgf
xx
Mrnatha, Erff ]tatf ne
xx
Lnrnmmn
xx
Vghtf` ]tatfs ne Al Alfrhma
xx
Muda
xx Lnzaldhquf
xx
Vruiuay
xx
Mzfmjnscnvaoha
xx
xx
Uhftgal
xx
Xuinscavha/ ]frdha
xx
Hg`fx
xx
Pjf Gftjfrcag`s
Fiypt
xx Gfw [facag`
xx
Fstngha
xx
Ghmaraiua
xx
Ehgcag`
xx
Gnrtj Onrfa
xx
A
EPFT 1:80,
hg tjfhr lnvfs tn fstadchsj enntjnc`s ag` fxpag` tjfhr tfrrhtnrhac iahgs ng tjf Ashag Mngthgfgt, tjf Kapagfsf Flphrf dfmalf fldrnhcf` hg sfvfrac mngechmts, ehrst whtj tjf Mjhgfsf Flphrf, ag` tjfg whtj tjf Tfpudchm ne Mjhga. Alngist ntjfr tfrrhtnrhac iahgs, tjf ]hgn-Kapagfsf Yar ne 1:80”86 iavf Kapag Enrlnsa ag` Rnrt Artjur hg Lag mjurha. Onrfa dfmalf a Kapagfsf mncngy. Pjfg Kapag parthmhpatf` parthmhpatf` hg tjf Acchf` hgtfrvfgthng hg ]hdfrha ernl Auiust 181: tn Nmtndfr 1844. Hg 18=1 Kapag mngqufrf` Lagmjurha ag` rfgalf` ht Lagmjuoun. Ehgaccy, tjf ]fmng` ]hgn-Kapagfsf war, wjhmj drnof nut hg 18=9, dfmalf part ne tjf wh`fr ]fmng` Ynrc` Yar. Kapagfsf arlnurf` arlnurf` trahgs wfrf usf` `urhgi `urhgi tjf hgtfrvfgthng hg ]hdfrha ernl 181:? hg 18=1 `urhgi tjf hgvashng ne Lagmjurha? tjfg hg 18=4 hg tjf lnvf aiahgst ]jagijah? ag` ehgaccy amrnss tjf wjncf ne nmmuphf` Mjhgfsf tfrrhtnry. Aetfr tjf Kapagfsf `fefat hg 1806, Kapagfsf arlnurf` trahgs wfrf usf` dy Mjhgfsf enrmfs `urhgi tjf Mjhgfsf Mhvhc Yar, ag` pfrjaps fvfg hg Onrfa.
$ +, +< + 73 3 3 "< * >, > - , 37 + >3 +3 < 3 33 > >3 + 33 3<3. (Rj#;Ra$c LACLA]]ATH Mccfm#hg)
A >-> 3 33 +-< >, >3 B M+ K +>, 3+ 3 + 33 +3 +3 3 $-#* ">. (Rj#;Acc Thij#" Tf"f!%f`)
5
• KARAG A 7> 3 < + 33 3 >3, *<3 3 3 , 3 < 3 "CHO. G3 3 M+ + 3 3 >3 < K +,
3 33 +3 3 +3 <3 3 .
A +-< 7> 3 +, >+ + 3 * 3 M+ , >3 3 +3 &% MH#.1
' G 1.
$ 3 > 3 <33 + "< < >, 3 O7 + *<3 3 3 7 * 3 K. G3 3 K 3<+
3 3 <, 3 7 3 3 3 >+ 3 3 7.
(Rj#;Ra$c LACLA]]ATH Mccfm#hg)
Hgtfrvfgthng hg ]hdfrha (181:”44) (181:”44) Kapag hgtfrvfgf` hg tjf Tusshag Mhvhc Yar as part ne tjf hgtfrgathngac mnachthng tjat guldfrf` snlf 46,222 lfg, ehrst inhgi hgtn amthng hg ]hdfrha hg Kucy 181: at tjf rfqufst ne tjf Alfrhmag Invfrglfgt, whtj tjf `fspatmj ne ag hghthac mngthgifgt ne 14,222 lfg ug`fr Kapagfsf mnllag`. 1 Ngmf tjfy wfrf hg pcamf, tjf sfmurhty ne tjf rahc gftwnro was assurf` dy arlnurf` trahgs, lnst ne wjhmj ja` dffg drnuijt tn tjf rfihng dy tjf whtj`rawhgi Mzfmj Cfihng. Pjf Kapagfsf, jnwfvfr, rfeusf` tn dfmnlf hgvncvf` tn tjf wfst ne Caof Dahoac as tjfhr prhnrhty was enmussf` ng tjf suppnrt ne twn Yjhtf ifgfracs, Atalag ]flyngnv ag` Ifgfrac Oacylonv, ag` tjfg catfr Ifgf rac Darng vng Vgifrg-]tfrgdfri, wjn tjflsfcvfs wfrf wfcc-fquhppf` whtj arlnurf` trahgs, trahgs, Ng 6 Aprhc 1842 tjf Kapagfsf mngthgifgt, tjf sncf gngTusshag enrmf rflahghgi aetfr tjf rftrfat ne tjf Alfrhmag enrmf, 4 caugmjf` ag neefgshvf tn `hsarl tjf cnmac rfvncuthngary enrmfs, whtj tjf ucthlatf ahl ne prntfmthgi tjf Kapagfsf Jnlf Hscag`s, as wfcc as hts mncnghfs hg Onrfa ag` Lagmjurha, aiahgst tjf tjrfat ne tjf agth-lngarmjhst Dncsjfvhos. Pjf Kapagfsf mrnssf` tjf Pragsdahoac, whtj`rfw tjfhr suppnrt er nl ]flyngnv, ag` ehgac cy hg Nmtndfr 1844, ihvhgi hg tn hgtfrgathngac ag` `nlfsthm= prfssurf, whtj`rfw tjfhr mngthgifgt.
(Rj#;Ra$c LACLA]]ATH Mccfm#hg)
1.
Pjf 14tj @hvhshng was tjf ehrst tn cag` ng = Auiust 181: ag` wfgt hgtn amthng acngish`f tjf Mzfmjs hg tjf rfihng ne tjf Alur ag` tjf Vssurh rhvfrs. At tjfhr pfao, tjf Kapagfsf mngthgifgt mnugtf` 94,222 lfg mnllag`f` dy Ifgfrac Ntagh, wjn hg tjfnry was gnlhgac jfa` ne acc tjf Acchf` trnnps. Hg eamt tjf Tussn-Kapagfsf Yar was sthcc erfsj hg cnmac lflnry, ag` Tusshags lhstrustf` tjf irnwhgi pnwfr ne Kapag. 4.
Pjf AFE], tjf Alfrhmag Fxpf`hthngary Enrmf hg ]hdfrha, was whtj`rawg ng 1 Aprhc 1842. =.
Pjf Kapagfsf hgtfrvfgthng ja` mnst tjfhr enrmfs 6222 `fa` ernl mnldat ag` `hsfasf.
(Rj#;Acc Thij#" Tf"f!%f`)
A 3 K < 3 7+ #*. H3 << * M+ C. (Rj#;Ukfg"o' &"#f`gh a!mjh%f-Ukfg"o' jh"#!hmo' a!mjh%f)
:
• KARAG
Arlnurf` Prahgs hg Lagmjurha, Mjhga ag` Onrfa (18=1”06) Pjf mhvhc war tjat dfiag hg 18116 cfet Mjhga erailfgtf`. Ng 1: ]fptfldfr 18=1 hg Lagmjurha, wjfrf Kapagfsf hgecufgmf ja` rfpcamf` tjat ne tjf Tusshags shgmf tjf war ne 1826, lhgnr `alaif mausf` tn a rahcway chgf 5 passhgi mcnsf dy a Mjhgfsf iarrhsng, hg wjat dfmalf ognwg as tjf Luo`fg hgmh`fgt, 9 iavf Kapag tjf fxmusf tn strfgitjfg hts jnc` dy caugmjhgi tjf hgvashng ne tjf tfrrhtnry.: Dy nmmupyhgi Jardhg ng 6 Efdruary 18=4, tjf Kapagfsf mngmcu`f` tjfhr lhchtary mngqufst ne Lagmjurha, ngf ne tjf laknr Mjhgfsf prnvhgmfs shtuatf` wfcc tn tjf gnrtj ne tjf nrhihgac Kapagfsf zngf ne hgecufgmf. hgecufgmf. ]udsfqufgtcy, ]udsfqufgtcy, ng 1: Efdruary 18=4 tjf Kapagfsf mrfatf` tjf puppft statf ne Lagmjuoun, rucf` dy Ru Xh, wjhmj was gfvfr tn df rfmnighsf` dy tjf Cfaiuf Cfaiuf ne Gathngs. He a camo ne `ftahcf` rfmnr`s prfvfgt us `fsmrhdhgi acc tjf amthngs hg wjhmj arlnurf` trahgs parthmhpatf` `urhgi tjf malpahig, sfvfrac typhmac fgiaiflfgts wfrf rfpnrtf` hg tjf prfss at tjf thlf. Actjnuij tjf Mjhgfsf arly hg Lagmjurha ja` rftrfatf` hg `hsnr`fr, tjf rahc chgfs wfrf dy gn lfags sfmurf sn tjat ng 16 Gnvfldfr 18=1, enr fxalpcf, wjfg tjf Kapagfsf trhf` tn nutecago tjf Mjhgfsf chgfs gfar tjf drh`if nvfr tjf Thvfr Gnggh, Mjhgfsf mavacry summff`f` hg mutthgi nee tjf trnnp `ftamjlfgt wjn ja` `hsfldarof` ernl tjfhr arlnurf` trahg, ag` ngcy a slacc mngthgifgt ne Kapagfsf summff`f` hg rfknhghgi tjf trahg, ug`fr tjf prntfmthvf ehrf ne hts iugs. Pjnuij tjf wjncf ne Lagmjurha was nmmuphf` dy tjf Kapagfsf, tjfy amtuaccy mngtrnccf` ngcy tjf tnwgs ag` tjf rahcway chgfs, acngi whtj a carif part ne tjf Mjhgfsf Fastfrg Tahcway. Pjf Kapagfsf prfsfgmf ndchif` tjf Tusshags tn lahgt ahg 162,222 lfg acngi tjf cfgitj ne tjf erngthfr dftwffg Uca`hvnstno ag` Lagmjuch (tjf stathng mcnsfst tn tjf Lagmjurhag erngthfr). Pjf Kapagfsf iarrhsng, hg a``hthng tn tagos ag` arthccfry, lahgtahgf` snlf tjhrty arlnurf` waings. Hg rfprhsac enr a dnymntt ne Kapagfsf inn`s dy tjf Mjhgfsf autjnrhthfs ” hg rfspngsf tn tjf hgvashng ne Lagmjurha ” hg farcy Efdruary 18=4, tjf Kapagfsf `fmh`f` tn taof lhchtary amthng hg ]jagijah. Pjf Mjhgfsf rfshstf` tjf Kapagfsf aiirfsshng ag` alngi ntjfr lfags, drnuijt hgtn usf ag arlnurf` trahg ng tjf ]jagijahGagohg chgf, npfrathgi prhgmhpaccy dy ghijt, ag` a``f` arlnurf` waings tn tjfhr trnnp trahgs. Ht appfars tjat tjfhr usf mfasf` ngmf tjf Kapagfsf cag`f` jfavy arthccfry. Ng 9 Kucy 18=9 tjf Larmn Rncn Drh`if hgmh`fgt dftwffg Mjhgfsf ag` Kapagfsf trnnps cf` tn tjf nutdrfao ne tjf ]fmng` ]hgn-Kapagfsf Yar ng tjf 4:tj ne tjf salf lngtj, hg wjhmj tjf 6.
Pjf Tfpudchm ne Mjhga was mrfatf` ng 1 Kaguary 1814 dy ]ug Xat-sfg.
5.
Pjf rahc gftwnro hg tjat rfihng dfcngif` tn tjf Kapagfsf Tahcway Mnlpagy ne ]nutjfrg Lagmjurha. 9. Pjf :. 8.
ln`frg ]jfgyagi .
]ff acsn tjf Mjaptfr xxx.
Pjf hscag` ne Enrlnsa ja` dffg Kapagfsf shgmf 1:86, ag` ngcy dfmalf Mjhgfsf aiahg hg 1806. Yf `n gnt ognw he tjf `fefgmf ne tjf hscag`‘s rahc gftwnro hgmcu`f` arlnurf` trahgs.
KARAG
Kapagfsf mapturf` sfvfrac Mjhgfsf mhthfs. Hg Larmj 1802 a mfgtrac Mjhgfsf Invfrglfgt was hgstaccf` dy tjf Kapagfsf, dut tjf war was ira`uaccy tragsenrlf` hgtn a sfrhfs ne iufrrhcca ag` mnugtfr-iufrrhcca amthngs. Pjhs mngechmt fg`f` ng : Auiust 1806 whtj tjf Kapagfsf surrfg`fr, 8 tjf nmmupathng ne Onrfa dy ]nvhft enrmfs ag` tjf nutdrfao ne tjf gfw mhvhc war hg Mjhga.
A*7?$ 3 < > 3+ 3 O L+< 3>. H3 +3<+3 33>, >3 < * 33+ 3 3 * 3 >.
D>; A 7> 3 3 3 >.. >
(Rj#;Og "#ag#hg EF@NTNU,A!mjh%h"#,Mccfm#h g)
(Rj#;O g"#ag#hg EF@NTNU,A!mjh%h"#, Mccfm#hg)
•8
# +3<+3 3< 73 3 < 3, + 3 LI +. G3 3 3 *73 3 3 3 < <. (Rj#;Ra$c LAC LA]]ATH Mccfm#hg)
A3 7>, 3 3 3 3, > 3 7< 3 3 3+3, 73 3, > 3, *. * . (Rj#;Ra$c LACLA]]ATH Mccfm#hg)
$ 3 < * + 3 33 > 3 +3 O ( BBB). $ 3 3 3 + 33, 3 3 B3< +3 3 . H +3, 3 3 7> +<+3 >3 3 + 3> 7 33 3 + > . (Rj#;Ra$c LACLA]]ATH Mccfm#hg)
Pjf camo ne inn` rna`s hg tjhs hllfgsf tfrrhtnry lfagt tjat tjf rahcways wfrf vhtaccy hlpnrtagt. Pjf Kapagfsf `fpcnyf` carif guldfrs ne trnnps tn prntfmt tjf rahcway chgfs, ag` hg turg tjfsf dfmalf a prhgmhpac tarift enr sadntaif. Pjf Hlpfrhac Arly usf` sfvfrac arlnurf` trahgs12 ag` arlnurf` trnccfys. Pjfsf ughts wfrf ndchif` tn npfratf nvfr twn `heefrfgt rahc iauifs `fpfg`hgi ng tjf arfa; 1642ll (6et) Tusshag iauif hg tjf gnrtjfrg zngf ne Lagmjurha, ag` 10=2ll (0et :1/4hg) Furnpfag iauif hg tjf rfst ne tjf tfrrhtnry. 12.
Hg Kapagfsf; ]non Tfssja .
12 • KARAG
KARAG • 11
Pjf ehrst Kapagfsf arlnurf` trahgs, wjhmj ammnr`hgi tn Agtnhgf Dasfhcjam ‚rfprfsfgtf` tjf ngcy jhijcy lndhcf pnwfreuc fcflfgts amrnss tjf vast Lagmjurhag pcahgs‘, wfrf hlprnvhsf` ernl fxhsthgi Lagmjurhag rncchgi stnmo. Pjfy acsn usf` mapturf` Mjhgfsf arlnurf` trahg sfmthngs, wjhmj wfrf netfg dfttfr mngstrumtf`, lagy dfhgi enrlfr Yjhtf Tusshag arlnurf` trahgs drnuijt tn Mjhga wjfg tjf Yjhtfs ja` ecf` Tussha at tjf tjf fg` ne tjf Mhvhc Yar. Yar. Dut tn lfft tjf gff` enr ln`frg wfapngry, twn ughquf arlnurf` trahgs wfrf duhct enr usf hg Lagmjurha; tjf prnvhshngac arlnurf` arlnurf` trahg hg 18=4, ag` tjf enccnwhgi yfar tjf Pypf 80 arlnurf` trahg. At tjf salf thlf, a carif guldfr ne sfce-prnpfccf` ughts wfrf put hgtn sfrvhmf enr usf dy rahc rfmnggahssagmf patrncs.
A 3 > , 3 < 3 +7 3+37 +< +. (Rj#;Ra$c LACLA]]ATH Mccfm#hg)
H 3 3 < > 3 3 * +< >3 3 , 3 K * < 3 3 7 3. J, 3 3 +<3 > 7 * <+<. $ 3 3 < > 33 3 3 >. (Rj#;Acc Thij#" Tf"f!%f`)
14 • KARAG
KARAG
• 1=
Pypf 80 Arlnurf` Prahg (18==”06) (18== ”06) Pjf Pypf 80 arlnurf` trahg was mngmfhvf` aetfr eff`damo ernl npfrathgi tjf prfvhnus prnvhshngac arlnurf` trahg. @fshig dfiag hg Nmtndfr 18== ag` tjf trahg was duhct hg a yfar. Gn a``hthngac fxalpcf was duhct sn ht was tn was tn rflahg ughquf. Actjnuij mapadcf ne rugghgi at up tn 56opj (02lpj), ht was fssfgthaccy a mnast `fefgmf/lndhcf arthccfry typf ne trahg ratjfr tjag a tramo sfmurhty patrnc ught. Mnlparf` tn tjf ntjfr arlnurf` trahgs usf` hg Mjhga ag` Lagmjurha, hts chijt arlnur prntfmthng ne 5ll ag` 12ll pcatfs hg`hmatfs tjat ht was gnt `fshigf` enr mcnsf-hg mnldat. Hts fhijt fcflfgts wfrf as enccnws, ernl jfa` tn tahc; ” Rrntfmthng waing (tramo mngtrnc) ” Arthccfry waing G² 1 (Oý) ” Arthccfry waing G² 4 (Ntsu) ” Arthccfry waing G² = (Jfh) ” Mnlla Mnllag` g` waing ” Fgih Fgihgf gf ” Pfg`f Pfg`frr ” Fcfmtrhmac ifgfratnr waing
A <* 7> 3 +3 3, >+ 7 < 7<*3, * 3 < . H3 <>3 < 3 15 G7* 3 15 @+* 18=0, 3 3 :F8 @+*. (Rj#;Acc Thij#" Tf"f!%f`)
C3; A +-< 7> 3 I3 >, * < 3 3 3, >3 3 3> 9.9 $ 84 LI +- + 3 < =2+ +3. (Rj#;Acc Thij#" Tf"f!%f`)
$ 3+3 (3+ +3) > 3 3 3 3, < >3 =2+ 3 < +3. M 7* 3 9.9 $ 84 LI +- + 3 <33 + 3 *73 3.
$ +3 +< <+ +3 33 3 > * *<3 3 * =2-3 $ $-H > ..
$ 3 3 3+3 >, >+ 3 + + 3. H3 <3 3 33 3 + > 3
3 < 3, 3 3 + <3 3 . (Rj#;Acc Thij#" Tf"f!%f`)
(Rj#;Acc Thij#" Tf"f!%f`)
D>; '3 3 3<3 3, 3 3 3 *3> # E<3. E<3. (Rj#;Acc Thij#" Tf"f!%f`)
10 • KARAG
KARAG
• 16
$ O > > 33 >3 3<3 >3 122 $ 10 3-+3 < ( < 3 < 33) >3 492 . H3 B< > 16 (8.0 ). $ 9.9 $ 84 LI 3 > 3<3 < 3 < 33, > 3 3 3<3 <-< </AA. (Rj#;Acc Thij#" Tf"f!%f`)
H3 7> 3 > 3 3 O >, >3 3 < 3 *+ >3 >. H 3 *+< 3 3<3 77 * 3, > 3 3 3 + 3 422 3 > + . (Rj#;Acc Thij#" Tf"f!%f`)
A >3 3 3 3 >, 3 J > > +3<+3 3 * 52-3 > $ M-. $ + 96 $ :: 3-+3 <, +* < 33, >3 3 10 (:.96 ), 7 >3 =22 < +. (Rj#;Acc Thij#" Tf"f!%f`)
$ 3 3 3< >. $ > ++ 3 3 33 *3 3 3<3, 3 3 7 3 3 O 7. ( Rj#;Acc Rj#;Acc Thij#" Tf"f!%f`)
$ 3< > > 3 3 O >, B+3 33 3 <3<+3< > 3 * 3 3 7 3 33. 3 > < LI 3<3 +< * < 3 < 33. $ < * , 3 3 +> 7* 3 , >3 3 *+< + 3 3 3. '3 3 +< 33 >, +, * 3 3 * < 3 < 3 >. ( Rj#;Acc Rj#;Acc Thij#" Tf"f!%f`)
$ 3 7> > 3 3<3 *3 J >. A3 3 7 3 3 3 3 *+ 3 96 < <3 7*. A3< 3 3 *
37 > + 3 3 3 >, + < 3 42 < <3. (Rj#;Acc Thij#" Tf"f!%f`)
15
• KARAG
A 3+, * + 3 3 BBB, +3 3+ 3 3 L+< 3, >3 3 3+37 +< + 3 3 >. (!3+; Ra$c LACLA]]ATH Mccfm#hg) A + 3 #-OH L+<. (Rj#;A$#j!
Mccfm#hg)
$ 3+ + +3 3 +3 +< + 3 3 3 3. $ 3 * < 3+3, < < >. (Rj#;A$#j! Mccfm#hg)
$> 3 3 #-OH 3 D L3 L<<. (Rj#";A$#j! Mccfm#hg)
$ <33 > < >3 3 3 +37 < 3 3 +7 +3 +3 3 33+ 3+. (Hcc$"#!a#hg;Ra$c LACLA]]ATH Mccfm#hg)