4G Technology 2009 A SEMINAR REPORT ON
4G TECHNOLOGY Given By
Gaurav Bajaj Under The Guidance Of
MR. ROHIT TRIPATHI Submitted To
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
UTTAR PRADESH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 2009 – 2010.
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4G Technology 2009
CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Gaurav Bajaj have have delivered delivered aa seminar seminar on on the the topic, topic,
“4G Technology” as a partial fulfillment of
Final Year of Electronics & Communication
for the year
2009-2010.
(Dr. Mrs. Geeta S. Lathkar)
MR. ROHIT TRIPATHI (LECTURE, EC DEPTT)
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4G Technology 2009
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I feel great pleasure in submitting this seminar report on “4 4G Technology”. I wish to express true sense of gratitude towards my seminar guide and Lecture of EC Department Mr. ROHIT TRIPATHI who at very discrete step in study of this seminar contributed his valuable guidance and help to solve every problem that arose and opening the doors of the department towards the realization of the seminar report. Most likely I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards my family for always being there when I needed them the most. With all respect and gratitude, I would like to thank all the people, who have helped us directly or indirectly, I owe my all success to them.
Gaurav Bajaj
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4G Technology 2009
ABSTRACT The fourth generation of mobile networks will truly turn the current mobile phone networks, in to end to end IP based networks, couple this with the arrival of IPv6, every device in the world will have a unique IP address, which will allow full IP based communications from a mobile device, right to the core of the internet, and back out again. If 4G is implemented correctly, it will truly harmonize global roaming, super high speed connectivity, and transparent end user performance on every mobile communications device in the world. 4G is set to deliver 100mbps to a roaming mobile device globally, and up to 1gbps to a stationary device. With this in mind, it allows for video conferencing, streaming picture perfect video and much more. It won’t be just the phone networks that need to evolve, the increased traffic load on the internet as a whole (imagine having 1 billion 100mb nodes attached to a network over night) will need to expand, with faster backbones and oceanic links requiring major upgrade. 4G won’t happen overnight, it is estimated that it will be implemented by 2012, and if done correctly, should take off rather quickly. 4G networks i.e. Next Generation Networks (NGNs) are becoming fast and very cost-effective solutions for those wanting an IP built high-speed data capacities in the mobile network. Some possible standards for the 4G system are 802.20, WiMAX (802.16), HSDPA, TDD UMTS, UMTS and future versions of UMTS. The design is that 4G will be based on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), which is the key enabler of 4G technology. Other technological aspects of 4G are adaptive processing and smart antennas, both of which will be used in 3G networks and enhance rates when used in with OFDM. Currently 3G networks still send their data digitally over a single channel; OFDM is designed to send data over hundreds of parallel streams, thus increasing the amount of information that can be sent at a time over traditional CDMA networks.
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4G Technology 2009
CONTENT Chapter
Page No.
1. Introduction to 4G……………………………………………………………... 07 2. History of 4G…………………………………………………………………... 08 3. What is 4G……………………………………………………………………....10 4. Features of 4G…...……………………………………………………………....14 5. What is needed to build 4G network?...................................................................15 6. Implementation Using 4G.....................................................................................17 7. Architecture in prospects………………………………………………………...20 7.1 End to end architecture………………….………………………………….20 7.2 Middleware architecture………………..………………………………..... 21 7.3 Relay network architecture………………………….……………………...21 7.4 Overlay network….……………………..………...……………….……..... 24 8. Basic model for 4G……………………………………………………………….26 9. Transmission........................................…………………………………………...28 10. Wireless Technologies Used in 4G......…………………………………………...30 10.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing....…………………………. 31 10.1.1 Error Correcting.......................................................................... .. 33 10.2 Ultra Wide Band..........………………..……………………………….. .. 34 10.3 Millimeter wireless......………………..……………………………….. .. 37 10.4 Smart Antenna..............………………..……………………………….. ..38 10.5 Long term Power Prediction................................…………………………. 41 10.6 Scheduling Among User......................................…………………………. 42 10.7 Adaptive Modulation and Power Control...........…………………………. 43 11. Issues....................................................………………………………………….. 44 12. Mobile Management...........................…………………………………………... 47 13. Quality of service…………......………………………………………………… 48 14. Security…………………………………………………………………………...50 15. Applications……………………………………………………………………... 51 16. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….. 53 17. References………………………………………………………………………...54 Page 5
4G Technology 2009 FIGURE INDEX Figure
Page No.
1.
History of mobile networks……………………………………………………..9
2. 3.
4G mobile communication……………………………………………………...13 Implementatian daigram of 4G… ……………………………………………...19
4.
Multihop architecture…………………………………………………………....23
5.
Overlay networks………………………………………………………………..25
6.
Basic model of 4G……………………………………………………………....27
7.
OFDM Modulation...…………………………………………………………....29
8.
OFDM Multiplexing.…………………………………………………………....32
9.
MIMO......................………………………………………………………….....40
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1. INTRODUCTION 4G (also known as Beyond 3G), an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation, is a term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications. A 4G system will be able to provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be given to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and at higher data rates than previous generations. The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems are projected to solve still-remaining problems of 3G (third generation) systems and to provide a wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high-definition video to high-data-rate wireless channels. The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe 4G is MAGIC-Mobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular broadband wireless access systems have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless networks. Researchers and vendors are expressing a growing interest in 4G wireless networks that support global roaming across multiple wireless and mobile networks—for example, from a cellular network to a satellite-based network to a high-bandwidth wireless LAN. With this feature, users will have access to different services, increased coverage, the convenience of a single device, one bill with reduced total access cost, and more reliable wireless access even with the failure or loss of one or more networks. 4G networks will also feature IP interoperability for seamless mobile Internet access and bit rates of 50 Mbps or more.
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4G Technology 2009 2. HISTORY At the end of the 1940’s, the first radio telephone service was introduced, and was designed to users in cars to the public land-line based telephone network. Then, in the sixties, a system launched by Bell Systems, called IMTS, or, “Improved Mobile Telephone Service", brought quite a few improvements such as direct dialing and more bandwidth. The very first analog systems were based upon IMTS and were created in the late 60s and early 70s. The systems were called "cellular" because large coverage areas were split into smaller areas or "cells", each cell is served by a low power transmitter and receiver. The 1G or First Generation was an analog system, and was developed in the seventies, 1G had two major improvements, this was the invention of the microprocessor, and the digital transform of the control link between the phone and the cell site. Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first launched by the US and is a 1G mobile system. Based on FDMA, it allows users to make voice calls in 1 country.
2G, or Second Generation 2G first appeared around the end of the 1980’s, the 2G system digitized the voice signal, as well as the control link. This new digital system gave a lot better quality and much more capacity (i.e. more people could use their phones at the same time), all at a lower cost to the end consumer. Based on TDMA, the first commercial network for use by the public was the Global system for mobile communication (GSM).
3G, or Third Generation 3G systems promise faster communications services, entailing voice, fax and Internet data transfer capabilities, the aim of 3G are to provide these services anytime, anywhere throughout the globe, with seamless roaming between standards. ITU’s IMT-2000 is a global standard for 3G and has opened new doors to enabling innovative services and application for instance, multimedia entertainment, and location-based services, as well as a whole lot more. In 2001, Japan saw the first 3G network launched. 3G technology supports around 144 Kbps, with high speed movement, i.e. in a vehicle. 384Kbps locally, and upto 2Mbps for fixed stations, i.e. in a building.
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Fig 1: - History of Mobile Networks
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4G Technology 2009 3. What is 4G? Fourth generation (4G) wireless was originally conceived by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the same organization that developed the wired Internet. It is not surprising, then, that DARPA chose the same distributed architecture for the wireless Internet that had proven so successful in the wired Internet. Although experts and policymakers have yet to agree on all the aspects of 4G wireless, two characteristics have emerged as all but certain components of 4G: end-to-end Internet Protocol (IP), and peer-to-peer networking. An all IP network makes sense because consumers will want to use the same data applications they are used to in wired networks. A peer-to-peer network, where every device is both a transceiver and a router/repeater for other devices in the network, eliminates this spoke-and-hub weakness of cellular architectures, because the elimination of a single node does not disable the network. The final definition of “4G” will have to include something as simple as this: if a consumer can do it at home or in the office while wired to the Internet, that consumer must be able to do it wirelessly in a fully mobile environment. Let’s define “4G” as “wireless ad hoc peer-to-peer networking.” 4G technology is significant because users joining the network add mobile routers to the network infrastructure. Because users carry much of the network with them, network capacity and coverage is dynamically shifted to accommodate changing user patterns. As people congregate and create pockets of high demand, they also create additional routes for each other, thus enabling additional access to network capacity. Users will automatically hop away from congested routes to less congested routes. This permits the network to dynamically and automatically self-balance capacity, and increase network utilization. What may not be obvious is that when user devices act as routers, these devices are actually part of the network infrastructure. So instead of carriers subsidizing the cost of user devices (e.g., handsets, PDAs, of laptop computers), consumers actually subsidize and help deploy the network for the carrier. With a cellular infrastructure, users contribute nothing to the network. They are just consumers competing for resources. But in wireless ad hoc peer-to-peer networks, users cooperate – rather than compete – for network resources.
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4G Technology 2009 Thus, as the service gains popularity and the number of user increases, service likewise improves for all users. And there is also the 80/20 rule. With traditional wireless networks, about 80% of the cost is for site acquisition and installation, and just 20% is for the technology. Rising land and labor costs means installation costs tend to rise over time, subjecting the service providers’ business models to some challenging issues in the out years. With wireless peer-topeer networking, however, about 80% of the cost is the technology and only 20% is the installation. Because technology costs tend to decline over time, a current viable business model should only become more profitable over time. The devices will get cheaper, and service providers will reach economies of scale sooner because they will be able to pass on the infrastructure savings to consumers, which will further increase the rate of penetration. This new generation of wireless is intended to complement and replace the 3G systems, perhaps in 5 to 10 years. Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a seamless connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large volume of information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures. The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of various networks using IP (Internet protocol) as a common protocol so that users are in control because they will be able to choose every application and environment. Based on the developing trends of mobile communication, 4G will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless systems and networks. The key concept is integrating the 4G capabilities with all of the existing mobile technologies through advanced technologies. Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of interest to users. These features mean services can be delivered and be available to the personal preference of different users and support the users' traffic, air interfaces, radio environment, and quality of service. Connection with the network applications can be transferred into various forms and levels correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods of access to this pool of information will be the mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly access the voice communication, highspeed information services, and entertainment broadcast services. Figure 1 illustrates elements and techniques to support the adaptability of the 4G domain. The fourth generation will encompass all systems from various networks, public to private; operator-driven broadband networks to personal areas; and ad hoc networks. The 4G systems will interoperate with 2G and Page 11
4G Technology 2009 3G systems, as well as with digital (broadband) broadcasting systems. In addition, 4G systems will be fully IP-based wireless Internet. This all-encompassing integrated perspective shows the broad range of systems that the fourth generation intends to integrate, from satellite broadband to high altitude platform to cellular 3G and 3G systems to WLL (wireless local loop) and FWA (fixed wireless access) to WLAN (wireless local area network) and PAN (personal area network), all with IP as the integrating mechanism. With 4G, a range of new services and models will be available. These services and models need to be further examined for their interface with the design of 4G systems.
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Fig 2: - 4G Mobile Communication
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4. FEATURES • Support for interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and other broadband services • IP based mobile system • High speed, high capacity, and low cost‐per‐bit • Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services • Seamless switching, and a variety of Quality of Service‐driven services • Better scheduling and call‐admission‐control techniques • Ad‐hoc and multi‐hop networks (the strict delay requirements of voice make multi‐hop network service a difficult problem) • Better spectral efficiency • Seamless network of multiple protocols and air interfaces (since 4G will be all‐IP, look for 4G systems to be compatible with all common network technologies, including 802.11, WCDMA, Bluetooth, and Hyper LAN). • An infrastructure to handle pre‐existing 3G systems along with other wireless technologies, some of which are currently under development.
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4G Technology 2009 5. What is needed to Build 4G Networks of Future? A number of spectrum allocation decisions, spectrum standardization decisions, spectrum availability decisions, technology innovations, component development, signal processing and switching enhancements and inter-vendor cooperation have to take place before the vision of 4G will materialize. We think that 3G experiences - good or bad, technological or business - will be useful in guiding the industry in this effort. We are bringing to the attention of professionals in telecommunications industry following issues and problems that must be analyzed and resolved:
*
Lower Price Points Only Slightly Higher than Alternatives - The business visionaries
should do some economic modeling before they start 4G hype on the same lines as 3G hype. They should understand that 4G data applications like streaming video must compete with very low cost wireline applications. The users would pay only a delta premium (not a multiple) for most wireless applications. *
More Coordination Among Spectrum Regulators Around the World - Spectrum
regulation bodies must get involved in guiding the researchers by indicating which frequency band might be used for 4G. FCC in USA must cooperate more actively with International bodies like ITU and perhaps modify its hands-off policy in guiding the industry. When public interest, national
security
interest
and
economic
interest
(inter-industry
a
la
TV
versus
Telecommunications) are at stake, leadership must come from regulators. At appropriate time, industry builds its own self-regulation mechanisms. *
More Academic Research: Universities must spend more effort in solving fundamental
problems in radio communications (especially multiband and wideband radios, intelligent antennas and signal processing. *
Standardization of wireless networks in terms of modulation techniques, switching
schemes and roaming is an absolute necessity for 4G. *
A Voice-independent Business Justification Thinking: Business development and
technology executives should not bias their business models by using voice channels as economic determinant for data applications. Voice has a built-in demand limit - data applications do not.
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Integration Across Different Network Topologies: Network architects must base their
architecture on hybrid network concepts that integrates wireless wide area networks, wireless LANS (IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.16, Bluetooth with fiber-based Internet backbone. Broadband wireless networks must be a part of this integrated network architecture. *
Non-disruptive Implementation: 4G must allow us to move from 3G to 4G.
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6.IMPLEMENTATION USING 4G The goal of 4G is to replace the current proliferation of core mobile networks with a single worldwide core network standard, based on IP for control, video, packet data, and voice. This will provide uniform video, voice, and data services to the mobile host, based entirely on IP.
The objective is to offer seamless multimedia services to users accessing an all IP‐based infrastructure through heterogeneous access technologies. IP is assumed to act as an adhesive for providing global connectivity and mobility among networks.
An all IP‐based 4G wireless network has inherent advantages over its predecessors. It is compatible with, and independent of the underlying radio access technology. An IP wireless network replaces the old Signaling System 7 (SS7) telecommunications protocol, which is considered massively redundant. This is because SS7 signal transmission consumes a larger part of network bandwidth even when there is no signaling traffic for the simple reason
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that it uses a call setup mechanism to reserve bandwidth, rather time/frequency slots in the radio waves. IP networks, on the other hand, are connectionless and use the slots only when they have data to send. Hence there is optimum usage of the available bandwidth. Today, wireless communications are heavily biased toward voice, even though studies indicate that growth in wireless data traffic is rising exponentially relative to demand for voice traffic. Because an all IP core layer is easily scalable, it is ideally suited to meet this challenge. The goal is a merged data/voice/multimedia network.
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IMPLEMENTATION DIAGRAM OF 4G
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4G Technology 2009 7. Architectures in Prospects
7.1 End-to-end Service Architectures for 4G Mobile Systems:A characteristic of the transition towards 3G systems and beyond is that highly integrated telecommunications service suppliers fail to provide effective economies of scale. This is primarily due to deterioration of vertical integration scalability with innovation speed up. Thus, the new rule for success in 4G telecommunications markets will be to provide one part of the puzzle and to cooperate with other suppliers to create the complete solutions that end customers require. A direct consequence of these facts is that a radically new end-to-end service architecture will emerge during the deployment of 3G mobile networks and will became prominent as the operating model of choice for the Fourth Generation (4G) Mobile Telecommunications Networks. This novel end-to-end service architecture is inseparable from an equally radical transformation of the role of the telecommunications network operator role in the new value chain of end service provision. In fact, 4G systems will be organized not as monolithic structures deployed by a single business entity, but rather as a dynamic confederation of multiple— sometimes cooperating and sometimes competing—service providers. End-to-end service architectures should have the following desirable properties: • Open service and resource allocation model. • Open capability negotiation and pricing model. • Trust management. Mechanisms for managing trust relationships among clients and
service providers, and between service providers, based on trusted third
party monitors. • Collaborative service constellations. • Service fault tolerance.
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4G Technology 2009 7.2 Middleware Architecture:The service middleware is decomposed into three layers; i.e. user support layer, service support layer and network support layer. The criterion for using a layered approach is to reuse the existing subsystems in the traditional middleware. The user support layer has autonomous agent aspects that traditional service middleware lacks. It consists of 4 sub-systems: ‘Personalization’, ‘Adaptation’, ‘Community’ and ‘Coordination’, to provide mechanisms for context awareness and support for communities and coordination. Introduction of this functional layer enables the reduction of unnecessary user interaction with the system and the provision of user-centric services realized by applying agent concepts, to support analysis of the current context, personalization depending on the user’s situation, and negotiation for service usage. The middle layer, the service support layer, contains most functionality of traditional middleware. The bottom layer, the network layer supports connectivity for all-IP networks. The dynamic service delivery pattern defines a powerful interaction model to negotiate the conditions of service delivery by using three subsystems: ‘Discovery & Advertisement’, ‘Contract Notary’ and ‘Authentication & Authorization’.
7.3
Cellular
Multihop
Communications:
Infrastructure-Based
Relay
Network Architecture:It is clear that more fundamental enhancements are necessary for the very ambitious throughput and coverage requirements of future networks. Towards that end, in addition to advanced transmission techniques and antenna technologies, some major modifications in the wireless network architecture itself, which will enable effective distribution and collection of signals to and from wireless users, are sought. The integration of “multihop” capability into the conventional wireless networks is perhaps the most promising architectural upgrade.
In a Multihop network, a signal from a source may reach its destination in multiple hops (whenever necessary) through the use of “relays”. Since we are here concerned with infrastructure-based networks, either the source or destination is a common point in the network Page 21
4G Technology 2009 - base station (or, access point, in the context of WLANs). The potential advantage of relaying is that it allows substituting a poor-quality (due to high path loss) single-hop wireless link with a composite, two- or more hop, better-quality link whenever possible. Relaying is not only efficient in eliminating black spots throughout the coverage region, but more importantly, it may extend the high data rate coverage range of a single BS; therefore cost-effective high data rate coverage may be possible through the augmentation of the relaying capability in conventional cellular networks.
Advantages:• Property owners can install their own access points. – Spreads infrastructure cost. • Reduced network access operational cost. – Backbone access through wireless. – Wired access through DSL at aggregation points. • Ad hoc-like characteristics: – Access points configure into access network. – Some access points may be moving (bus, train). • Multihop also could reduce costs in heterogeneous 3G networks. – 802.11 to GPRS for example.
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Fig.3: - Example of Heterogeneous Network Multihop Architecture
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5.4 Overlay network:In this architecture, a user accesses an overlay network consisting of several universal access points. These UAPs in turn select a wireless network based on availability, QoS specifications, and user defined choices. A UAP performs protocol and frequency translation, content adaptation, and QoS negotiation-renegotiation on behalf of users. The overlay network, rather than the user or device, performs handoffs as the user moves from one UAP to another. A UAP stores user, network, and device information, capabilities, and preferences. Because UAPs can keep track of the various resources a caller uses, this architecture supports single billing and subscription.
Figure1. Possible 4G wireless network architectures. (a) A multimode device lets the user, device, or network initiate handoff between networks without the need for network modification or interworking devices. (b) An overlay network—consisting of several universal access points (UAPs) that store user, network, and device information—performs a handoff as the user moves from one UAP to another. (c) A device capable of automatically switching between networks is possible if wireless networks can support a common protocol to access a satellite-based network and another protocol for terrestrial networks.
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Fig 4: -Overlay Networks Viral N. Patel
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4G Technology 2009 8. A Basic Model for 4G Networks QoS, security and mobility can be viewed as three different, indispensable aspects in 4G networks; however all are related to network nodes involving the controlling or the processing of IP packets for end-to-end flows between an MN and the CN. I show in this section how we view the 4G network infrastructure.
Two Planes: Functional Decomposition Noting that an IP network element (such as a router) comprises of numerous functional components that cooperate to provide such desired service (such as, mobility, QoS and/or AAA – Authentication, Authorization and Accounting), we identify these components in the SeaSoS architecture into two planes, namely the control plane and the data plane. Fig. 5 illustrates this method of flexible functional composition in 4G networks. As we are mainly concerned with network elements effectively at the network layer, we do not show a whole end-to-end communication picture through a whole OSI or TCP/IP stack. The control plane performs control related actions such as AAA, MIP registration, QoS signaling, installation/maintenance of traffic selectors and security associations, etc., while the data plane is responsible for data traffic behaviors (such as classification, scheduling and forwarding) for endto-end traffic flows. Some components located in the control plane interact, through installing and maintaining certain control states for data plane, with data plane components in some network elements, such as access routers (ARs), IntServ nodes or DiffServ edge routers. However, not all control plane components need to exist in all network elements, and also not all network elements (e.g., AAA server) are involved with data plane functionalities. I refer these cases as path-decoupled control and other cases as path coupled control. We argue the separation and coordination of control plane and data plane is critical for seamless mobility with QoS and security support in 4G networks, with the reasons as follows. Per-flow or per-user level actions occur much less frequent than per-packet actions, while per-packet actions are part of critical forwarding behavior, which involves very few control actions (which are typically simply to read and enforce according the install state during forwarding data). Actually, Page 26
4G Technology 2009 this separation concept is not new – routing protocols have the similar abstraction together used with the traditional IP packet delivery, this abstraction is recently being investigated in the IETF ForCES working group. However, we emphasize the three critical dimensions of future 4G networks: mobility, QoS and security, as well as other new emerging or replacement components might appear, integrated into a unified framework and allowing more extensibility for 4G networks design.
Fig.5: - The decomposition of control plane and data plane functionalities
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9.TRANSMISSION
An OFDM transmitter accepts data from an IP network,
converting and encoding the data prior to modulation. An IFFT (inverse fast Fourier transform) transforms the OFDM signal into an IF analog signal, which is sent to the RF transceiver. The receiver circuit reconstructs the data by reversing this process. With orthogonal sub‐carriers, the receiver can separate and process each sub‐carrier without interference from other sub‐carriers. More impervious to fading and multi‐path delays than other wireless transmission techniques, ODFM provides better link and communication quality.
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IP NETWORK
MODULATION
OFDM TRANSMITTER
RF TRANSMITTER
IFFT making IF analog
OFDM MODULATION
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10.Wireless Technologies Used In 4G 1. OFDM 2. UWB 3. MILLIMETER WIRELESS 4. SMART ANTENNAS 5. LONG TERM POWER PREDICTION 6. SHEDULING AMONG USERS 7. ADAPTIVE MODULATION AND POWER CONTROL
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4G Technology 2009 10.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing: OFDM, a form of multi‐carrier modulation, works by dividing the data stream for transmission at a bandwidth B into N multiple and parallel bit streams, spaced B/N apart (Figure 8). Each of the parallel bit streams has a much lower bit rate than the original bit stream, but their summation can provide very high data rates. N orthogonal sub‐carriers modulate the parallel bit streams, which are then summed prior to transmission. An OFDM transmitter accepts data from an IP network, converting and encoding the data prior to modulation. An IFFT (inverse fast Fourier transform) transforms the OFDM signal into an IF analog signal, which is sent to the RF transceiver. The receiver circuit reconstructs the data by reversing this process. With orthogonal sub‐carriers, the receiver can separate and process each sub‐carrier without interference from other sub‐carriers. More impervious to fading and multi‐path delays than other wireless transmission techniques, ODFM provides better link and communication quality.
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Fig 8: :Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing:
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10.1.1Error Correcting: 4Gʹs error‐correction will most likely use some type of concatenated coding and will provide multiple Quality of Service (QoS) levels. Forward error‐correction (FEC) coding adds redundancy to a transmitted message through encoding prior to transmission. The advantages of concatenated coding (Viterbi/Reed‐Solomon) over convolutional coding (Viterbi) are enhanced system performance through the combining of two or more constituent codes (such as a Reed‐Solomon and a convolutional code) into one concatenated code. The combination can improve error correction or combine error correction with error detection (useful, for example, for implementing an Automatic Repeat Request if an error is found). FEC using concatenated coding allows a communications system to send larger block sizes while reducing bit‐error rates.
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10.2 Ultra Wide Band : A UWB transmitter spreads its signal over a wide portion of the RF spectrum, generally 1 GHz wide or more, above 3.1GHz. The FCC has chosen UWB frequencies to minimize interference to other commonly used equipment, such as televisions and radios. This frequency range also puts UWB equipment above the 2.4 GHz range of microwave ovens and modern cordless phones, but below 802.11a wireless Ethernet, which operates at 5 GHz. UWB equipment transmits very narrow RF pulses—low power and short pulse period means the signal, although of wide bandwidth, falls below the threshold detection of most RF receivers. Traditional RF equipment uses an RF carrier to transmit a modulated signal in the frequency domain, moving the signal from a base band to the carrier frequency the transmitter uses. UWB is ʺcarrier‐freeʺ, since the technology works by modulating a pulse, on the order of tens of microwatts, resulting in a waveform occupying a very wide frequency domain. The wide bandwidth of a UWB signal is a two‐edged sword. The signal is relatively secure against interference and has the potential for very high‐rate wireless broadband access and speed. On the other hand, the signal also has the potential to interfere with other wireless transmissions. In addition, the low‐ power constraints placed on UWB by the FCC, due to its potential interference
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with other RF signals, significantly limits the range of UWB equipment (but still makes it a viable LAN technology).
One distinct advantage of UWB is its immunity to multi‐path distortion and interference. Multi‐path propagation occurs when a transmitted signal takes different paths when propagating from source to destination. The various paths are caused by the signal bouncing off objects between the transmitter and receiver—for example, furniture and walls in a house, or trees and buildings in an outdoor environment. One part of the signal may go directly to the receiver while another; deflected part will encounter delay and take longer to reach the receiver. Multi‐path delay causes the information symbols in the signal to overlap, confusing the receiver—this is known as inter‐symbol interference (ISI). Because the signalʹs shape conveys transmitted information, the receiver will make mistakes when demodulating the information in the signal. For long‐enough delays, bit errors in the packet will occur since the receiver canʹt distinguish the symbols and correctly interpret the corresponding bits. The short time‐span of UWB waveforms—typically hundreds of picoseconds to a few nanoseconds—means that delays caused by the transmitted signal bouncing off objects are much longer than the width of the original UWB
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4G Technology 2009 pulse, virtually eliminating ISI from overlapping signals. This makes UWB technology particularly useful for intra‐structure and mobile communications applications, minimizing S/N reduction and bit errors.
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10.3 Millimeter Wireless: Using the millimeter‐wave band (above 20 GHz) for wireless service is particularly interesting, due to the availability in this region of bandwidth resources committed by the governments of some countries to unlicensed cellular and other wireless applications. If deployed in a 4G system, millimeter wireless would constitute only one of several frequency bands, with the 5 GHz band most likely dominant.
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10.4 Smart Antennas: A smart antenna system comprises multiple antenna elements with signal processing to automatically optimize the antennasʹ radiation (transmitter) and/or reception (receiver) patterns in response to the signal environment. One smart‐antenna variation in particular, MIMO, shows promise in 4G systems, particularly since the antenna systems at both transmitter and receiver are usually a limiting factor when attempting to support increased data rates. MIMO (Multi‐Input Multi‐Output) is a smart antenna system where ʹsmartnessʹ is considered at both transmitter and the receiver. MIMO represents space‐division multiplexing (SDM)—information signals are multiplexed on spatially separated N multiple antennas and received on M antennas. Figure 9 shows a general block diagram of a MIMO system. Some systems may not employ the signal‐processing block on the transmitter side.
Multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver provide essentially multiple parallel channels that operate simultaneously on the same frequency band and at the same time. This results in high spectral efficiencies in
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a rich scattering environment (high multi‐path), since you can transmit multiple data streams or signals over the channel simultaneously. Field experiments by several organizations have shown that a MIMO system, combined with adaptive coding and modulation, interference cancellation, and beam‐forming technologies, can boost useful channel capacity by at least an order of magnitude.
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Fig 8 : Multiple Input Multiple Output
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4G Technology 2009 10.5 Long Term Power Prediction: Channels to different mobile users will fade independently. If the channel properties of all users in a cell can be predicted a number of milliseconds ahead, then it would be possible to distribute the transmission load among the users in an optimal way while fulfilling certain specified constraints on throughput and delays. The channel time‐frequency pattern will depend on the scattering environment and on the velocity of the moving terminal. In order to take the advantage the channel variability, we use OFDM system with spacing between subcarrires such that no interchannel interface occurs for the worst case channel scenario (Low coherence bandwidth).A time‐frequency grid constituting of regions of one time slot and several subcarriers is used such that the channel is fairly constant over each region. These time‐frequency regions are then allocated to the different users by a scheduling algorithm according to some criterion.
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4G Technology 2009 10.6 Scheduling among Users: To optimize the system throughput, under specified QoS requirements and delay constraints, scheduling will be used on different levels:
6.1 Among sectors:‐In order to cope with co‐channel interference among neighboring sectors in adjacent cells, time slots are allocated according to the traffic load in each sector .Information on the traffic load is exchanged infrequently via an inquiry procedure. In this way the interference can be minimized and higher capacity be obtained. After an inquiry to adjacent cells, the involved base stations determine the allocation of slots to be used by each base station in each sector. The inquiry process can also include synchronization information to align the transmission of packets at different base stations to further enhance performance.
6.2 Among users:‐Based on the time slot allocation obtained from inquiry process, the user scheduler will distribute time‐frequency regions among the users of each sector based on their current channel predictions. Here different degrees of sophistication can be used to achieve different transmission goals.
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10.7 Adaptive modulation and power control: In a fading environment and for a highly loaded system there will almost exist users with good channel conditions. Regardless of the choice of criterion, which could be either maximization of system throughput or equalization to user satisfaction, the modulation format for the scheduled selected according to the predicted signal to noise and interference ratio. user is By using sufficiently small time‐frequency bins the channel can be made approximately constant within bins. We can thus use a flat fading AWGN channel assumption. Furthermore since we have already determined the time slot allocation, via the inquiry process among adjacent cells described above we may use an aggressive power control scheme, while keeping the interference on an acceptable level.
For every timeslot, the time‐frequency bins in the grid represent separate channels. For such channels the optimum rate and power allocation for maximizing the throughput can be calculated under a total average power constraint. The optimum strategy is to let one user, the one with best channel, transmit in each of the parallel channels.
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ISSUES: The first issue deals with optimal choice of access technology, or how to be best connected. Given that a user may be offered connectivity from more than one technology at any one time, one has to consider how the terminal and an overlay network choose the radio access technology suitable for services the user is accessing. There are several network technologies available today, which can be viewed as complementary. For example, WLAN is best suited for high data rate indoor coverage. GPRS or UMTS, on the other hand, are best suited for nation wide coverage and can be regarded as wide area networks, providing a higher degree of mobility. Thus a user of the mobile terminal or the network needs to make the optimal choice of radio access technology among all those available. A handover algorithm should both determine which network to connect to as well as when to perform a handover between the different networks. Ideally, the handover algorithm would assure that the best overall wireless link is chosen. The network selection strategy should take into consideration the type of application being run by the user at the time of handover. This ensures stability as well as optimal bandwidth for interactive and background services.
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4G Technology 2009 The second issue regards the design of a mobility enabled IP networking architecture, which contains the functionality to deal with mobility between access technologies. This includes fast, seamless vertical (between heterogeneous technologies) handovers (IP micro‐mobility), quality of service (QoS), security and accounting. Real‐time applications in the future will require fast/seamless handovers for smooth operation. Mobility in IPv6 is not optimized to take advantage of specific mechanisms that may be deployed in different administrative domains. Instead, IPv6 provides mobility in a manner that resembles only simple portability. To enhance Mobility in IPv6, ‘micro‐mobility’ protocols (such as Hawaii[5], Cellular IP[6] and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6[7]) have been developed for seamless handovers i.e. handovers that result in minimal handover delay, minimal packet loss, and minimal loss of communication state. The third issue concerns the adaptation of multimedia transmission across 4G networks. Indeed multimedia will be a main service feature of 4G networks, and changing radio access networks may in particular result in drastic changes in the network condition. Thus the framework for multimedia transmission must be adaptive. In cellular networks such as UMTS, users compete for scarce and expensive bandwidth.
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4G Technology 2009 Variable bit rate services provide a way to ensure service provisioning at lower costs. In addition the radio environment has dynamics that renders it difficult to provide a guaranteed network service. This requires that the services are adaptive and robust against varying radio conditions. High variations in the network Quality of Service (QoS) leads to significant variations of the multimedia quality. The result could sometimes be unacceptable to the users. Avoiding this requires choosing an adaptive encoding framework for multimedia transmission. The network should signal QoS variations to allow the application to be aware in real time of the network conditions. User interactions will help to ensure personalized adaptation of the multimedia presentation.
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11.MOBILITY MANAGEMENT Features of mobility management in Ipv6: ¾ 128‐bit address space provides a sufficiently large number of addresses ¾ High quality support for real‐time audio and video transmission, short/bursty connections of web applications, peer‐to‐peer applications, etc. ¾ Faster packet delivery, decreased cost of processing – no header checksum at each relay, fragmentation only at endpoints. ¾ Smooth handoff when the mobile host travels from one subnet to another, causing a change in its Care‐of Address.
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4G Technology 2009 13. Quality of Service (QoS):The Internet provides users with diverse and essential quality of service (QoS), particularly given the increasing demand for a wide spectrum of network services. Many services, previously only provided by traditional circuit-switched networks, can now be provided on the Internet. These services, depending on their inherent characteristics, require certain degrees of QoS guarantees. Many technologies are therefore being developed to enhance the QoS capability of IP networks. Among these technologies, differentiated services (DiffServ) and MPLS are paving the way for tomorrow’s QoS services portfolio. DiffServ is based on a simple model where traffic entering a network is classified, policed, and possibly conditioned at the edges of the network, and assigned to different behavior aggregates. Each behavior aggregate is identified by a single DS code point (DSCP). At the core of the network, packets are fast forwarded according to the per-hop behavior (PHB) associated with the DSCP. By assigning traffic of different classes to different DSCPs, the DiffServ network provides different forwarding treatments and thus different levels of QoS. MPLS integrates the label swapping forwarding paradigm with network layer routing. First, an explicit path, called a label switched path (LSP), is determined, and established using a signaling protocol. A label in the packet header, rather than the IP destination address, is then used for making forwarding decisions in the network. Routers that support MPLS are called label switched routers (LSRs). The labels can be assigned to represent routes of various granularities, ranging from as coarse as the destination network down to the level of each single flow. Moreover, numerous traffic engineering functions have been effectively achieved by MPLS. When MPLS is combined with DiffServ and constraint-based routing, they become powerful and complementary abstractions for QoS provisioning in IP backbone networks. Supporting QoS in 4G networks will be a major challenge due to varying bit rates, channel characteristics, bandwidth allocation, fault-tolerance levels, and handoff support among heterogeneous wireless networks. QoS support can occur at the packet, transaction, circuit, user, and network levels. • Packet-level QoS applies to jitter, throughput, and error rate. Network resources such as buffer space and access protocol are likely influences.
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4G Technology 2009 • Transaction-level QoS describes both the time it takes to complete a transaction and the packet loss rate. Certain transactions may be time sensitive, while others cannot tolerate any packet loss. • Circuit-level QoS includes call blocking for new as well as existing calls. It depends primarily on a network’s ability to establish and maintain the end-to-end circuit. Call routing and location management are two important circuit-level attributes. • User-level QoS depends on user mobility and application type. The new location may not support the minimum QoS needed, even with adaptive applications. In a complete wireless solution, the end-to-end communication between two users will likely involve multiple wireless networks. Because QoS will vary across different networks, the QoS for such users will likely be the minimum level these networks support.
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4G Technology 2009 14. Security Security in 4G networks mainly involves authentication, confidentiality, ntegrity, and authorization for the access of network connectivity and QoS resources for the MN’s flows. Firstly, the MN needs to prove authorization and authenticate itself while roaming to a new provider’s network. AAA protocols (such as Radius, COPS or Diameter [10]) provide a framework for such support especially for control plane functions (including key establishment between the MN and AR, authenticating the MN with AAA server(s), and installing security policies in the MN or ARs’ data plane such as encryption, encryption, and filtering), but they are not well suited for mobility scenarios. There needs to an efficient, scalable approach to address this. The Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) [6], a recently developed IETF protocol, provides a flexible framework for extensible network access authentication and potentially could be useful. Secondly, when QoS is concerned, QoS requests needs to be integrity-protected, and moreover, before allocating QoS resources for an MN’s flow, authorization needs to be performed to avoid denial of service attacks. This requires a hop-by-hop way of dynamic key establishment between QoS-aware entities to be signaled on. Finally, most security concerns in this paper lie in network layer functions: although security can also be provided by higher layers above the network layer.
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4G Technology 2009 15. Applications 1) Application to Admission Control in Cellular Packet Networks:Based on the developing trends of mobile communication, 4G will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless systems and networks. The key concept is integrating the 4G capabilities with all of the existing mobile technologies through advanced technologies. Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of interest to users. Emerging wireless technologies such as 4G tend to be packet-switched rather than circuit-switched because the packet-based architecture allows for better sharing of limited wireless resources. In a packet network, connections (packet flows) do not require dedicated circuits for the entire duration of the connection. Unfortunately, this enhanced flexibility makes it more difficult to effectively control the admission of connections into the network.
2) 4G in normal life:2.1 Traffic Control:Beijing is a challenging city for drivers, with or without an Olympics going on. The growing middle class, and their new-found ability to purchase automobiles, is increasing the number of passenger vehicles on the road at a staggering annual rate of 30%. 4G networks can connect traffic control boxes to intelligent transportation management systems wirelessly. This would create a traffic grid that could change light cycle times on demand, e.g., keeping some lights green longer temporarily to improve traffic flow. It also could make vehicle-based ondemand “all green” routes for emergency vehicles responding to traffic accidents, reducing the likelihood that those vehicles will themselves be involved in an accident en route. Using fiber to backhaul cameras means that the intelligence collected flows one way: from the camera to the command center. Using a 4G network, those images can also be sent from the command center back out to the streets. Ambulances and fire trucks facing congestion can query various cameras to choose an alternate route. Police, stuck in traffic on major
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4G Technology 2009 thoroughfares, can look ahead and make a decision as to whether it would be faster to stay on the main roads or exit to the side roads.
2.2 Sensors on Public Vehicles:Putting a chemical-biological-nuclear (CBN) warning sensor on every governmentowned vehicle instantly creates a mobile fleet that is the equivalent of an army of highly trained dogs. As these vehicles go about their daily duties of law enforcement, garbage collection, sewage and water maintenance, etc., municipalities get the added benefit of early detection of CBN agents. The sensors on the vehicles can talk to fixed devices mounted on light poles throughout the area, so positive detection can be reported in real time. And since 4G networks can include inherent geo-location without GPS, first responders will know where the vehicle is when it detects a CBN agent.
3) Security:Beijing has already deployed cameras throughout the city and sends those images back to a central command center for the OLYMPIC games2008. This is generally done using fiber, which limits where the cameras can be hung, i.e., no fiber, no camera. 4G networks allow Beijing to deploy cameras and backhaul them wirelessly. And instead of having to backhaul every camera, cities can backhaul every third or fifth or tenth camera, using the other cameras as router/repeaters.
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4G Technology 2009 16. Conclusion As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been made to reduce a number of technologies to a single global standard. Projected 4G systems offer this promise of a standard that can be embraced worldwide through its key concept of integration. Future wireless networks will need to support diverse IP multimedia applications to allow sharing of resources among multiple users. There must be a low complexity of implementation and an efficient means of negotiation between the end users and the wireless infrastructure. The fourth generation promises to fulfill the goal of PCC (personal computing and communication)—a vision that affordably provides high data rates everywhere over a wireless network. Although 4G wireless technology offers higher bit rates and the ability to roam across multiple heterogeneous wireless networks, several issues require further research and development. It is not clear if existing 1G and 2G providers would upgrade to 3G or wait for it to evolve into 4G, completely bypassing 3G. The answer probably lies in the perceived demand for 3G and the ongoing improvement in 2G networks to meet user demands until 4G arrives.
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4G Technology 2009 17. References 1.” eMobility Technology Platform Whitepaper” edited by Didier Bourse (Motorola Labs) and Rahim Tafazolli (University of Surrey, CCSR) 2.”Intuitive Guide to Principle of Communications” copyright 2004 Charan Langton 3.”Paper on 4g evolution” By Abhijit Hota 4. www.wikipedia.com 5. www.4g.co.uk 6. www.wiley.com 7. www.mobilecomms-technology.com
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